发酵葡萄渣颗粒饲料对育肥牛生长性能的影响

本试验研究发酵葡萄渣颗粒饲料对育肥牛生产性能的影响。选择26头平均体重304kg左右的西门塔尔牛,按体重和性别随机分成2个处理组,每组13头,对照组日粮组成为自配肉牛精料补充料+青贮饲料+干草,试验组日粮组成为发酵葡萄渣颗粒饲料+青贮饲料+干草,试验期60 d。结果表明,与对照组相比,肉牛饲喂发酵葡萄渣颗粒饲料,日增重提高5.89%(P0.05),料重比降低2.79%(P0.05),头均毛利润提高58.24元,经济效益提高4.17%。说明饲喂发酵葡萄渣颗粒饲料可提高育肥牛的生产性能。     

不同全株玉米青贮饲喂量对妊娠期母牛体况、血液指标及后代犊牛的影响

试验旨在研究全株玉米青贮饲喂量及精粗饲料配比对妊娠期母牛体况、血液指标及后代犊牛的影响。选用40头体重相近、2岁、1胎的妊娠期7个月左右的西门塔尔母牛,随机分为4组,每组10头,试验期3个月。Ⅰ组每头每天饲喂全株玉米青贮14 kg、燕麦秸1 kg、精料补充料3 kg,Ⅱ组每头每天饲喂全株玉米青贮19 kg、燕麦秸1 kg、精料补充料1 kg,Ⅲ组每头每天饲喂全株玉米青贮19 kg、燕麦秸2 kg,Ⅳ组每头每天饲喂全株玉米青贮22 kg、燕麦秸1 kg。产犊后各组母牛统一更换为泌乳料,母牛带犊哺乳,6月龄断奶。结果表明:Ⅳ组的干物质摄入量低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组的氮摄入量低于其他组(P<0.01),Ⅰ组最高(P<0.01);Ⅲ组的纤维摄入量高于其他组(P<0.01);各组体况评分无差异;妊娠期7月末,Ⅳ组血液锰含量低于其他组(P<0.05);妊娠期9月末,Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组的血清尿素氮含量低于其他组(P<0.01);Ⅳ组母牛所产犊牛的胸围低于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P<0.05),且有3头因生长缺陷被淘汰;6月龄时,各组犊牛体况指标无差异。综上,推荐肉牛能繁母牛妊娠后期每日提供全株玉米青贮19 kg、燕麦秸1~2 kg、精料补充料0~1 kg。     

小麦秸秆微贮饲料对西杂牛育肥效果的影响

选择12-18月龄、生长发育正常、体重相近的西杂育肥公牛40头,随机分为4组,每组10头,在相同的精料配方和饲养管理水平下,分别饲喂麦秸、微贮麦秸、微贮麦秸(减少精料40%)、青贮玉米秸秆,探讨小麦秸秆微贮饲料饲喂西杂牛的效果。结果显示:微贮麦秸组日增重分别比麦秸组、微贮麦秸40%精料组提高25%、26%,比青贮玉米秸秆组降低10%;采食量比麦秸组、微贮麦秸40%精料组和青贮玉米组分别提高25%、7%和26%;头均日盈利分别比麦秸组和微贮麦秸40%精料组高3.00元和3.59元。结果表明:小麦秸秆微贮后,可以提高育肥牛的增重效果,减少精料用量,提高肉牛养殖经济效益。     

冬小麦秸秆不同处理饲喂肉牛的效果观察

将冬小麦秸秆经微贮、氨化处理后进行饲喂肉牛增重育肥试验,对照牛喂自然干麦秸。48 头供试牛(每组16 头),试验结果为:喂微贮麦秸组头均日增重0.89kg,喂氨化麦秸组头均日增重0.84kg,对照组头均日增重0.57kg。试验组与对照组比较差异极显著(P< 0.01),两试验组差异不显著(P> 0.05)。将各组耗料(包括精料、粗料)、增重按市价进行效益分析,60 天试验期结束,微贮组平均每头获得114.00 元,氨化组平均每头获利63.13 元,对照组平均每头亏损14.36 元。冬小麦秸杆处理后饲喂肉牛效果明显。微贮法优于氨化法,成本低,易操作,饲喂效果好,在农区应大力推广。     

不同饲养方式对江城牛肉品质的影响

试验旨在研究不同饲养方式对江城牛肉品质的影响,获得江城牛最优肉品质的饲养方式。选取年龄在2.5岁左右、健康状况良好的24头江城牛,其中公牛9头、母牛15头,根据性别随机分成3组,每组8头(公牛3头、母牛5头),第1、2组舍饲,在自由采食全株玉米青贮的基础上,每头牛每天分别补饲肉牛精料补充料2 kg(精料补充料组)和浓缩料1 kg(浓缩料组),第3组在人工草地上放牧饲养(放牧组),饲养90 d后从精料补充料组和浓缩料组分别选4头,从放牧组选6头,公母各半,共14头进行屠宰试验,测定江城牛的肉品质。结果表明,不同饲养方式对江城牛肉品质有一定影响,补饲精料补充料和浓缩料后,江城牛在失水率、剪切力、粗脂肪、粗蛋白质方面与放牧组存在显著差异(P0.05),其他成分各组间差异均不显著(P0.05),但眼肌面积、背膘厚度、大理石花纹等表现为补饲了精料补充料和浓缩料的牛肉品质优于放牧组。不同饲养方式对江城牛肉品质有一定的影响,补充精料补充料和浓缩料后,在肉品质方面,精料补充料组和浓缩料组优于放牧组。说明在饲养过程中可以通过补充精料补充料和浓缩料改善江城牛的肉品质。本研究结果为江城牛的合理饲养和提高肉品质提供了理论依据。     

全混日粮饲喂育肥牛增重效果试验

随机选择22~24月龄、体重400kg左右的西门塔尔杂交公牛共20头,互为对照,试验期160d。试验组使用TMR日粮饲喂育肥牛,头均日增重1.31kg,料重比6.21:1;对照组采用常规喂法头均日增重1.12kg,料重比7.27:1。试验组较对照组日增重提高16.96%,料重比降低17.1%,两组差异显著(P<0.05)。     

全混合日粮压块饲料育肥肉牛试验研究

分别采用玉米秸秆、稻草秸秆与精料设计全混合日粮,配制压缩块状饲料进行肉牛育肥及屠宰测定试验,研究秸秆与精料分开的传统饲养模式与压块饲料饲喂肉牛对肉牛育肥效果的影响。结果,分别饲喂玉米、稻草秸秆与精料全混合日粮压块饲料的两试验组(Ⅰ和Ⅱ)育肥牛平均日增重分别为1259．26±161．11 g和1259．26±82．82 g,而对照组分别采用传统的精粗料分开不补喂/补喂蛋白补充料育肥牛平均日增重分别为506．17±228．48 g和318．93±119．80 g,各试验组与对照组牛之间平均日增重差异均达到极显著水平(P＜0．01);试验组Ⅰ和Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ(对照)间平均日增重均无明显差异(P＞0．05),表明以玉米秸秆或稻草秸秆与精料补充料等复合配制而成的全混日粮压块饲料,育肥肉牛效果较秸秆与精料分开的传统饲养模式饲喂内牛育肥效果更为好。     

不同饲养方式对江城牛肉品质的影响

试验旨在研究不同饲养方式对江城牛肉品质的影响,获得江城牛最优肉品质的饲养方式。选取年龄在2.5岁左右、健康状况良好的24头江城牛,其中公牛9头、母牛15头,根据性别随机分成3组,每组8头（公牛3头、母牛5头）,第1、2组舍饲,在自由采食全株玉米青贮的基础上,每头牛每天分别补饲肉牛精料补充料2 kg（精料补充料组）和浓缩料1 kg（浓缩料组）,第3组在人工草地上放牧饲养（放牧组）,饲养90 d后从精料补充料组和浓缩料组分别选4头,从放牧组选6头,公母各半,共14头进行屠宰试验,测定江城牛的肉品质。结果表明,不同饲养方式对江城牛肉品质有一定影响,补饲精料补充料和浓缩料后,江城牛在失水率、剪切力、粗脂肪、粗蛋白质方面与放牧组存在显著差异（P<0.05）,其他成分各组间差异均不显著（P>0.05）,但眼肌面积、背膘厚度、大理石花纹等表现为补饲了精料补充料和浓缩料的牛肉品质优于放牧组。不同饲养方式对江城牛肉品质有一定的影响,补充精料补充料和浓缩料后,在肉品质方面,精料补充料组和浓缩料组优于放牧组。说明在饲养过程中可以通过补充精料补充料和浓缩料改善江城牛的肉品质。本研究结果为江城牛的合理饲养和提高肉品质提供了理论依据。     

西门塔尔牛TMR饲喂与传统饲喂比较

[目的]肉牛全混合日粮(TMR)是一种将粗饲料、精饲料、矿物质、维生素和微量元素等其他添加剂充分混合搅拌均匀,将水分调到45%,能够满足肉牛营养需要的饲养技术。[方法]为了比较西门塔尔牛TMR饲喂与传统饲喂方式,在固原市瑞科丰农牧科技有限公司随机选取120头西门塔尔育肥公牛作为试验牛群,对照组和试验组各60头,试验组使用TMR日粮饲喂,对照组采用传统饲喂方式饲喂,观察育肥牛生长发育情况、体重变化。[结果]结果表明,TMR饲喂的肉牛平均体重(547.9 kg),比传统饲喂平均体重(509.24 kg),相对提高了7.6%(P0.01)。TMR饲喂平均日增重(1 331.6 g/d)比传统饲喂的平均日增重(1 194.5 g/d)相对提高了11.5%(P0.01),西门塔尔公牛育肥平均体重TMR饲喂785 kg,传统饲喂为752 kg,体重增加33 kg,提高4.4%(P0.05);西门塔尔育肥公牛平均利润TMR饲喂比传统饲喂利润增加1 529.5元/头。[结论]西门塔尔牛TMR饲喂比传统饲喂优势明显,应在肉牛生产中大力推广。     

奶牛饲喂不同精粗料比TMR对排泄粪尿和氮磷的影响

将18头荷斯坦产奶牛随机分为试验6组,每组3头,试验Ⅰ～Ⅵ组奶牛依次饲喂不同精粗料比(精料:粗料)的TMR1 (20∶80)、TMR2(30∶70)、TMR3 (40∶60)、TMR4 (50∶50)、TMR5 (60∶40)、TMR6 (70∶30)的日粮,探讨不同精粗料比TMR对奶牛粪尿、N、P的排泄量和CH4释放...     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …