低蛋白日粮添加合成氨基酸对鲁莱生长猪氮平衡和氨基酸消化率的影响

试验旨在研究低蛋白日粮添加不同种类合成氨基酸对培育品种鲁莱猪生长猪氮平衡及氨基酸消化率的影响。采用4×4拉丁方设计,选用平均体重为(35.00±1.05)kg的健康鲁莱阉公猪4头,回肠末端手术安装简单T型瘘管。对照组饲喂高蛋白质水平(粗蛋白为16.50%,可消化赖氨酸为0.78%)日粮,3个试验组分别饲喂添加赖氨酸+苏氨酸+蛋氨酸、赖氨酸+苏氨酸和赖氨酸+蛋氨酸的低蛋白质水平(粗蛋白为13.50%,可消化赖氨酸为0.78%)日粮。结果表明:低蛋白添加3种合成氨基酸组粪氮排出量显著低于其他各组(P0.05),尿氮排出量显著低于高蛋白组(P0.05),与其他低蛋白组相比差异不显著(P0.05),氮表观消化率、氮沉积各组间差异均不显著(P0.05);低蛋白日粮添加3种合成氨基酸组总氨基酸消化率显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。采用低蛋白(粗蛋白为13.50%)并同时添加适量合成氨基酸日粮饲喂鲁莱猪,可以显著降低粪氮和尿氮的排出,对氮利用率和回肠末端总氨基酸消化率影响不显著。     

不同蛋白源低蛋白日粮对肥育猪生长性能、氮平衡及小肠氨基酸消化规律的影响

本试验在日粮必需氨基酸平衡的低蛋白(11%)水平下,研究日粮不同蛋白源对肥育猪生长性能、氮平衡及小肠氨基酸消化规律的影响。选取48头体重(58.65±3.71)kg杜×长×大杂交肥育猪,随机分到4个试验组,每个组设4个重复。对照组饲喂正常蛋白水平(15%CP)日粮(SBM15),3个处理组饲喂低蛋白水平(11%CP)日粮,分别为豆粕组(SBM11)、豆粕+棉籽粕+玉米胚芽粕组(SCCM11)、棉籽粕+玉米胚芽粕组(CCM11)。按照标准回肠可消化氨基酸需要量添加合成氨基酸至日粮必需氨基酸平衡。结果表明:SBM11和SCCM11组对肥育猪生长性能影响不显著(P0.05),但显著提高了氮表观消化率和氮沉积率(P0.05),CCM11组显著降低了肥育猪的生长性能(P0.05),3个试验组均显著降低了粪氮、尿氮的排放(P0.05);SCCM11组具有较好的肠道内氨基酸释放趋势(P0.1)。因此,饲喂SCCM11组日粮可以保证肥育猪正常的生长性能,有利于蛋白质的平稳降解,提高了氮表观消化率及氮沉积率,减少氮排放。     

能量和蛋白来源对生长育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状和肉质的影响

试验旨在探讨饲粮能量和蛋白来源对育肥猪生长性能、养分消化率、血清生化指标、胴体性状以及肉质的影响。试验采用2×2因子试验设计,选取DLY育肥猪60头[平均体重(81±7.89) kg],随机分为4个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复3头猪。饲粮能量来源包括玉米和小麦,饲粮蛋白来源包括豆粕和菜粕。4个处理分别饲喂玉米-豆粕型、玉米-菜粕型、小麦-豆粕型、小麦-菜粕型饲粮,试验期28 d。结果表明:①4种饲粮对猪平均日采食量和平均日增重无显著影响(P0.05),但玉米豆粕组的料重比显著低于其余3组(P0.05)。②能量和蛋白来源显著影响养分的消化率。与小麦饲粮相比,玉米饲粮极显著提高了粗脂肪、干物质、灰分、钙和磷的消化率以及能量的利用率(P0.01);与豆粕饲粮相比,菜粕饲粮极显著提高了钙、磷的消化率和能量的利用率(P0.01),显著提高了干物质的消化率(P0.05)。③与豆粕饲粮相比,菜粕饲粮极显著提高了猪血清尿素氮的含量(P0.01);与小麦饲粮相比,玉米饲粮显著提高了猪血清总蛋白水平,显著降低了胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ水平。④玉米豆粕组的眼肌面积显著高于玉米菜粕组(P0.05);与玉米菜粕组相比,小麦菜粕组显著降低了肌肉的蒸煮损失(P0.05),显著提高了肌内脂肪含量(P0.05)。由此可见,4种饲粮对育肥猪的生长性能无显著影响,但显著影响猪养分的表观消化率,且对育肥猪胴体性状、肉质有一定的影响。     

低蛋白质饲粮中苏氨酸水平对离乳前期梅花鹿仔鹿生长性能和营养物质表观消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究低蛋白质饲粮中苏氨酸水平对离乳前期梅花鹿仔鹿生长性能和营养物质表观消化率的影响。选择24只健康无病的3月龄雄性梅花鹿,随机分为4组,每组6只。4组仔鹿限量饲喂4种不同的饲粮,各组饲粮赖氨酸、蛋氨酸水平均分别为0.87%、0.28%。其中,高蛋白质饲粮对照组(Ⅰ组)仔鹿饲喂蛋白质水平为16%的高蛋白质饲粮,低蛋白质饲粮试验组(Ⅱ~Ⅳ组)仔鹿饲喂蛋白质水平为14%并添加不同水平苏氨酸的低蛋白质饲粮,各组饲粮中苏氨酸水平分别为0.54%(Ⅰ组)、0.46%(Ⅱ组)、0.59%(Ⅲ组)、0.72%(Ⅳ组)。预试期为15 d,正试期为30 d。结果表明:1)高蛋白质饲粮对照组的平均日增重(ADG)极显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.01),与Ⅲ、Ⅳ组差异不显著(P0.05);高蛋白质饲粮对照组的料重比(F/G)极显著高于Ⅲ、Ⅳ组(P0.01),极显著低于Ⅱ组(P0.01)。2)高蛋白质饲粮对照组的粗蛋白质表观消化率极显著低于Ⅲ和Ⅳ组(P0.01),极显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.01);高蛋白质饲粮对照组能量表观消化率极显著低于Ⅲ、Ⅳ组(P0.01),与Ⅱ组无显著差异(P0.05);Ⅲ组钙表观消化率极显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.01),与其他组差异不显著(P0.05)。3)高蛋白质饲粮对照组的组氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、半胱氨酸表观消化率显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.05),与Ⅱ组其他氨基酸表观消化率无显著差异(P0.05);高蛋白质饲粮对照组赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、精氨酸、丙氨酸、酪氨酸表观消化率极显著低于Ⅲ组(P0.01),缬氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、丝氨酸表观消化率显著低于Ⅲ组(P0.05);高蛋白质饲粮对照组除丙氨酸的表观消化率极显著低于Ⅳ组(P0.01)以及赖氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸、丙氨酸表观消化率显著低于Ⅳ组(P0.05)外,其他氨基酸的表观消化率与Ⅳ组无显著差异(P0.05)。由此得出,低蛋白质饲粮中适宜水平的苏氨酸对离乳前期梅花鹿仔鹿的生长性能和营养物质消化利用具有促进作用;当饲粮赖氨酸、蛋氨酸水平相同时,饲喂蛋白质水平为14%、苏氨酸水平为0.59%的低蛋白质饲粮的梅花鹿仔鹿的生长性能和营养物质表观消化率均优于饲喂蛋白质水平为16%的高蛋白质饲粮的梅花鹿仔鹿。     

赖氨酸发酵蛋白粉的营养价值评定及其在生长肥育猪上的应用效果研究

本研究分为2个试验,试验1旨在评定赖氨酸发酵蛋白粉在生长猪上的营养价值;试验2研究赖氨酸发酵蛋白粉等蛋白质替代豆粕对生长肥育猪生长、胴体性状和肉品质的影响.试验1:选用(25.0±1.1)kg杜×长×大三元杂交猪12头进行消化代谢试验,随机分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头猪,分别饲喂无氮日粮和以赖氨酸发酵蛋白粉作为唯一蛋白质源的试验日粮,预试期4 d,正试期4 d.试验2:选用(41.7±3.9)kg杜×长×大三元杂交猪100头进行饲养试验,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复5头猪、.Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组分别为饲喂赖氨酸发酵蛋白粉等蛋白质替代10%、25%、50%豆粕的日粮,体重达100 kg左右结束.消化代谢试验结果表明:赖氨酸发酵蛋白粉消化能为12.85 MJ/kg,代谢能为11.80 MJ/kg.总氨基酸含量为47.38%,总氨基酸的回肠表观消化率、真消化率分别为66.95%和70.52%,赖氨酸和蛋氨酸的回肠表观消化率、真消化率分别为72.00%、75.14%和59.37%、64.52%.饲养试验结果表明:与对照组相比,在生长期和全期,Ⅳ组平均日增重显著降低(P＜0.05),料重比显著升高(P＜0.05);在肥育期,Ⅳ组平均日采食量显著增加(P＜0.05),料重比显著升高(P＜0.05),生长期和肥育期,Ⅳ组氮消化率、氮生物学效价显著降低(P＜0.05).Ⅳ组背膘厚显著增加(P＜0.05),眼肌面积和肌肉保水能力显著降低(P＜0.05).由此得出,与豆粕相比,赖氨酸发酵蛋白粉的粗蛋白质和脂肪含量较高,但非蛋白氮比例较大,氨基酸消化率较低.等蛋白质替代10%和25%豆粕对40～100 kg的生长肥育猪生产性能、胴体性状和肉品质均无影响,可作为饲粮中的新型蛋白质原料.     

不同组型饲粮中添加复合蛋白酶对鲁烟白猪氨基酸回肠表观消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究不同组型饲粮中添加复合蛋白酶对鲁烟白猪氨基酸回肠表观消化率的影响。试验选取去势、初始体重为(35.0±0.5)kg的健康鲁烟白猪生长公猪7头,采用2×3因子试验设计进行代谢试验,2因子分别为加酶(加酶组和对照组)和饲粮组型(玉米-豆粕型、玉米-杂粕型和小麦-杂粕型),其中加酶组的复合蛋白酶添加量为0.1%,对照组不添加复合蛋白酶。试验共分6期,每期7 d。结果表明,3种组型饲粮中添加复合蛋白酶显著提高了鲁烟白猪对蛋氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸和脯氨酸的回肠表观消化率(P0.05);在饲喂玉米-杂粕型饲粮时,除苏氨酸外各加酶组氨基酸回肠表观消化率均显著或极显著高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01),其中丝氨酸、谷氨酸、半胱氨酸的回肠表观消化率都显著高于饲喂其他2种组型饲粮时(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加复合蛋白酶可显著提高鲁烟白猪氨基酸回肠表观消化率,其中在玉米-杂粕型饲粮中添加复合蛋白酶效果较优。     

低蛋白日粮对育肥猪生产性能和养分消化率的影响

试验研究了低蛋白日粮对育肥猪生产性能和养分消化率的影响,试验选择初始体重为70kg的杜×大×长三元猪80头,采用单因子设计,分为对照组和试验组。对照组中日粮按照NRC(1998)营养需要量推荐配制,试验组在NRC推荐的日粮粗蛋白水平上降低3.1个百分点。试验结果表明:试验组日增重比对照组增加了85g,提高幅度为10.88%(P0.01);试验组料肉比比对照组降低了12.11%(P0.01);试验组单位增重成本比对照组节约了1.09元/kg(P0.01)。试验结果还表明:试验组氨基酸消化率均高于对照组,其中赖氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸消化率显著高于对照组(P0.01);蛋氨酸消化率极显著高于对照组(P0.05);粗脂肪和粗蛋白的消化率极显著高于试验组(P0.01);而血清尿素氮含量极显著低于对照组(P0.01)。从各指标的趋势上看,试验组的生长性能、养分消化率和经济效益均优于对照组。     

低蛋白基础日粮添加限制性氨基酸对育肥猪生长性能、养分消化率和血浆生化指标的影响

为研究降低日粮蛋白水平并添加氨基酸对育肥猪生长性能、营养物质表观消化率及血浆生化指标的影响，试验采用单因素完全随机设计，选取90头体重相近、体况良好的三元杂交育肥猪，随机分为3组：对照组（CTR,CP=16%），低蛋白日粮组（LP,CP=14%）及低蛋白+氨基酸组（LP+AA），低蛋白日粮中添加赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、色氨酸及苏氨酸。每组6个重复，每个重复5头猪。试验预饲期5 d，正饲期40 d。结果显示：降低日粮蛋白水平或在此基础上补充氨基酸对育肥猪生长性能影响不明显（P> 0.05）。同时，对营养物质表观消化率并未产生显著影响（P> 0.05）。与对照组相比，低蛋白+氨基酸组料重比更低（P=0.06），血浆总胆固醇（TC）水平降低了26.70%，差异趋于显著（P=0.06）。研究结果表明，降低育肥猪日粮蛋白质水平并补充氨基酸并不会对生长性能造成负面影响，同时，可降低血浆胆固醇水平，有利于机体健康。     

不同蛋白质含量和热处理对4种不同来源菜籽粕的猪消化能、代谢能含量和氨基酸消化率的影响

为研究4种不同来源的菜籽粕(高蛋白质,高温处理,低温处理和传统菜籽粕)添加到生长猪豆粕型日粮中对消化能、代谢能和粗蛋白质、氨基酸表观和标准回肠消化率的影响,试验选用148头阉割生长猪(初始体重:39.7±1.58 kg),采用完全随机区组设计分配到代谢笼中,24头猪为一组,每组8个重复。试验日粮包含玉米基础日粮和5种试验日粮,混合玉米和4种菜籽粕的一种(添加水平为39%)或豆粕(添加水平为28.5%)。在5 d的预饲期后,连续收集粪尿5 d。每种菜籽粕和豆粕的消化能、代谢能的计算采用不同的程序。4种不同来源菜籽粕的消化能和代谢能显著低于玉米和豆粕(P0.05)(消化能:2854、2680、2892、2883 kcal/kg vs 3324和3784 kcal/kg;代谢能:2540、2251、2681、2637 vs 3213和3253 kcal/kg)。4种来源菜籽粕间的消化能和代谢能无显著差异。在试验2,12头在回肠末端按有T型瘘管阉割生长猪(初始体重:34±1.41 kg)采用6×6拉丁方设计,每个拉丁方6种试验日粮,6个阶段。5种试验日粮包含35%豆粕或45%4种菜籽粕的1种,氨基酸是平衡的和使用无氮基础日粮。每个阶段持续7d,在每个阶段第6 d和第7 d收集回肠内容物。豆粕粗蛋白质和氨基酸的表观和标准回肠消化率显著高于4种来源的菜籽粕(P0.05)。与传统菜籽粕相比,高温工艺处理菜籽粕异亮氨酸、赖氨酸、天门冬氨酸、胱氨酸和脯氨酸的表观回肠消化率,赖氨酸和胱氨酸的标准回肠消化率均显著提高(P0.05)。没有观察到高温处理和低温处理菜籽粕氨基酸消化率的不同。总之,无论菜籽粕加工工艺和粗蛋白质水平,与玉米和豆粕相比,菜籽粕具有较低的消化能和代谢能,菜籽粕氨基酸标准回肠消化率也低于豆粕。在本试验中,加工温度不影响菜籽粕的代谢能、消化能或氨基酸的标准回肠消化率。高温处理菜籽粕的赖氨酸和胱氨酸的标准回肠消化率要高于传统工艺生产的菜籽粕。     

饲粮粗蛋白质水平和氨基酸平衡性对肥育猪生长性能、胴体性状和肉品质的影响

本研究旨在探讨饲粮粗蛋白质水平和氨基酸平衡性对肥育猪生长性能、胴体性状和肉品质的影响。选取平均初始体重为(69.3±3.6)kg的杜×长×大去势公猪125头,随机分为5个组,每组5个重复,每个重复5头猪。5个组分别为:高蛋白质饲粮组(粗蛋白质水平约为14%)、低蛋白质(粗蛋白质水平约为10%)-氨基酸平衡饲粮组以及3个低蛋白质(粗蛋白质水平约为10%)-氨基酸不平衡饲粮组(在低蛋白质-氨基酸平衡饲粮组的基础上分别将含硫氨基酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸与赖氨酸的比例降低10%)。所有饲粮的标准回肠可消化赖氨酸水平均设置为0.71%,低蛋白质-氨基酸平衡饲粮组中标准回肠可消化苏氨酸、标准回肠可消化含硫氨基酸和标准回肠可消化色氨酸与标准回肠可消化赖氨酸的比值分别为0.67、0.60和0.20。试验期为28 d。结果显示:与低蛋白质-氨基酸平衡饲粮组相比,高蛋白质饲粮组肥育猪的平均日采食量有下降趋势(P=0.05),低蛋白质-低色氨酸饲粮组肥育猪平均日增重和平均日采食量均显著下降(P0.05),低蛋白质-低苏氨酸饲粮组和低蛋白质-低含硫氨基酸饲粮组肥育猪的生长性能无显著差异(P0.05)。饲粮粗蛋白质水平和氨基酸平衡性对肥育猪的胴体性状和肉品质无显著影响(P0.05)。因此,低蛋白质-氨基酸平衡饲粮不影响育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状和肉品质,分别降低10%标准回肠可消化含硫氨基酸、标准回肠可消化色氨酸和标准回肠可消化苏氨酸对肥育猪胴体性状和肉品质无显著影响,但降低10%标准回肠可消化色氨酸显著降低肥育猪平均日增重和平均日采食量。     

Comparisons of Angus, Charolais, Galloway, Hereford, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, Salers, and Shorthorn breeds for weight, weight adjusted for condition score, height, and condition score of cows

Breed differences for weight (CW), height (CH), and condition score (CS) were estimated from records (n = 12,188) of 2- to 6-yr-old cows (n = 744) from Cycle IV of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program. Cows were produced from mating Angus and Hereford dams to Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires. Samples of Angus and Hereford sires were 1) reference sires born from 1962 through 1970 and 2) 1980s sires born in 1980 through 1987. The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breedgroup as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as a linear covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects associated with the cow. Differences among breed groups were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits and were maintained through maturity with few interchanges in ranking. The order of F1 cows for weight was as follows: Charolais (506 to 635 kg for different ages), Shorthorn and Salers, reciprocal Hereford-Angus (HA) with 1980s sires, Nellore, HA with reference sires, Galloway, Piedmontese, and Longhorn (412 to 525 kg for different ages). Order for height was as follows: Nellore (136 to 140 cm), Charolais, Shorthorn, Salers, HA with 1980s sires, Piedmontese, Longhorn, Galloway and HA with reference sires (126 to 128 cm). Hereford and Angus cows with reference sires were generally lighter than those with 1980s sires. In general, breed differences for height followed those for weight except that F1 Nellore cows were tallest, which may in part be due to Bos taurus-Bos indicus heterosis for size.     

Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium

In experiment 1, 6 pregnant mares received a concentrate that contained a trace mineral premix that provided 14.3 mg Cu, 40 mg Zn, 28 mg Fe, 28 mg Mn, 0.08 mg Co, 0.16 mg I, and 0.16 mg Se/kg concentrate (group A). Seven mares received the same concentrate plus 502 mg Zn and 127 mg Cu once daily (group B). No differences (P > .05) in foal growth data, or Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum were observed. In experiment 2, 6 pregnant mares received the same concentrate as group A (group C), and 8 mares received the same concentrate fortified with 4× the trace mineral premix (group D). Group C mares had higher serum Zn concentration at 1 day (P < 0.01) and 56 days (P < 0.04). Group C mares had higher milk Fe concentration at 28 days (P < .01), and group D mares had higher milk Cu concentration at 56 days (P < .01). Group C foals had higher serum Cu concentration at 14 days (P < .03). The results from this study provide no evidence to indicate that supplementing late gestating and lactating mares with higher dietary trace mineral levels than those recommended currently by NRC has any influence on foal growth and development, or on the Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of the mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum.     

Concentrations of strontium,barium, cadmium,copper, zinc,manganese, chromium,antimony, selenium,and lead in the liver and kidneys of dogs according to age,gender, and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50 dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn, and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd (liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations.     

电感耦合等离子-质谱法测定饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅

应用电感耦合等离子-质谱技术(ICP-MS),建立饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅等元素的测定方法。对饲料样品的前处理方法、仪器工作参数和11种元素标准曲线进行优化;并以加标回收、分析方法比对和重复测试说明方法的准确性和精密性。方法在0～1 000 ng/ml范围内线性良好,仪器检出限为0.557 7～5.072 ng/ml,具有良好的精密度,其回收率在88.1%～104.4%之间,相对标准偏差小于5.0%。同时与原子吸收和原子荧光方法进行比对,测定结果相近。所建立的方法简单、快速,可替代原子吸收和原子荧光方法测定饲料中的11种金属元素,为饲料的质量控制提供理想的元素分析方法。     

Granulocyte isolation from whole blood of goat, sheep, cattle, horse, dog, pig, and man

A simple two step procedure for the isolation of caprine, ovine, bovine, equine, canine, porcine and human peripheral blood granulocytes is described. After enrichment of granulocytes by centrifugation, contaminating erythrocytes are lysed hypotonically. Recovery, purity, and viability of the granulocyte suspensions are determined. FACScan analysis of the cell suspensions measuring cellular size by forward and sideward light scatter is compared with the corresponding analysis of whole blood leukocytes. Constituencies of the isolated cell suspensions and loss of granulocyte subpopulations through isolation procedure is discussed with regard to granulocyte function assays.     

Department of Clinical Veterinary Practices, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4

Circular excised skin wounds in the thoracic and metatarsal regions of the dog were studied. A similar sequence of events took place in the two regions although differences did occur due to the different reactions of the tissues which surrounded the wounds. None of the wound cavities became filled with exudate during the early stages of healing. In the thoracic wounds the cavities were largely filled by the swelling and inward movement of adipose tissue. Epithelium first grew on the wound surface in the sector of the wound that was situated in the direction of hair flow. The average time to complete epithelization was similar in both sets of wounds. A zone of alopecia developed around the wounds.