杉木形态三维可视化模拟技术研究

本文从IFS方法在树木建模中的应用出发,结合树木构筑学的特点,提出了一套树木形态数据的调查方法,以杉木为例在湖南攸县黄丰桥林场进行调查实验,通过对所采集的杉木数据的分析,获得杉木一级枝和二级枝枝长、枝根直径、仰角、方位角的分布规律,将其作为IFS变换的入口参数,构建杉木三维拓扑结构,并在.NET和DIRECTX9.0平台上开发了杉木可视化模拟系统,实现了杉木三维可视化模拟。     

虚拟树木生长建模及可视化研究综述

虚拟树木,就是应用计算机模拟树木在三维空间中的生长发育状况,近年来已成为植物学、农林业、环境科学和计算机领域的研究热点.生长模型和可视化技术是它的核心内容.虚拟树木生长模型包括形态结构模型、功能模型和结构-功能模型等,其中结构-功能模型可以模拟树木与环境间的相互关系,其结果为树木的三维结构,因此它最为接近现实树木的生长,是虚拟树木生长模型的发展方向.树木形态的复杂性与计算时间和空间的矛盾一直是可视化研究中的难点.树木可视化还有不同于其他物体的特性,如多级分枝、枝条的弯曲、自相似、向光性、树木分枝间的光滑与非光滑连接等.树木可视化软件可分为2类:纯图形学软件和基于结构-功能模型的软件,其应用已涉及娱乐、商业、计算机辅助景观设计、教育、科研和林业生产等方面;但在树木构筑型数据的采集和管理、结构-功能模型的建立、树木可视化技术的研究及面向林业生产等方面仍需要大量的工作.     

杉木单木生长可视化模拟系统设计与实现

以杉木为例,采用从可视化模拟角度设计的调查参数调查杉木形态结构,根据实际调查数据对杉木形态结构特征进行了分析。结合生长曲线控制下的迭代函数系统方法,采用面向对象的设计方法,根据DIRECTX9.0提供的API及模型渲染技术,在.NET和DIRECTX9.0平台上,使用C#语言建立了杉木单木生长可视化模拟系统,实现了单株杉木静态和动态的三维可视化模拟。     

虚拟森林资源信息三维可视化中树模型的生成方法

根据树木形态特征的相似性,应用IFS(Iterated Function System,迭代函数系统)方法,采用面向对象的分析和设计方法,将树的建模分为树干建模和树叶建模,建立了树的三维模型,并将其加入到虚拟森林资源信息三维可视化中。     

面向虚拟森林经营管理的树木交互式参数建模方法

从树木构筑概念出发,将传统的几何建模技术与树木形态结构结合,提出了一种交互式参数建模的方法.采用主干、枝条、叶片三类参数来描述和定义树木,约定了一系列的建模规则和参数化调节方法,并构建了一个树类.林业管理者通过输入熟悉的参数平台交互式地构建各种具有不同几何特征的树木,并且能够建立不同生长阶段的三维几何树模型,其模型简单且形态逼真,能够充分地表现树木的空间结构.     

国内树木三维可视化技术研究进展

由于树木形态的复杂性对模拟技术和系统开销的要求较高,树木生长的生理确定性和长势不确定性等特点,使树木三维可视化的研究至今仍未得到一个完备的具有林业研究意义的三维计算机树木模型.本文在广泛研究国内树木三维可视化软件开发的基础上,从分形理论、图像解析和GIS技术三个方面对现有研究进行分类阐述,简要叙述了现有研究的主要技术思路与最新研究成果,并指出了现有研究中存在的主要不足.     

林分三维模型实时生成方法

针对现有林分可视化方法表现林木多样性不足的问题,以林分调查数据为基础,提出多样性林木三维模型构建方法,实现林分三维模型实时建立,对可视化直观反映林分三维结构状况具有重要意义。提出林木树干三维模拟方法,建立10参数的幂函数冠形控制曲线,形成林木多方向冠形控制模型,基于贝塞尔曲线构建10种形态类型的枝干模型,提出冠形控制下的林木枝干生成算法以及树叶模拟方法,实现了林木多样性三维模型实时构建。以每木调查数据为基础,根据林木形态数据,实时建立了林分三维模型。结果表明:林木冠形多样性模型得到有效构建,林分调查数据可直接为林分三维建模提供数据支持。该方法可实现林木多样性形态与林分特征因子的直观三维模拟。     

国内树木三维可视化研究进展

利用科学的计算方法,将自然界中千变万化的树木形态转换为直观的几何图形,并将其生理结构、生长过程的复杂数据在计算机中进行计算和模拟,称为单株树木的可视化研究.文章介绍了中科院的双尺度自动机模型、浙江大学对于树木的图形图像处理技术的研究以及北京林业大学针对树木生理机构对树木进行的可视化研究.分析了目前树木三维可视化研究中存在的问题,提出了今后的研究方向.     

国内树木三维可视化研究进展

利用科学的计算方法，将自然界中千变万化的树木形态转换为直观的几何图形，并将其生理结构、生长过程的复杂数据在计算机中进行计算和模拟，称为单株树木的可视化研究。文章介绍了中科院的双尺度自动机模型、浙江大学对于树木的图形图像处理技术的研究以及北京林业大学针对树木生理机构对树木进行的可视化研究。分析了目前树木三维可视化研究中存在的问题，提出了今后的研究方向。     

基于本体规则和案例推理相结合的树木生长模拟——以杉木为例

采用本体规则推理和案例推理相结合的方法表达树木生长与其周围环境之间的复杂关系。通过建立面向森林生态领域的本体知识库来存储相应的本体、规则和案例,基于规则和案例推理开展树木种植适宜性判断以及树木立地质量评价;根据立地质量估算树木生长参数,以三维可视化的方式对不同环境下树木生长进行模拟。以福建省顺昌县浦上林场杉木为例,对本文提出的方法进行准确度验证,语义推出的立地指数精度达到80%。试验结果表明,该方法为描述树木生长与环境之间的复杂关系提供了一种语义表达和推理途径,为不同环境下树木生长预测研究提供了一个可行的方法。     

Design and Implementation of Individual Tree Growth Visualization System of Cunninghamia lanceolata

Nonlinear mixed effects model(NLMEM) is built on the relationship of the fixed and random effects in the regression function.The NLMEM has an obvious comparative advantage in analyzing the longitudinal data,repeated measures data and multilevel data.Two-level NLMEM is used to analyze the dominant height for Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata).The authors outline the two-level NLMEM and introduce the parameters estimation method of the model.Based on five common Richard and Logistic models,the mixed model is built.The modeling data are used to calculate and compare with 19 models derived from each based model,and 5 optimal mixed models are built.Compared the 5 optimal mixed models with traditional regression models,it is showed that the two-level NLMEM has a better fitting effect than the regression model.     

Geographical variation in age–height relationships for dominant trees in Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) forests in Japan

In this study, we analyzed Japanese National Forest Inventory data to investigate the geographical variation in the relationship between tree height and age for dominant trees, and the effects of climatic conditions on these relationships. Our analysis focused on Cryptomeria japonica forests in 13 regions of Japan. The age–height relationships were classified into two regional groups that were distinguished by their climatic conditions. Several categories of climatic variables (warmth, solar radiation, precipitation, and snow depth) were significantly correlated with the parameters of a model for the age–height relationships. Our results also suggest the existence of a latitudinal cline for the maximum tree height of C. japonica in Japan. In regions with cold temperatures, deep snow, low solar radiation, and low summer precipitation, C. japonica shows a late-maturity pattern for height increase, with slow initial growth and a large maximum size. In regions with the opposite climatic conditions, it shows an early-maturity pattern with fast initial growth and small maximum size.     

The populations and distribution of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pieris japonica</Emphasis>, a poisonous tree protected from herbivore browsing pressure,increase slowly but steadily

Pieris japonica is a poisonous tree species that is rarely eaten by herbivorous animals, a fact that could enable the expansion of its distribution range and influence ecosystems into which it encroaches. In a regional-scale study, 300 P. japonica trees from 13 populations were sampled at the University of Tokyo Chichibu Forest, Japan, and were analyzed using 11 microsatellite markers. Genetic differentiation among the populations was low (F _ST = 0.022 and G′ _ST = 0.024). A plot (30 × 30 m) was established for a fine-scale study, in which all P. japonica trees and saplings were measured and genetically analyzed using the microsatellite markers. Using this approach, we detected 84 genotypes among the 121 P. japonica trees in the plot. A few genotypes had expanded by more than 5 m, indicating that the ability to reproduce asexually could facilitate P. japonica trees to remain in a given location. Autocorrelation analysis showed that the extent of nonrandom spatial genetic structure was approximately 7.0 m, suggesting that seed dispersal was limited. KINGROUP analyses showed that 44 genotype pairs were full siblings, 23 were half-siblings, and 40 were parent-offspring. Only 32 seedlings were observed, of which 15 had reproduced asexually. The number of P. japonica trees has been increasing gradually for more than half a century in our study areas.     

Nitrogen promotes water consumption in seedlings of Cryptomeria japonica but not in Chamaecyparis obtusa

To evaluate the influence of excessive N deposition on the water consumption of a Japanese plantation forest, 1-year-old seedlings of major plantation trees, Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar) and Chamaecyparis obtusa (Hinoki cypress), were treated with combinations of two N levels (Moderate N and High N) and two soil water conditions (Dry and Moist) for 4 months. The High N treatment received five times as much N as in the Moderate N treatment; the total amount of N added in the High N treatment was roughly 25 times the annual N deposition in precipitation. An increase in soil N availability increased the needle transpiration rate, needle biomass, and needle N content of C. japonica under the Moist treatment, whereas those of C. obtusa were not significantly affected by soil N treatment at either soil water level. Needle N content in C. japonica was positively related to needle photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate. Our results suggested that excessive N deposition has the potential to enhance water consumption in C. japonica stands on moist soils. However, the effects of increased N deposition would be insignificant for C. japonica grown on dry sites. Unlike in C. japonica, water consumption in C. obtusa would be unlikely to respond to excess N deposition, regardless of the soil moisture level. Moreover, the significant reduction in the fine root to needle ratio observed with excessive N application in C. japonica under both Dry and Moist treatments suggests that excessive N deposition is likely to cancel out the tree's morphological adaptation to drought.     

Impacts of temperate lianas on tree growth in young deciduous forests

Lianas are often overlooked in temperate ecological studies even though they are important components of forest communities. While lianas have been shown to damage tropical canopy trees and reduce the growth of juvenile trees, the impact of lianas on canopy tree growth in temperate systems is largely unknown. Growth of trees ≥8 cm dbh was examined over a 9-year period within 50-year old post-agricultural secondary forests in the Piedmont region of New Jersey, USA. Five lianas, Celastrus orbiculatus, Lonicera japonica, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Toxicodendron radicans, and Vitis species, occurred throughout the forest. Total liana basal area, number of stems, and percent cover within host trees were evaluated to assess liana burdens on 606 previously censused trees. These data were related to tree growth to assess liana impacts. Forest trees were separated based on their dominance in the canopy to determine whether lianas had the potential to influence forest composition. In general, lianas in the forests were fairly abundant, with 68% of the trees having at least one liana present. On average, each tree supported 9.7 cm² of liana basal area and 23% of the canopy was covered by lianas. Most of the variation in tree growth was related to the dominance of trees within the canopy, with canopy dominant and co-dominant trees growing 2.5× more than suppressed trees. Liana basal area and number of lianas stems were not related to tree growth, but liana canopy cover decreased tree growth. However, not all trees were equally affected as canopy cover of lianas only reduced growth in dominant and co-dominant trees. Lianas were most influential on host tree growth in unsuppressed trees when occupying a majority of the canopy, only a minority of forest trees. This suppression was not related to differential liana colonization of canopy trees as all canopy classes supported equivalent liana burdens. Though lianas impacted only a minority of the trees in this system, some liana species, C. orbiculatus and Vitis spp., are still increasing and may pose future risks to forest growth and development.     

Verification of a phenotypic discrimination method for hybrid larch seedlings using DNA markers

The hybrid between Kuril larch (Larix gmelinii var. japonica) and Japanese larch (L. kaempferi) is an important afforestation tree species in Hokkaido, Japan, because of its rapid juvenile growth, straight stem, and resistance to bark gnawing by voles. To produce desirable hybrid seedlings, precise seedling discrimination is essential. However, continuous variations in morphological and phenological traits occur across L. gmelinii var. japonica × L. kaempferi and L. gmelinii var. japonica × L. gmelinii var. japonica seedlings. Therefore, we used DNA markers to verify and improve the morphological and phenological discrimination method. We collected seeds from an interspecific seed orchard and, using chloroplast DNA analysis, we showed that the hybridization rates of 1-year-old seedlings were different between years (2004, 23.2 %; 2005, 53.6 %) and between mother trees (2004, 5.8–39.4 %; 2005, 20.0–81.0 %). Discriminant analyses revealed that the root collar diameter of 2-year-old seedlings, number of sylleptic branches of 2-year-old seedlings, and day of terminal bud set in 1- and 2-year-old seedlings are traits that aid in discriminating hybrid seedlings. The proportions of correctly discriminated individuals were found to be 81.7–88.2 % when using improved phenotypic discrimination methods. These methods adopted traits with high discrimination abilities during discriminant analyses and determined the selection intensity according to the hybridization rate estimated from the DNA markers. In contrast, the proportions of correctly discriminated individuals obtained using the current method were lower, 72.7–78.5 %, because this method was based on seedling height and adopted a constant selection intensity.