Predicting diurnal variations in water content along with temperature at the soil surface

Under field conditions, much of the uncertainty regarding the magnitude of nitrogen loss as ammonia from surface-applied urea fertilizers arises from the interaction of short-term fluctuations in soil water and temperature with chemical processes. A mechanistic model to combine present knowledge of individual components of the volatilization process may provide insight into the variability. Thus, the ability to adequately predict fluctuations in surface water content and temperature is desirable.Diurnal fluctuations in soil surface water contents and temperatures were compared with predictions from a model based on the finite difference solution of the coupled soil water and heat flow equations and on simulated mass and energy balances at the soil surface. The measured values were taken over several weeks on Muir silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic, Pachic Haplustolls) and Haynie very fine sandy loam (coarse-silty, mixed, mesic, Typic Udifluvents). Small diurnal fluctuations in the surface soil water content were simulated closely by the model for both soils. The fluctuations of soil temperature were simulated well by the model for both soils, even under overcast skies. Generally, there was good agreement (< 1.7°C average difference) between modeled and measured temperatures.     

农田水量平衡模型对作物根系吸水函数及蒸散公式的敏感性

以田间试验资料为基础,建立了一个农田水量平衡模型,探讨了它对作物根系吸水函数和蒸散公式的敏感性.结果表明.不同的根系吸水函数和蒸散公式对农田水量平衡模型的响应程度差异较大,根据与田间土壤水分实测结果比较,认为用Selim根系吸水函数和Penman-Monteith蒸散公式的组合模式能较好地模拟土壤水分变化过程.     

A MODEL FOR PREDICTING THE REDISTRIBUTION OF SALTS APPLIED TO FALLOW SOILS AFTER EXCESS RAINFALL OR EVAPORATION

A model is described for predicting the movement of soluble unadsorbed anions (such as nitrate or chloride) in fallow freely drained soil under field conditions. The model includes routines for estimating both the downward leaching of salts (after excess rainfall or irrigation) and the capillary movement of anions to the soil surface (after evaporation). The profile is divided into layers each of which is characterized by a maximum and minimum water content (the field capacity and evaporation limit respectively). Daily amounts of rainfall and evaporation are applied to the surface and the redistribution of water and salts is calculated (on a layer-to-layer basis) from the initial water and salt contents of each layer by adding or subtracting water to or from the moisture content until the stated maximum or minimum value is reached. Salt transfer is calculated from the amount af water movement on a proportional basis. The predictions of the model have been tested using field data for the redistribution of nitrate and chloride in a sandy loam soil. Good agreement was obtained for chloride, but the results for nitrate showed some deviations probably due to the effects of denitrification.     

A model of ammonia volatilization from applied urea. II. Experimental testing

Experimental methods for the measurement of the transfer coefficient for ammonia volatilization from the soil surface to the atmosphere, the gaseous diffusion impedance factor in soil, and other parameters required by the predictive model are described. Following surface application of urea to soil columns, the measured concentration profiles of urea, ammoniacal-nitrogen and soil pH, and the losses of ammonia by volatilization, were compared with the model predictions. The very good agreement between the measured and the predicted results suggested that all important processes have been accounted for in the model.     

羟丙基甲基纤维素作土壤改良剂对土壤溶质运移的影响

羟丙基甲基纤维素(hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose,HPMC)是一种潜在的土壤改良剂,加入土壤中后具有明显的减渗效果,对缓解黄土高原水土养分的流失具有重要意义。该文通过在土壤中施加不同含量的HPMC,研究HPMC对土壤溶质迁移特性的影响。结果表明:1)HPMC质量分数在0～0.5 g/kg范围内,饱和导水率随HPMC添加量增大而逐渐减小,0.5g/kg组相比未添加HPMC的空白组降低37.3%;土壤中保守性溶质的运移速度显著降低;随HPMC添加量增加,溶质的初始和完全穿透时间明显推迟,穿透总历时延长;2)CDE方程和两区模型均能较好地模拟在土壤中添加不同含量HPMC时溶质的运移状况,2种模型的拟合曲线也均能与实测曲线较好吻合,但两区模型的模拟精度更高。3)基于两区模型的参数拟合结果,随HPMC添加量的增加,平均孔隙水流速越小,水动力弥散系数、弥散度和质量交换系数均增加,而土壤可动水体的含水量比率逐渐减少。     

基于遗传算法的人工神经网络模型在冬小麦根系吸水模型中的应用

基于土壤水分与冠部数据,应用遗传算法优化人工神经网络模型的权值,将获得的冬小麦根长密度分布应用于根系吸水模型中,并进行了水分数值模拟,水分模拟效果整体较好,表明应用该方法可以为根系吸水模型提供准确的根系参数,并且较为方便,这对于根系吸水模型的建立及应用有着重要的意义。     

用水平土柱和修正的Green-Ampt模型确定土壤的入渗性能

土壤入渗能力和降雨产流过程及地下水密切相关。土壤入渗过程决定了灌溉/降雨过程中水分进入土壤的过程,影响了化肥、农药及其他污染物随水分迁移过程以及坡面水文与土壤侵蚀过程等。该研究根据水流在水平土柱中运动的能量要求以及实际测量得到的土壤水分分布,对Green-Ampt模型中含水率分布呈活塞运动推进(即湿润锋内部土壤水分为恒定值)的假定进行了修正。采用更符合实际的呈线性分布的土壤水分分布模型,基于水量平衡和土壤水动力学原理,提出了对应的土壤入渗性能的计算模型。给出了利用修正模型估计土壤入渗性能的方法,计算模型以及计算过程。结果表明,利用修正模型估算得到的土壤入渗性能回归的入渗水量与实际供水量的相对误差为0.66%,说明该修正模型和计算方法具有很高的精度。该文提出的修正模型很好地描述了水分在土壤中的分布,较Green-Ampt入渗模型中的活塞模型更符合土壤水动力学中关于土壤水分运动的分析。将该修正模型与水平土柱试验结合,可以大大地提高土壤入渗性能计算的精度,为以后的土壤水分运动,地表产流计算以及土壤侵蚀等方面的研究提供非常有效的工具。     

吸附性土壤溶质运移参数识别的粒子群-差分算法

非饱和土壤水分和溶质运移参数(导水率、扩散率、水动力弥散系数)的识别是进行数值模拟的关键.基于垂直一维非饱和吸附性土壤水分-溶质运移方程,以溴化钾为入渗溶液,分别以土壤含水率和溶质溶度的实测值与计算值标准差最小为优化目标,建立水分-溶质运移参数识别的多目标优化模型.应用权重系数法,将这一多目标优化问题转化为单目标优化问题,采用动态权重、异步时变学习因子的粒子群算法对模型求解.通过土柱实验,测定了220、380和780 min三组时刻的土壤含水率以及钾离子浓度的空间分布值,以前两组数据识别参数,第三组数据进行验证.结果表明入渗780 min权重系数为0.5时含水率以及钾离子浓度的计算值和实测值相关系数分别为0.977和0.952,标准差分别为0.007 4、2.369,实测值和计算值吻合较好,这表明粒子群识别水分和溶质运移参数是可行的.数值模拟表明,权重越大含水率实测和计算值的相关系数越大而浓度实测值和计算值的相关系数越小.     

阿特拉津在饱和砂质壤土中非平衡运移的模拟

针对农药阿特拉津在稳定流场饱和砂质壤土中的运移 ,根据平衡与非平衡假设条件下对流—弥散方程数学模型的解析解 ,基于易混合置换实验获得的阿特拉津和示踪溶质Br- 的穿透曲线及批量平衡法求得的阻滞因子 ,应用CXTFIT 2 0软件 ,通过拟合土柱实验中溶质的出流浓度变化 ,估算了模型的有关参数 ,在此基础上模拟分析了实验土柱不同埋深处阿特拉津的出流浓度和累积淋溶量动态 ,结果表明 ,化学非平衡的两点模型对本文实验条件下阿特拉津运移的仿真具有较高的精度     

Modelling water movement in drained clay soil. II. Application of the model in Evesham series clay soil

A two-domain model of water movement, storage and drainage in a cracked clay soil has been applied and tested in the field by irrigating an instrumented lysimeter constructed around a 2.0 m length of mole drain. Measurements of drain outflow rates and of increases in soil water content were compared with model predictions. The model predicted satisfactorily the peak drain outflow rate and subsequent drain recession although there was a tendency for the model to underestimate the time to the start of drainage. Good agreement with the measured recharge profile was generally found.     

A model incorporating the diffuse double layer to predict the electrical conductivity of bulk soil

A model has been developed to predict the electrical conductivity of bulk soil. The total soil-water content is divided into free water and water in the diffuse double layer (DDL) around clay particles. These two fractions of soil water conduct electrical current through the soil and are assumed to act in parallel with the soil solid. The volume of water in the DDL is evaluated from the surface area of the clay and the thickness of the DDL. The surface area of the clay is estimated from its cation exchange capacity (CEC) and surface charge density. A transmission coefficient correcting for the effect of the tortuous flow path of current through the soil, and a proportionality constant relating the electrical conductivity of water in the DDL to that of free water, are included in the model. The transmission coefficient is a function of the contents of water and clay and has been modelled in terms of these factors. The values of the proportionality constant and those relating to the transmission coefficient were optimized for five different soils. The electrical conductivities of the five soils estimated by the model compare well with the measured values, which, however, deviate systematically from predictions by the three-component model of Rhoades et al .     

阿特拉津在饱和砂质壤土中非平衡运移的模拟

针对农药阿特拉津在稳定流场饱和砂质壤土中的运移 ,根据平衡与非平衡假设条件下对流—弥散方程数学模型的解析解 ,基于易混合置换实验获得的阿特拉津和示踪溶质Br- 的穿透曲线及批量平衡法求得的阻滞因子 ,应用CXTFIT 2 .0软件 ,通过拟合土柱实验中溶质的出流浓度变化 ,估算了模型的有关参数 ,在此基础上模拟分析了实验土柱不同埋深处阿特拉津的出流浓度和累积淋溶量动态 ,结果表明 ,化学非平衡的两点模型对本文实验条件下阿特拉津运移的仿真具有较高的精度     

土壤溶质锋运移的解析解

为了推求土壤溶质锋运移与时间的关系 ,假设土壤溶质运移发生在溶质输入内边界至溶质锋之间 ,应用拉普拉斯变换方法求解输入内边界到溶质锋边界的对流—弥散方程 ( CDE)。溶质锋浓度解与半无限精确解的比较表明 ,在内边界至溶质锋边界内具有良好的一致性。溶质锋运移解的一个重要应用是估计实验室和田间条件的溶质运移参数。这个新的参数估计方法要求土壤中溶质锋随时间运移数据。如果应用有色示踪剂 ,溶质锋运移可以目测 ;如果应用其他示踪剂 ,可以通过 TDR或其它仪器测量示踪剂通量或体积浓度 ,确定溶质锋的深度。这个新的方法简单易行、节省时间 ,而且能够应用到实验和田间条件。     

线源入渗仪布水器水力特性的理论分析与试验

布水器是土壤入渗线源测量方法的重要组成部分。该研究提出了一种线源布水器的新型材料与结构。布水器采用特殊的海绵材料制作。从理论上对理想布水器的材料要求进行了深入地分析。在此基础上,选用合适的海绵材料进行试验以确定布水带材料。采用离心机测量了所选用的海绵材料-103~-105 Pa范围内的水分特征曲线。这种材料中的含水量与水吸力之间具有很好的幂指数关系,相关性系数R2=0.948,在低水势时,含水量维持在很低的水平,当水势增加时含水量几乎维持不变。当水势超过一定值后,含水量随着水势的增加急剧增加。用水势连续的概念,分析了水在布水器和土壤界面运动的特征,说明试验中所选用的海绵在水力特征上是理想的布水器材料。给出了布水器的结构。用制作的布水器进行室内试验,地表湿润面积推进过程具有非常好的线性,验证了对布水带水力特性的分析以及试验得到的材料水动力学数据,说明了线源布水器的可行性。该研究将有助于土壤入渗线源测量方法的实际应用,也为相关的研究提供借鉴。     

Modelling and measurement of the nitrogen cycle in a vegetable field in Switzerland II. Validation of the nitrogen model with field data

Field experiments were conducted over a period of two years on a commercial vegetable farm for calibration and validation of the nitrogen model (tables 1 and 2). Yield and nitrogen uptake of the crops were measured at least five times during crop growth. Soil water tension and nitrate concentration in the soil solution were assessed by frequent sampling of different soil layers. The volumetric soil water content was calculated from continuously measured water potential by means of a field desorption curve. The model was calibrated using a transfer factor for rapid and slow water transport corresponding to changes in water content observed during a leaching experiment in winter 1987/88. Other required input parameters were taken from existing knowledge about the growth of vegetable crops, an evaluation of the soil profile to assess water transport in the soil, and the results of an incubation experiment for the estimation of the net nitrogen-mineralisation. Yield and nitrate uptake of different vegetables are predicted with an accuracy of about 15% for yield and of about 20 kg N/ha for nitrate uptake (table 4, figure 1). Measurement of water and nitrate transport under fennel and a fallow plot (figure 2) reveals that the simulated net nitrogen-mineralisation is overestimated by about 30 percent, and that simulation of rooting depth and evapotranspiration should be improved. Nitrate leaching during summer takes place only after periods of very heavy rain. The accuracy of the agreement between simulated and measured data is within 10% for the water content, and within 25% for the nitrate concentration in the soil solution, while measured nitrate leaching exceeded the simulated values by up to 80 kg N/ha. The precision of the model seems to be satisfactory in view of the large amount of nitrogen and water cycled in a vegetable field (table 5). However with respect to water management improvements are necessary. Further validation of the model on other sites is required before a predictive model for practical purposes can be elaborated.     

利用放射性I131和S35研究松沙土土体和地下水盐分的运动

盐碱土表土盐分积累的来源,不仅与地下水埋深及其矿化度有关,而且与土体盐分再分配有关。本试验是利用放射性I¹³¹(NaI¹³¹)和S³⁵(Na₂S³⁵O₄)的示踪方法,探讨在含盐地下水正常补给情况下,土体和地下水盐分运行的一些规律,有助于全面了解表土积盐的过程。     

非均质饱和土壤盐分优先运移的随机模拟

在室内使用特殊形状的土柱隔板成功地填装了在水平横截面上呈“川”字型分布、由质地相差较大的两种土壤相间构成的非均质土柱。当土柱出流达到稳态后，灌入CaCl2溶液，监测土柱出流液的浓度动态。通过计算表征氯离子迁移时间随机特征的概率密度函数，对出流盐分的优先运移采用传递函数模型进行仿真，并对构成非均质土柱的两种均质土壤分别进行了条件类似的水盐入渗实验和模拟。在此基础上获得了参与氯离子输运的土壤水运移体积和可动体积以及土壤溶液中氯离子的体积平均驻留浓度。     

冬小麦/夏玉米轮作中NO3-N在土壤剖面的累积及移动

通过田间试验研究了冬小麦 /夏玉米轮作中NO- 3 N在土壤剖面的累积及移动 ,结果表明 ,尿素施入旱地土壤后 ,硝化作用一般在 7d之内完成 ,NH 4 N只在施肥后的短期内保持较高浓度 ,其它时期NH 4 N含量基本在 1～ 3mgkg- 1 范围内 ,土壤剖面不同层次NH 4 N一般也低于 4mgkg- 1 ,NH 4 N的含量不能反映土壤有效氮的水平。土壤剖面中的NO- 3 N随施氮量的增加而显著升高。在低施氮量条件下 (N <12 0kghm- 2 ) ,NO- 3 N主要在 0～ 40cm土层内移动 ,但当施氮量高于N 2 40kghm- 2 时 ,冬小麦季即有相当数量的氮移出 0～ 10 0cm土体。NO- 3 N在土体中的移动存在着很大的年际变化 ,在干旱年份 ,即使夏玉米季 ,NO- 3 N向深层移动的可能性也很小。试验年份中 ,除 1999年夏玉米季发生了较严重的气体损失以外 (该季节特别干旱 ) ,其余季节损失的肥料氮主要以NO- 3 N的形式在深层土壤剖面中累积 ,这在两个试验点的结果相当一致。     

不同覆膜开孔率下土壤水分和潜水蒸发的模拟研究

为研究蒸发阶段不同覆膜开孔条件下土壤水分运动,在室内进行蒸发模拟试验的基础上,采用HYDRUS-1D模型对不同覆膜开孔率和大气蒸发能力条件下土壤剖面含水率和潜水蒸发量动态变化进行了模拟,并与实测资料进行比较。结果表明:土壤剖面含水率同时受大气蒸发能力和覆膜开孔率的共同作用,随覆膜开孔率和大气蒸发能力的增加,土壤剖面含水率减小,且上层土壤含水率差异比下层土壤明显;覆膜开孔率和大气蒸发能力一定时,土壤剖面含水率在蒸发初期有所增加,蒸发后期基本保持稳定;覆膜对潜水蒸发的阻滞作用明显,但开孔率增加到一定数值时,表层盐分的影响大于覆膜的影响,使土壤含水率增大,累积蒸发量减小。经实测数据验证,模型精度较好,表明HYDRUS-1D模型用于不同覆膜开孔率下的土壤水分运动模拟是可行的。     

机载非接触式近红外土壤墒情检测系统研制

针对探针式土壤水分传感器插入土壤后因反馈点固定而需大量布点、成本高、破坏耕层等问题，该研究提出一种基于法布里-珀罗干涉近红外传感器的非接触式土壤墒情在线检测系统。系统硬件部分由机载自动检测装置、电气控制箱和北斗双天线实时差分定位系统（Real Time Kinematic，RTK）组成。整套系统样机的试制包括：传感器的选型和模块设计封装、升降检测装置设计、传感器避障与采样点北斗定位、土壤含水量预测建模、软件中的二次开发和系统与润禾2ZBA-2型移栽机的集成等。田间试验结果表明：当移栽机以0.3 m/s速度行进时，土壤水分传感器参比校准后进行土壤水分的测定，5 s内工控机上实时显示水分含量值，水分含量预测值与实测值的相对误差范围为0.18%～14.46%，平均相对误差7.77%，所测水分值结合北斗RTK系统测得的定位坐标生成土壤表层含水率分布图，为后续喷灌、滴灌等变量灌溉提供参考依据。