忆朱鹮 觅朱鹮

朱鹮这种濒于灭绝的世界珍禽,在我三十多年来探索大自然和考察研究甘肃省鸟类的实践中,给我的脑海里留下了难以磨灭的深刻印象;尤其是在近几年来世界著名鸟类学家们,对朱鹮万分关切,大声急呼,怀着万分珍惜的心情,千方百计地在各地追踪寻迹,挽救这种眼看就要灭绝的珍禽的时刻,更引起了我对和朱鹮打交道的往事回忆。中国动物学会于1964年7月8日—18日在北京举行了三十周年学术讨论会,我提出“甘肃省部分地区鸟类调查报告”论文中报导了关于我在甘肃采到朱鹮的情况。去年日本科学工作者与中国科学院联系,根据各种线索     

朱鹮

The Crested Ibis(Nipponia nippon,Plates Ⅰ and Ⅱ)(Ciconiiformes: Threskiomithidae)is a mediumsized wading bird,ranging in length from 57.5 to 84.0 cm,with a longish neck and legs,a red featherless face with a crested white head.Its most distinctive morphological character is the long,slender and decurved bill,perfectly adapted for probing in water and mud,or even in cracks on dry ground.The nonbreeding adult is white,with orange cinnamon tones in the tail and flight-feathers.The long bill is black with a red tip.Its red legs do not extend beyond the tail in flight(Hoyo et al.,1992).     

朱鹮的饲养

中国科学院动物研究所考察队于1981年5月在陕西省秦岭南坡洋县境内获得一只朱鹮,这只朱鹮是一只雏鸟,体质比较瘦弱。1981年6月23日下午6点由陕西省洋县启程经48小时,于25日下午6点安全到达北京,由北京动物园进行保护饲养。     

朱鹮人工孵化育雏

朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)是世界上最濒危的鸟类之一,国家Ⅰ级重点保护动物。1981年5月,朱鹮在中国陕西洋县重新出现以来,种群数量有了很大的增长,但在朱鹮人工繁殖方面还存在着许多难题。2012年3月22日,陕西省珍稀野生动物抢救饲养繁殖研究中心的10羽朱鹮在上海野生动     

朱鹮的厄运

濒危鸟———朱鹮(Nipponia nippon Temminck),目前在全世界仅存10余只,不能不引起鸟类学家最大的关切。无容置疑,须大力保护。但是,为了做到这一点,除了野外调查,追踪寻迹外,介绍些资料给同行也有必要。为此,参照日本鸟类学家山階芳磨(1975)对朱鹮的论述,并结合我国有关文献予以增添,故称编译,有关我国秦岭朱鹮的现状,请参阅刘荫增所发表的多篇报导。     

朱鹮倩影寄深情──日本放送协会NHK电视台朱鹮摄制组纪事

朱鹮倩影寄深情──日本放送协会ＮＨＫ电视台朱鹮摄制组纪事日本放送协会ＮＨＫ电视台编导岩崎弘伦、摄影师石井教子、日昔吉邦、宫川美代之（翻译）一行４人，在陕西朱鸿保护观察站副站长翟天庆同志的陪同下，于１９９４年４月１７日来到秦岭南麓的洋县三岔河巢区，拉开...     

东方宝石--朱鹮

朱鹦,又名朱鹭,俗名红鹤,素有“稀世珍禽”、“东方明珠”、“东方宝石”之称。属国际极危级,中国一级保护动物。自1981年5月在陕西洋县被重新发现后,由于国家林业局的高度重视,省、市、县各级政府及林业主管部门的大力支持,社     

朱鹮保护十年

自1981年5月在陕西省洋县重新找到近二十年未见的朱鹮,至今已10年了。这10年中,在林业部和省、地、县政府及主管部门的重视支持下,经过保护管理及科学工作者的辛勤努力,采取了一系列积极措施,不但使朱鹮这一濒临灭绝的鸟类及其栖息地得到了有效的保护,而且种群数量也由发现时的7只增加到了五十多只(繁殖累积数),成绩是十分显著的。朱鹮的保护不仅为全国所注目,也引起了国际社会的极大关注。     

外界生物因素对朱哀皿鸟种群数量的影响

朱哀皿鸟是世界上最为稀少的一个禽类物种,为留鸟,为中国Ⅰ级保护动物,已被列入濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约附录。天敌、生存环境、疾病及人类活动等因素严重影响其生存和种群数量。本文通过对上述外界因素的分析,提出应保护和恢复朱哀皿鸟栖息地,加强朱哀皿鸟疾病研究,扩大人工种群规模,逐步野放更多的人工孵化鸟,补充野外种群并扩展新的保护区。     

外界生物因素对朱鹮种群数量的影响

朱鹮是世界上最为稀少的一个禽类物种,为留鸟,为中国级保护动物,已被列入濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约附录。天敌、生存环境、疾病及人类活动等因素严重影响其生存和种群数量。本文通过对上述外界因素的分析,提出应保护和恢复朱鹮栖息地,加强朱鹮疾病研究,扩大人工种群规模,逐步野放更多的人工孵化鸟,补充野外种群并扩展新的保护区。     

一例朱鹮雏鸟皮下气肿的诊治

动物皮下气肿成因复杂,鸟类(禽类)的皮下气肿常见于体内气囊破裂所致。德清县珍稀动物繁育研究中心2012年首次出现了1例人工饲养的朱鹮雏鸟在15日龄时发生皮下气肿。该气肿位于右侧大腿处,内部充气,气泡内未见其他病变。根据其临床症状,推测可能是由于患雏与其他雏鸟嬉戏打斗过度的充气,或受到撞击等原因使气囊破裂。诊断为右侧腹或后胸气囊破裂,引发皮下气肿。鉴于临床上穿刺排气效果不显著,以及开创排气易引起细菌感染等因素,本病例采用了自然恢复的治疗方式,将患雏转入安静环境,避免外界干扰,加强防护,减少剧烈运动,实行隔离饲养等措施,15日后气肿变小,25日后气肿消失。该病例的诊治及病因的推测,为珍稀鸟类临床上该病的防治提供了方法。     

Prevalence of a septicemia disease in the crested ibis (Nipponia nippon) in China

This study investigated six cases of septicemia in young crested ibises (Nipponia nippon). These birds all died with similar clinical signs, including sudden death, anorexia, diarrhea, and lameness. Immediately after death, the birds were necropsied; a blood sample was taken from heart and tissues were sampled from liver, lung, spleen, peritoneal mucus, and feces for bacteriologic examination. Anatomic observation showed that the main findings common to the sick birds were arthrocele, associated with congestion in the femur, tibiotarsus, and ventral side; swelling in the liver; hemorrhagic pericarditis; miliary tubercles in lung; and fibrous tubercles in the synovial capsule of the knee joint with suppurative abscesses. Through bacterial examination, the colonial type of Escherichia coli strain was represented prominently in cultures of the feces, heart blood, liver, lung, spleen, suppurative mucus of the synovial capsule, and peritoneal exudate. These symptoms suggested that the death of a number of endangered crested ibis within a short period was evidence of septicemia. The bacterial inoculation tests were also conducted using domestic pigeon, native chicken, and mice for the presence of and infection with E coli. The study provided indications of the possible role of E. coli strains as bird pathogens and a potential risk in endangered species. Further work is needed to characterize E. coli strains and the toxin production in this bird. This disease occurrence also adds a note of caution to the continued efforts and interest in the reintroduction of the ibis back into its former wild ranges to ensure that formerly captive individuals do not transmit disease to the wild populations of its own or other sympatric species.     

陕西省宁陕朱鹮再引入种群之现状

再引入工程就是通过向野外释放笼养个体尝试建立濒危物种可自我维持的野生种群。我们报道了2008～2011年陕西宁陕县朱鹦再引入种群存活现状。从2007年5月～2011年10月,共有56只笼养朱鹦个体(27♀,29♂)被相继释放到野外。目前已形成10个繁殖配对,并成功出飞幼鸟33只。平均窝卵数3.14±1.06,每窝平均育成幼鸟1.57±1.03。我们认为饥饿和王锦蛇的捕食是朱鹦幼体、成体死亡的主要原因。最后提出了再引入过程存在的问题和相应的保护建议。     

梅花鹿慢性氟中毒的骨病理学研究

对来自因１年前饲喂含氟量过高的饲料而导致鹿群慢性氟中毒鹿场的２头梅花鹿作了病理学研究。其主要病理学特征为全身骨骼多发性骨外膜性骨瘤形成，无氟斑牙变化。血钙０．１２５～０．６２４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，骨组织氟含量４９９×１０－６～１０６９×１０－６。病理组织学特征为骨外膜增生亢进，骨密质外层骨小梁异常增生，并在骨密质内有变性骨单位形成，而破骨过程微弱。研究结果认为，骨瘤的形成及发展是氟的持续作用所致的进行性病变。超微结构显示，甲状旁腺呈现机能衰退状态，甲状腺滤泡旁细胞则显示机能亢进形态     

Daily incremental lines in sika deer (Cervus nippon) dentine

This work was designed to observe the dentine incremental lines of the sika deer (Cervus nippon) fawns and to investigate their periodicity using the chronological labeling method with fluorochromes. The incremental lines were observed in decalcified specimens stained by Bodian's silver technique, and the fluorescence-labeled lines were observed in undecalcified and ground specimens. In the silver stained specimens, there were two types of lines, deeply stained thick lines and faintly stained minute regular incremental lines. The intervals and staining intensities of the deeply stained thick lines were very similar to those of the fluorescence-labeled lines in the ground specimens obtained from the same tooth, and hence, it appeared that the both lines were identical. The number of minute incremental lines between the deeply stained thick lines was the same as that of days between the time when each fluorescent labeling injection was made. Therefore, it seemed that each minute incremental line was formed each day. The possibility of age estimation in days using diurnal dentine increments was discussed.     

Hematology in sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis Heude, 1884)

Blood samples were taken from 78 wild and 21 farmed sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) using ketamine-xylazine sedation during their excited (82 deer) and resting (17 deer) states. Red cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were significantly higher and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) was lower in excited deer than in resting deer. There was no significant difference in total leukocyte count (WBC) between excited and resting wild males, while a marked increase of WBC with neutrophilia was observed in excited wild females. RBC and PCV were significantly higher and MCH was lower in excited males than in excited females. In wild deer, WBC was significantly higher in females than in males, but there was no significant difference in WBC between farmed males and females. Sex differences in the hematological parameters were not observed in fawns (10 months).     

Determination of nucleotide sequence of SRY gene in sika deer (Cervus nippon)

The aim of the present study was to determine the whole nucleotide sequence of the open reading frame of the sex‐determining region Y (SRY‐ORF) in wild sika deer. The SRY gene of wild sika deer was obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with DNA from blood samples. The whole nucleotide sequence of the SRY‐ORF in wild sika deer consisted of 687 bp and encoded 229 deduced amino acids. In comparison with the bovine SRY gene, the percentage of nucleotide sequence homology was 91.0% in the overall ORF, and those of the N‐terminal, high mobility group (HMG) box, and C‐terminal regions within ORF were 88.9%, 96.2% and 87.9%, respectively. The nucleotide sequences of sika deer SRY‐ORF characterized in the present study can be used for phylogenetic analysis or sexing in wild sika deer.