四川藏区酿酒葡萄有害生物防控技术

川西高原酿酒葡萄产业蓬勃发展,但生产上酿酒葡萄有害生物的干扰严重影响了酿酒葡萄产业的健康有序发展。为解决四川藏区酿酒葡萄有害生物的防控问题,经调查初步明确了四川藏区酿酒葡萄有害生物有葡萄钩丝壳菌、霜霉菌、病毒、短须螨、蚜虫、绿盲蝽,葡萄透翅蛾、金龟子、天牛、鸟、马蜂等,并重点调查明确了主要有害生物霜霉菌、葡萄钩丝壳菌、麻雀和马蜂等的发生危害特点,发现生长季果园通风差、湿度高是四川酿酒葡萄霜霉病和白粉病高发的重要原因,提出并应用了以降低葡萄园病原菌基数、提高葡萄园通风透光、适时进行果实套袋、设置糖醋液陷阱为主的农业和物理防治措施,并合理使用石硫合剂、波尔多液、苯醚甲环唑、烯酰吗啉等无机农药和高效低毒化学农药。     

葡萄园行间生草对'赤霞珠'干红葡萄酒质的影响

 在葡萄品种'赤霞珠'生产园行间播种多年生黑麦草、紫花苜蓿、白三叶草，在葡萄果实成熟过程中分析其含糖量和含酸量的变化趋势，并进行酿酒试验及葡萄酒理化指标分析和感官品评，以探讨行间生草对'赤霞珠'干红葡萄酒质量的影响。结果表明，与清耕相比，行间生草可使葡萄果实还原糖含量增加，含酸量降低；葡萄酒中pH值、花色素苷、单宁含量升高，酒体颜色加深，结构感增强。因此，行间生草使'赤霞珠'葡萄果实及葡萄酒品质提高。     

土壤肥力对酿酒葡萄品质的影响

以赤霞珠(Vitis vinifera L.)为例,研究酿酒葡萄(Vitaceae)品质和土壤条件(主要是肥力条件)之间的关系。通过对北方5个酿酒葡萄主产区连续2年采集的酿酒葡萄和土壤样品进行分析化验,应用相关分析和回归分析等方法,研究酿酒葡萄总糖、总酸、单宁、pH值及糖酸比等化学品质因子和土壤条件(土壤有机质、pH、全盐、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾,主要是肥力条件)之间的关系。研究结果表明:(1)采收期土壤全氮、全磷、、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾5个肥力因子对葡萄总糖含量有明显影响,其中以氮元素(包括全氮和碱解氮)的影响程度最大,并且随着土壤肥力增高,葡萄总糖含量逐渐降低;(2)葡萄单宁含量和采收期土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷7个因子的关系比较密切,其中以有机质、碱解氮对单宁含量的影响最显著;(3)酿酒葡萄的pH值及糖酸比和采收期土壤有机质含量的关系较为密切,葡萄pH值及糖酸比均随着土壤有机质含量的增加而逐渐降低;(4)葡萄总酸含量和土壤条件的关系不密切。为优化酿酒葡萄田间管理提供理论依据,也为优质酿酒葡萄区划提供参考。     

葡萄与葡萄酒生产可持续发展研究进展

 【目的】分析中国葡萄与葡萄酒生产现状以及存在问题,探索可持续发展葡萄园与葡萄酒生产的管理模式,为葡萄与葡萄酒生产的可持续发展提供理论依据。【方法】采用实例访问、案例调查和文献查询等方法,从葡萄和葡萄酒生产以及葡萄园废弃物循环利用和生态农业一体化等方面进行综述。【结果】提出了可持续发展的理念,对国内葡萄与葡萄酒生产的健康发展提出了建议和方向。【结论】真正实现中国葡萄与葡萄酒生产的可持续发展仍面临巨大的挑战,各方面都要做好自己的本职工作,使中国葡萄酒产业健康、稳定、长久地发展。     

Spatial variability in grape yield and quality influenced by soil and crop nutrition characteristics

Knowledge of spatial variability of soil fertility and plant nutrition is critical for planning and implementing site-specific vineyard management. To better understand the key drivers behind vineyard variability, yield mapping from 2002 to 2005 and 2007 (the monitor broke down in 2006) was used to identify zones of different productive potential in a Pinot Noir field located in Raimat (Lleida, Spain). Simultaneously, the vineyard field was sampled in 2002, 2003 and 2007, applying three different schemes (depending on the number of target vines in different grape yield zones). The sampling carried out in 2002, which involved different soil, topographic and crop properties (mineral contents in petiole), made it possible to evaluate the influence of these parameters on the grape yield variability. The zones of lowest yield coincided with locations in which the nutritional status of the crop exhibited the lowest values, particularly with respect to petiole contents of calcium and manganese. Sampling systems adopted in 2003 and 2007 (grape quality and soil attributes) confirmed the inverse spatial correlation between grape yield and some grape quality parameters and, more importantly, showed that the percentage of soil carbonates had a great influence on grape quality probably due to the reduced availability of manganese in calcareous soils. Site-specific vineyard management could therefore be considered using two different strategies: variable-rate application of foliar fertilizers to increase the yield in areas with low production and also foliar or soil fertilizers to improve the quality specifications in some areas.     

不同烘烤度橡木片陈酿葡萄酒的电子鼻快速区分

采用电子鼻技术对不同烘烤度橡木片陈酿的葡萄酒进行检测,优化电子鼻传感器,并使用PCA(主成分分析)和LDA(线性判别分析)两种模式对优化信息进行分析。结果表明,两种分析模式均可显著区分经橡木片陈酿的葡萄酒与未经陈酿的原酒。在葡萄酒陈酿第22天前,LDA能够将不同烘烤度橡木片陈酿的葡萄酒明显区分开,LDA-DI均大于80%(陈酿第9天和第15天出现波动)。在葡萄酒陈酿26d左右,其陈酿接近完成,此时LDA依然能对其进行一定程度区分,LDA-DI值为-0.2%,总之,LDA-DI值均高于PCA-DI值。实验表明,电子鼻可以准确、高效地鉴别葡萄酒陈酿与否并可对不同陈酿工艺作出区分,为葡萄酒品质快速鉴定提供有力依据。此外,相较于PCA法,LDA法区分效果更好。     

行间生草对赤霞珠葡萄与葡萄酒中主要单体酚的影响

 【目的】研究葡萄园行间生草对葡萄果实与葡萄酒中主要单体酚含量的影响。【方法】在酿酒品种赤霞珠葡萄园行间播种白三叶草、紫花苜蓿和高羊茅,以清耕为对照,在果实成熟期及酒精发酵结束后,采用有机溶剂萃取、HPLC定性与定量分析各处理葡萄与葡萄酒中的主要单体酚含量。【结果】在赤霞珠葡萄果实与葡萄酒中共检测出10种单体酚,包括非类黄酮和类黄酮类,葡萄与葡萄酒中类黄酮类多酚的总含量(409.43～538.63 mg?kg-1和56.16～81.30 mg?L-1)高于非类黄酮(76.91～98.85 mg?kg-1和30.65～41.22 mg?L-1)。在类黄酮中,黄烷醇类儿茶素含量及所占比例最高,葡萄果实及葡萄酒中儿茶素的含量分别占所测单体酚总含量的74.94%～79.70%和48.60%～50.62%。与清耕(对照)相比,行间生草可提高葡萄果实与葡萄酒中主要单体酚的含量及其总量,其中高羊茅和白三叶草处理葡萄果实中安息香酸、水杨酸、咖啡酸、儿茶素含量及单体酚总含量与清耕(对照)之间差异达显著或极显著水平;同时高羊茅处理使葡萄酒中没食子酸、咖啡酸、儿茶素等含量显著升高,在葡萄果实与葡萄酒中各处理单体酚总含量由高到低均为高羊茅?白三叶草?紫花苜蓿?清耕(对照)。【结论】行间生草可提高葡萄与葡萄酒中多酚化合物的含量,从而提高葡萄酒的质量。     

The Effect of Vineyard Cover Crop on Main Monomeric Phenols of Grape Berry and Wine in Vitis viniferal L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon

This study was conducted to determine the effect of cover crop inter-row in vineyard on main mono-phenol content of grape berry and wine. Three such cover crops, two perennial legumes （white clover and alfalfa） and a perennial gramineous grass （tall fescue） were sown in vineyard. The main phenolic compounds of mature grape berry and wines vinified under the same conditions were extracted with ethyl acetate and diethyl ether and analyzed by high- performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） by comparing to soil tillage. A total of ten phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the different grape berry and wines, including nonflavonoids （hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids） and flavonoids （flavanols and flavonols）. The concentration of flavonoid compounds （409.43 to 538.63 mg kg^-1 and 56.16 to 81.30 mg L^-1） was higher than nonflavonoids （76.91 to 98.85 mg kg^-1 and 30.65 to 41.22 mg L^-1） for Cabernet Sauvignon grape and wine under different treatments, respectively. In the flavonoid phenolics, Catechin was the most abundant in the different grapes and wines, accounting for 74.94 to 79.70% and 48.60 to 50.62% of total nonanthocyanin phenolics quantified, respectively. Compared to soil tillage, the sward treatments showed a higher content of main mono-phenol and total nonanthocyanin phenolics in grapes and wines. There were significant differences between two cover crop treatments （tall fescue and white clover） and soil tillage for the content of benzoic acid, salicylic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, and total phenolics in the grape berry （P 〈 0.05 or P〈0.01）. The wine from tall fescue cover crop had the highest gallic acid, caffeic acid and catechin. Cover crop system increased the total nonanthocyanin phenolics of grapes and wines in order of the four treatments： tall fescue, white clover, alfalfa, and soil tillage （control）. Cover crop in vineyard increased total phenols of grape berry and wine, and thus improved the quality of wine evidently.     

中国酿酒葡萄产业现状及发展趋势—— 以宁夏贺兰山东麓产区为例

葡萄酒是一种具有普遍共同标准和国际认同感的产品,葡萄酒产业是一种能体现区域特色的且具有巨大发展潜力的产业。本文回顾了中国酿酒葡萄气候区域化标准指标体系的建立,综述了我国酿酒葡萄栽培现状、酿酒葡萄种植产区及特点,分析了我国及贺兰山东麓产区葡萄酒生产和葡萄酒产业的发展现状,最后提出未来中国葡萄酒产业持续健康发展的方向。     

地形对酿酒葡萄果实品质的影响

为揭示地形条件对酿酒葡萄果实品质的影响,对河北省昌黎县不同地形条件(平地和坡地)下2种酿酒葡萄[赤霞珠(Cabernet Sauvignon)和西拉(Syrah)]的果实成熟度和品质进行比较。结果表明,①赤霞珠和西拉在成熟过程中,其果实总酸含量随还原糖含量的不断增加而下降,而果实糖酸比一直上升;2个品种的还原糖含量均表现为坡地>平地。②赤霞珠果实的总酚、单宁、总花色苷含量和糖酸比均表现为平地>坡地,总酸含量则表现为坡地优于平地;而西拉果实的单宁、总花色苷含量及糖酸比均表现为坡地>平地,总酸和总酚含量则为平地>坡地。③平地与坡地条件下两酿酒葡萄品种的单宁含量呈极显著差异,而总花色素仅赤霞珠表现为显著性差异。这表明坡地条件下赤霞珠和西拉酿酒葡萄果实品质优于平地。     

油菜样品前处理方法对近红外品质分析结果的影响

采用模拟的方法制造出油菜“异常”样品 ,并通过其与正常样品的近红外分析结果的比较 ,探讨样品量、芽粒率、瘪粒率、含水量以及浸泡处理模拟雨淋后的油菜籽对近红外品质分析结果的影响。结果表明 :样品量、含水量以及芽粒率对近红外测定结果有很大的影响 ;瘪粒率的影响较小 ;而浸泡处理对近红外品质分析结果没有影响。     

Evaluation of the use of LIDAR laser scanner to map pruning wood in vineyards and its potential for management zones delineation

Vine vigour assessment has been a major concern of precision viticulture studies in order to identify areas of uniform vine performance within vineyards. Moreover, the counting and weighing of winter dormant canes is considered as the most informative measurement to indicate vine balance and is commonly performed manually by grape growers for management purposes. The main concern of this measurement is that it is time consuming and laborious and it cannot accommodate detailed sampling density. In the present study, the potential of using laser scanner technology as an automated, easy and rapid way to perform mapping of the winter pruning wood across the vineyard was investigated. The study was conducted during 2010 and 2011, in a one hectare commercial vineyard in central Greece, planted with cv. Agiorgitiko, a traditional Greek variety for the production of red wine. Parameters of topography, soil depth, soil texture, canopy properties (NDVI), yield, and grape quality were mapped and analysed in conjunction to winter canes weighing at pruning time. The mapping of the dormant canes was carried out using a 2D laser scanner sensor prior to pruning and manually measuring the pruning weight on a 10 × 20 m grid. Laser scanner measurements showed significant relationship in both 2010 and 2011 with pruning weight (r = 0.809 and r = 0.829 respectively, p < 0.001), yield and early season NDVI, showing the potential of using laser scanner measurements to assess variability in vine vigour within vineyards. These results suggest that laser scanners offer great promise to characterize within field variability in vine performance.     

基于近红外光谱的反刍动物饲料营养指标的检测方法研究

收集了151个反刍动物饲料,应用偏最小二乘(PLS)定标方法,建立了基于近红外光谱的反刍动物饲料化学成分定标模型。定标集化学分析值与预测值之间的决定系数R2和标准差(RMSEC)分别为:0.927 3和0.265(水分)、0.928 9和0.682(粗蛋白质)、0.950 5和0.228(粗脂肪)、0.906 0和0.542(粗灰分)、0.919 8和0.558(粗纤维)。验证集化学分析值与预测值之间的决定系数r2和标准差(RMSEP)分别为:0.920 6和0.284(水分)0、.919 4和0.690(粗蛋白质)、0.926 4和0.312(粗脂肪)、0.943 4和0.437(粗灰分)、0.903 5和0.616(粗纤维),相对分析误差(RPD)均大于3,具有较高的预测精度。结果表明,利用近红外光谱反射光谱分析技术可以定量检测反刍动物饲料中水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、粗纤维的含量。     

Predicting plant available phosphorus using infrared spectroscopy with consideration for future mobile sensing applications in precision farming

Phosphorus (P) fertilisation recommendations rely primarily on soil content of plant available P (P_avl) that vary spatially within farm fields. Spatially optimized P fertilisation for precision farming requires reliable, rapid and non-invasive P_avl determination. This laboratory study aimed to test and to compare visible-near infrared (Vis–NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy for P_avl prediction with emphasis on future application in precision agriculture. After calibration with the conventional calcium acetate lactate (CAL) extraction method, limitations of Vis–NIRS and MIRS to predict P_avl were evaluated in loess topsoil samples from different fields at six localities. Overall calibration with 477 (Vis–NIRS) and 586 (MIRS) samples yielded satisfactory model performance (R² 0.70 and 0.72; RPD 1.8 and 1.9, respectively). Local Vis–NIRS models yielded better results with R² up to 0.93 and RPD up to 3.8. For MIRS, results were comparable. However, an overall model to predict P_avl on independent test data partly failed. Sampling date, pre-crop harvest residues and fertilising regime affected model transferability. Varying transferability could partly be explained after deriving the cellulose absorption index from the Vis–NIR spectra. In 62 (Vis–NIRS) and 67% (MIRS) of all samples, prediction matched the correct P_avl content class. Rapid discrimination between high, optimal and low P classes could be carried out on many samples from single fields thus marking an improvement over the common practice. However, P_avl determination by means of IR spectroscopy is not yet satisfactory for determination of precision fertilizer dosage. For introduction into agricultural practice, a standardized sampling protocol is recommended to help achieve reliable spectroscopic P_avl prediction.

     

An integrated method of selecting environmental covariates for predictive soil depth mapping

Environmental covariates are the basis of predictive soil mapping. Their selection determines the performance of soil mapping to a great extent, especially in cases where the number of soil samples is limited but soil spatial heterogeneity is high. In this study, we proposed an integrated method to select environmental covariates for predictive soil depth mapping. First, candidate variables that may influence the development of soil depth were selected based on pedogenetic knowledge. Second, three conventional methods (Pearson correlation analysis (PsCA), generalized additive models (GAMs), and Random Forest (RF)) were used to generate optimal combinations of environmental covariates. Finally, three optimal combinations were integrated to produce a final combination based on the importance and occurrence frequency of each environmental covariate. We tested this method for soil depth mapping in the upper reaches of the Heihe River Basin in Northwest China. A total of 129 soil sampling sites were collected using a representative sampling strategy, and RF and support vector machine (SVM) models were used to map soil depth. The results showed that compared to the set of environmental covariates selected by the three conventional selection methods, the set of environmental covariates selected by the proposed method achieved higher mapping accuracy. The combination from the proposed method obtained a root mean square error (RMSE) of 11.88 cm, which was 2.25–7.64 cm lower than the other methods, and an R² value of 0.76, which was 0.08–0.26 higher than the other methods. The results suggest that our method can be used as an alternative to the conventional methods for soil depth mapping and may also be effective for mapping other soil properties.     

利用近红外漫反射光谱(NIRS)技术建立甘薯茎叶重金属预测模型

植物样品中的无机离子以一定形式与具有近红外吸收的有机基团结合,因而可以借助近红外光谱技术测测其含量.探讨研究了近红外光谱法快速预测甘薯叶和茎镉、铜、锌含量的可行性,以不同肥料种植的甘薯叶和茎样品各67份,利用偏最小二乘回归法(PLS)对甘薯叶和茎中水分、蛋白质、镉、铜、锌含量进行预测分析.结果表明:所建模型可用于快速预...     

Vineyard zone delineation by cluster classification based on annual grape and vine characteristics

This study describes a method for vineyard zone delineation based on spatial interpolation of data on annual monitoring of grape and vine growth from 2007 to 2012 for four commercial vines (Cabernet Sauvignon, Mencía, Merlot and Tempranillo) located in the Bierzo Denomination of Origen (NW Spain). A sampled grid of 20 × 29 m (14 vines/ha) was defined for each vineyard and data were collected for ten soil, six grape composition, three grape production and five vine vigour variables. Continuous maps of each variable were created by spatial interpolation from the sampled points. Several zone delineations were obtained by clustering—using the iterative self-organizing data analysis (ISODATA) algorithm—according to different combinations of the studied variables. The resulting zone delineations were analysed (ANOVA) in order to determine whether the variables in the two cluster classifications for two or three zones were statistically different from each other. The selected delineation was the cluster that included total soluble solids, titratable acidity, total phenolic content, pH, mean cluster weight and length of the internode in two zones. The results point to the feasibility of this approach to vineyard zone delineation. Further research is necessary to confirm the effectiveness of this approach for other locations and evaluate the usefulness of introducing new grape and vine variables.     

Using apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC<Subscript>a</Subscript>) to characterize vineyard soils of high clay content

The adoption of precision viticulture requires a detailed knowledge of variation in soil chemical, physical and profile properties. This study evaluates the usefulness of apparent electrical conductivity (EC_a) data within a GIS framework to identify variations in soil chemical and physical properties and moisture content. The work was conducted in a vineyard located in the Carneros Region (Napa Valley, California). The soil was sampled using 44 boreholes to quantify chemical and physical characteristics and 9 open pits to verify the borehole observations. Moisture content was determined using time domain reflectometry (TDR). To characterize soil EC_a, three campaigns were undertaken using a soil electrical conductivity meter (EM38). Linear regressions between soil EC_a and soil properties were determined. Boreholes and TDR data were interpolated by kriging to characterize the spatial distribution of soil variables. The resulting maps were compared to the results obtained using the best EC_a linear regressions. Using EC_a measurements, soil properties like extractable Na⁺ and Mg²⁺, clay and sand content were well estimated, while best estimates were obtained for extractable Na⁺ (r ²  = 0.770) and clay content (r ²  = 0.621). The best estimates for soil moisture content corresponded to moisture in the deeper soil horizons (r ²  = 0.449). The methods described above provided maps of soil properties estimated by EC_a in a GIS framework, and could save time and resources during vineyard establishment and management.     

降低样品采集制备过程中土壤硝态氮和铵态氮测定误差的方法

【目的】分析新鲜土壤样品采集、保存、浸提以及浸提液存放等处置方式对土壤硝态氮、铵态氮测定结果误差的影响,研究降低测定结果误差的途径,提出实现测定结果在误差范围内的土样采集和制备方法。【方法】通过对文献收集、整理和统计分析,分析测定过程中人为影响痕迹最多的新鲜土样的采集、保存、浸提以及浸提液存放等环节的处置方式对土壤硝态氮、铵态氮测定结果误差的影响。【结果】实验室测定步骤有严格误差控制,而土壤样品采集和制备环节易引起测定数据误差;土样采集和运输时放置在室外或低温运输都会引起土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量增加;土样风干、烘干保存时硝态氮和铵态氮含量增加,长时间冷藏含量也会增加,冷冻保存时含量变化最小;不同浸提剂和不同浸提时间的测定结果有差异,浸提液保存方式对测定结果有明显影响。【结论】测定得到接近土样采集时的田间新鲜土壤中氮含量的关键途径为加快采样速度、样品储运、浸提等环节。     

732型阳离子交换树脂在葡萄酒酒石稳定性上的应用

采用 732型阳离子交换树脂处理葡萄酒 ,收集不同交换倍数下的酒样进行冷冻处理 ,并抽样检测处理酒样的理化指标。结果表明 :(1)离子交换树脂处理能够降低酒样中钾、钙离子含量 ,选择合适的交换倍数可使供试酒样获得酒石稳定性。 (2 )交换处理后的酒样中 ,总糖、总酸、干浸出物、p H值、酒度等均无明显变化。酒样的色度、香气略有损失。供试酒样口感有所提高