考虑多水源的灌区水文干旱预警系统及其评价

为提高大中型灌区水资源管理水平,引入模糊综合评价及信息熵方法,建立了考虑降雨、径流及地下水等多水源的灌区水文干旱预警系统。预警系统以现状水文干旱评估和未来水源形势分析为两大基础,针对其中未来水源形势的非确定性,采用超越概率方法进行处理,评估给出未来多种情况下的可能干旱水平,并进入下一个计算环节,从而较大程度的避免了预测的片面性。最终整合现状干旱指标和未来形势指标形成干旱预警指标DAI,并以不同颜色灯号表示预警等级。以泾惠渠灌区水文干旱预警为例,选取典型干旱年份对预警流程及关键技术指标进行分析示例,结果表明其能够反映干旱发生发展的蠕变特性,表明该预警方法合理清晰,具有简单易用的特点。     

宁夏扬黄新灌区春小麦灌溉定额研究

在气候考察和田间试验的基础上,利用农田水分平衡方程和联合国粮农组织（FAO）最新公布的计算机作物蒸散量的方程,结合春小麦发育期及其需水规律、新灌区气象、土壤参数,并参考我国目前几种节水灌溉模式,订制了宁夏扬黄新灌区春小麦灌溉量及灌溉时次,为新灌区灌溉制度的制定和节水农业的实施提供农业气象依据。     

干旱半干旱地区灌溉农业中的遥感应用

灌溉农业是我国干旱半干旱地区农业发展的主要组成部分.目前,我国灌区的灌溉管理和信息化程度总体上处于较低水平,限制了灌区农业发展,遥感技术的应用将促进灌区灌溉管理水平的提高.以宁夏青铜峡灌区为例,对灌区耕地资源及其主要变化类型、灌区土地盐渍化现象及调整力度较大的作物种植结构进行遥感监测与分析,有效地补充了传统获取手段的不足,为灌区管理与合理规划提供了基础资料.     

半干旱地区大型灌区水文生态系统质量综合评价——以陕西省泾惠渠灌区为例

根据泾惠渠灌区水文生态现状和存在的主要问题,构建了由3层16项指标组成的综合评价指标体系;基于层次分析法进行了指标权重分配,确定了评价标准和两级模糊综合评判法,并以泾惠渠灌区2000年的具体指标值为例,进行了实例验证。结果表明,水文气象要素和生态环境要素的质量都为中等水平,两者对中等级别的隶属度分别为36.7%和42.3%;而社会经济要素的质量相对较差,对很差级别的隶属度高达61.1%。总体来说该灌区2000年的水文生态系统质量处于中等水平。评价结果与实际情况基本相符,说明层次分析法和两级模糊综合评判法在半干旱地区大型灌区水文生态系统质量综合评价中具有一定的应用价值。     

宝鸡峡灌区农业供水效益C-D函数岭回归分析

为了计算农业灌溉供水效益,将水作为生产要素之一列入C-D生产函数,并在传统投入要素基础上增加化肥、耕地要素,用机械总动力代替固定资本投入建立模型,采用岭回归分析计算农业水资源弹性系数,进而计算了灌区的农业供水效益,为区域生态基流保障补偿研究提供依据。计算结果显示,宝鸡峡灌区所在宝鸡、咸阳两市的农业水资源弹性系数分别为0.098和0.075; 2015年灌区农业供水效益平均为2.89元·m-3,其中宝鸡市2.29元·m-3,咸阳市3.34元·m-3,灌区农业供水总效益达14.6亿元,供水效益逐年递增。灌区农业供水效益的空间差异主要来自于两市的农业经济总量差异,而农耕灌溉技术水平与作物种植结构不同正是造成这一空间差异的主要原因。     

宝羊灌区地下水的矿化度动态研究

对1982—2009年宝鸡峡-羊毛湾灌区的地下水的水化学特征、水位动态和水化学动态进行分析和水质调查,采用Pearson指数法和逐步回归方法对地下水的矿化度与离子构成关系进行相关分析,以揭示灌溉、黄土塬灌区外源引水、地下水开采与农业生产活动对地下水的水化学类型和水位、水质动态的影响及其演变规律。结果表明:地下水的矿化度变化主要受阴离子(HCO3-、SO42-、Cl-)控制,Cr(Ⅵ)和NO3--N是灌区地下水的主要污染威胁。同时,针对灌区面临的水资源和水环境问题,提出了水资源与农业生态环境的保育措施,可为黄土塬灌区地下水资源的利用与保护提供借鉴。     

黄河大柳树灌区土壤类型特征与合理开发途径

该文分析了黄河大柳树灌区土壤类型形成条件与分布格局和主要土壤类型的基本特征,在此基础上结合发展灌溉农业对土壤条件的要求,提出土壤资源合理利用与发展灌溉农业的有关问题。     

新疆阿拉尔灌区土壤次生盐碱化防治及其相关问题研究

土壤次生盐渍化是制约阿拉尔灌区农业生产发展的关键因子。在阐述产生土壤次生盐碱化的背景条件的基础上,作者以田间水盐平衡模型为依据较深入分析了灌区土壤盐分动态、盐碱化趋势及其效应问题;其次,根据区域水盐平衡理论估算区域尺度上的灌排比并探讨了排水的出路问题;最后,在综合分析的基础上,提出了基于可持续灌溉农业和遏制灌区农业副效应目标下的对策与建议。     

北方灌区非工程节水措施综议

从节水灌溉制度、水资源系统优化调度、农业水价改革和抗旱保水剂的应用等4个方面对北方灌区非工程节水措施进行了综合评议。认为这些措施既可分别实施,也可组合应用,投资少,见效快,是解决北方灌区水资源短缺问题的重要途径。     

再生水灌区水资源联合调度研究

以北京市再生水灌区为研究对象,灌区再生水、地表水以及地下水的联合调度为研究内容,结合系统分析的思想,提出了再生水灌区水资源联合调度的数学模型。采用逐时段动态分析的方法,得出典型年北京市再生水灌区水资源的配置方案,其中特枯水年、枯水年、平水年和丰水年地下水开采量为21 626.08、14 616.39、11 928.83和7 262.05万m3,分别仅占全年总灌溉需水量的44.35%、37.61%、41.09%和34.04%。研究表明,通过联合调度有效缓解了灌区地下水过量开采的问题,同时提高了灌区的灌溉保证率,优化了供水结构,是一种科学可行的再生水灌区水资源联合调度方法。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.