利福平脂质体制备工艺的初步研究

用薄膜分散法制备利福平脂质体,在单因素考察的基础上进行正交试验设计,筛选出利福平脂质体的最佳制备工艺条件。结果表明,成膜后,在初次乳化温度为20℃,氯仿:PBS(v:v)为1:5,药脂比(g:g)为1:7,乳化速度为400r/min的条件下,先乳化30min,再将乳化温度升至30℃乳化30min,所制得的脂质体微球形态圆整,粒径在2.5~10μm范围内的占总数82.4%,其中5~10μm的占33.8%,包封率32.8%。     

不同热处理对黑豆干物质、蛋白质消化率的影响

为了研究热处理的温度和时间对豆类干物质消化率(DMD)、蛋白质消化率(BD)及脲酶活性的影响、对经过110℃和121℃湿热处理3、9和15分钟的饲用黑豆进行了离体干物质消化率、离体蛋白质消化率及脲酶活性的测定。结果表明:在121℃处理15分钟的样本干物质消化率和蛋白质消化率最高,分别为75.15%和90.91%,脲酶活性最低,为0.04mg/min.yo:在本研究范围内可初步认为,湿热处理最适宜的温度是121℃时间是15分钟。     

乳化条件对饲用大豆粉末油脂乳化稳定性的影响

为获得最佳的饲用大豆粉末油脂乳化工艺参数,分别进行了乳化剂的配比、乳化剂的含量、乳化温度、乳化时间、壁材比(壳聚糖∶麦芽糊精)和壁材含量6个因素对饲用大豆粉末油脂乳化稳定性的影响的单因素试验。结果表明,各单因素最佳工艺参数分别为:单甘酯与蔗糖酯的质量比1∶9,乳化剂含量1%,乳化温度70℃,乳化时间10min,壁材含量15%,壁材比1∶5。另外,对乳化温度、乳化时间、壁材比和壁材含量的4因素3水平正交试验结果表明,最佳乳化工艺参数组合为乳化温度60℃,乳化时间10min,壁材含量10%,壁材比1∶10。     

变温以及酸、碱处理对打破3种苔草种子休眠的作用

以3种野生苔草植物种子为材料,研究打破其休眠的最佳处理方法和发芽温度。采用预冷、硝酸钾预冷、NaOH溶液浸种和浓硫酸浸种对种子进行预处理,在15℃~30℃之间设置3个变温梯度,进行两因素完全随机发芽试验。结果表明:圆囊苔草的最适发芽温度为25/15℃,最佳处理为10%NaOH溶液处理10min,发芽率达91%;膨囊苔草的最适发芽温度为30/15℃,最佳处理为10%NaOH溶液处理120min,发芽率达54%,继续增加处理时间可能会进一步提高膨囊苔草的发芽率;异穗苔草的最适发芽温度为30/20℃变温,最佳处理为20%NaOH浸种120min,发芽率达93%。     

二次回归正交优化微波提取菜籽粕多酚的工艺研究

在单因素试验的基础上,采用二次回归正交试验对菜籽粕多酚的微波提取工艺进行优化,结果表明:微波温度和料液比对菜籽粕多酚提取率均影响显著,微波时间和料液比的交互作用对菜籽粕多酚的提取率影响显著,微波温度和微波时间的交互作用对菜籽粕多酚的提取率影响极显著;最佳提取工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数50％、微波温度61℃、微波时间90 s、料液比1∶11(g/mL),在此条件下,菜籽粕多酚提取率为7.8801 mg/g.     

生产饲用大豆粉末油脂乳化工艺参数的研究

通过对饲用大豆粉末油脂进行乳化剂的配比、乳化剂的含量、乳化温度、乳化时间、壁材比（壳聚糖：麦芽糊精）和壁材含量这6个因素对乳化稳定性的影响的单因素试验研究。得到各单因素最佳工艺参数。之后进行对乳化温度、乳化时间、壁材比和壁材含量的4因素3水平正交试验。获得最佳乳化工艺参数组合为乳化温度60℃，乳化时间10min，壁材含量10％，壁材比1：10。     

不同粉碎粒度的豆粕对断奶仔猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响

本试验研究不同粉碎粒度的豆粕对断奶仔猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响,选用26～28日龄断奶(7.9±0.7)kg杜×长×大健康仔猪80头,按体重、性别相同原则随机分为4个处理,每处理设5个重复,每个重复4头猪。各个处理组采用相同的日粮组成,对照组饲喂含常规粉碎豆粕(目标粒径为750μm)的日粮,处理1、2、3分别饲喂含目标粒径为150、30、6μm豆粕的日粮。结果表明:使用粉碎粒度低于30μm豆粕的日粮提高了断奶仔猪日增重(P<0.05),明显提高采食量(P>0.05),降低饲料增重比(P<0.05),显著降低断奶仔猪的腹泻频率;使用粉碎粒度低于30μm豆粕的日粮提高断奶仔猪日粮氮、磷表观消化率(P<0.05),改善能量消化率(P=0.063)和有机物表观消化率(P=0.082),显著提高必需氨基酸的表观消化率(P<0.05)。粉碎粒度低于30μm的超微粉碎豆粕可显著提高断奶仔猪日粮蛋白质的消化效率,提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,改善了豆粕作为蛋白质营养源的生物适应性。     

蒸汽爆破参数对菜籽粕中总硫苷脱毒效果的影响

本试验旨在研究蒸汽爆破参数(水料比、蒸汽压强、维压时间)对菜籽粕中总硫苷脱毒效果的影响,并用体外仿生法对脱毒菜籽粕的营养物质消化率进行评价。试验均采用单因素试验设计,分别筛选出最适的水料比、维压时间与蒸汽压强,每个试验处理设4个水平,每个水平3个重复。结果表明:蒸汽爆破处理对菜籽粕中总硫苷的脱毒效果明显,总硫苷脱毒率达73.71%~86.98%。以总硫苷脱毒率为筛选指标,按单因素试验设计,分别筛选出最适的水料比为25%,最适的维压时间为60 s,最适的蒸汽压强为2.0 MPa。以菜籽粕营养物质消化率筛选指标时发现,与未处理组相比,1.0、1.5 MPa(固定水料比为25%、维压时间为60 s)蒸汽压强对菜籽粕营养物质消化率无显著影响(P0.05),2.0 MPa蒸汽压强时可显著或极显著降低粗蛋白质、赖氨酸、精氨酸的消化率(P0.05或P0.01),提高蒸汽压强可极显著降低总硫苷、异硫氰酸酯的含量(P0.01)。综合考虑总硫苷脱毒率与营养物质消化率指标,当固定水料比为25%、维压时间为60 s时,适宜的蒸汽压强以不大于2.0 MPa为宜。     

大米蛋白胃蛋白酶酶解物体外抗氧化作用的研究

本试验采用正交设计,以羟自由基清除率为评定指标,用胃蛋白酶酶解大米蛋白,旨在确定其酶解物体外抗氧化作用最佳的酶解条件。试验结果表明:当酶解温度为37℃时,影响大米蛋白胃蛋白酶酶解物抗氧化效果的因素大小排序为:pH酶浓度底物浓度酶解时间;最佳酶解条件为:pH1.4、酶浓度5%、底物浓度8%、酶解120min,此条件下酶解物的羟自由基清除率为72.78%,多肽浓度为5.49mg/mL,水解度为15.62%。     

酶解法制备菜籽多肽的工艺研究

本文以菜籽粕为原料,酸处理将菜籽粕脱毒后,采用碱溶酸沉法提纯菜籽蛋白,再用碱性蛋白酶酶解菜籽蛋白制备菜籽多肽,采用单因素逐级优化试验设计,以酶解液中菜籽多肽的含量为指标优化酶解工艺参数。结果表明:酸处理后的硫甙含量下降了84.32%,碱溶酸沉后,蛋白的提取率为76.25%。单因素逐级优化试验的结果表明:碱性蛋白酶酶解的最适条件为底物浓度4%、加酶量7%(E/S)、温度50℃、p H 8.5、酶解时间120 min,该条件下多肽含量为(35.4±0.11)mg/m L。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …