豌豆粉添加对米粉品质特性的影响

为了提高米粉的营养价值,本研究将不同粒径的豌豆粉添加到米粉中,分析不同粒径及添加量(0%、7.5%、15%、30%)对大米粉粉质特性及米粉蒸煮、质构和感官特性的影响。结果表明,添加豌豆粉可以增加米粉中蛋白质的含量,添加30%豌豆粉后米粉的蛋白质含量为原米粉的1.73倍。豌豆粉的添加降低了米粉的峰值黏度、最终黏度和回生值,提高了米粉冷糊稳定性,使米粉不易老化。随着豌豆粉添加量的增加,米粉的硬度与蒸煮损失逐渐增大,感官品质降低。豌豆粉的粒度对米粉品质影响较大,当豌豆粉添加量相同时,添加200目豌豆粉的米粉蒸煮损失比添加80目豌豆粉降低9.08%~20.73%;感官评价总分提高1.35%~10.43%。综上,通过降低豌豆粉的粒度可以制备出豌豆粉添加量为30%的品质较好的米粉。本研究结果为营养健康型米粉的开发提供了一定的理论基础。     

鲜米粉品质评价指标的研究

为筛选出评价鲜米粉品质的主要感官指标及质构指标,本研究选用21种早籼米制备鲜米粉,对其进行感官和质构的测定。运用相关性分析及聚类分析筛选出鲜米粉主要评价指标,以期为实际生产中预测鲜米粉品质提供参考。研究结果表明,评价鲜米粉感官品质的色泽、气味、组织形态和口感(硬度、粘性、弹性、光滑性)存在较大的种间差异,其中口感指标对总评分的影响最显著。质构仪测试指标主要为硬度和弹性,弹性与口感总评分、感官总分之间均存在显著正相关性(P0.05),硬度与感官气味存在显著负相关(P0.05)。在色泽、气味较好的基础上,当质构仪测试的硬度在1 776~4 124 g之间、弹性较高时,鲜米粉品质好。本试验结果可作为鲜米粉的评价标准,为鲜米粉评价体系的建立提供理论基础。     

预糊化条件对萌芽糙米蒸煮质构特性及品质的影响

为了解决萌芽糙米不易蒸煮且蒸煮后米饭口感较硬、黏弹性不足、粗糙感明显等问题,该文应用预糊化技术对萌芽糙米进行品质改良,评价了预糊化条件(米粒含水率43.21%±2.15%、34.64%±1.49%、29.83%±1.67%,蒸汽处理时间2、5、10、15、20、25 min)对萌芽糙米蒸煮特性、米饭质构特性及感官品质的影响。研究结果表明,随着米粒含水率的降低,预糊化萌芽糙米的蒸煮时间、蒸煮吸水率、体积膨胀率显著增大(P0.05),固形物损失率显著降低(P0.05);预糊化萌芽糙米的米饭硬度、黏附性、黏聚性、胶黏性、弹性、咀嚼性随米粒含水率降低的变化较为复杂。随着蒸汽处理时间的延长,预糊化萌芽糙米的蒸煮时间显著缩短(P0.05),蒸煮吸水率、体积膨胀率、固形物损失率变化较小且无明显规律;预糊化萌芽糙米的米饭硬度先减小后增大,黏附性、黏聚性先增大后减小,胶黏性、弹性、咀嚼性变化较为复杂。感官评定结果表明,预糊化萌芽糙米的米饭感官评分随米粒含水率降低的变化较为复杂,随蒸汽处理时间的延长先增大后降低。总体而言,米粒含水率29.83%±1.67%、蒸汽处理15 min的预糊化条件可以显著改善萌芽糙米的蒸煮特性、质构特性及感官品质,使其接近白米的品质指标。研究结果可为预糊化萌芽糙米的产业化开发提供依据。     

影响米粉品质的稻米质量指标分析

大米原料的质量是影响米粉加工性能、烹煮性能和感官品质的重要因素。影响米粉品质的大米原料质量指标主要有直链淀粉含量、胶稠度、糊化温度、蛋白质含量和储藏时间等,本文对近年来有关这些指标的研究进行了归纳总结,对各项指标对米粉品质的影响进行了逐一评述。通过总结分析可以得出,直链淀粉含量较高的籼米适宜于生产米粉;胶稠度与稻米其他各项指标有显著的相关性,可以作为选取米粉原料的主要指标;不同种类大米的糊化温度是不同的,可以根据糊化温度来指导米粉生产,避免淀粉过度糊化和米粉品质降低;蛋白质含量不仅决定大米的营养品质,也影响大米制品外观、加工和食用品质;使用陈化一段时间的大米制作米粉能够提升米粉品质。     

欧姆加热对米饭蒸煮过程能耗及其品质的影响

电饭煲蒸煮米饭存在电热转化效率低、温度不易控制等不足。该研究设计了一种加热速率和保温温度自动可控的欧姆加热试验系统,并研究了浸泡时间和水米比对水米混合物的电导率、欧姆蒸煮加热速率、能耗以及米饭品质（膨胀率、吸水率、物性值和颜色）的影响,并与电饭煲蒸煮米饭的能耗和品质进行比较。结果表明：浸泡能够增大水米混合物电导率,水米比越小电导率增加越快,有效提高欧姆加热蒸煮米饭加热速率;浸泡还有利于减少米饭蒸煮能耗（P<0.05）,促进米饭软化;因此大米浸泡处理30 min后采用欧姆加热蒸煮米饭可行。欧姆蒸煮加热速率越快,米饭硬度上升（P<0.05）,而黏性和弹性则略有减小（P<0.05）,加热速率在3～9 ℃/min范围内为宜;水米比可取1.25∶1～1.50∶1 mL/g。蒸煮相同质量的大米,欧姆加热所需能耗仅为电饭煲蒸煮的20%～25%;相较于电饭煲蒸煮,欧姆加热蒸煮米饭硬度最大可减小21%,且膨胀率和吸水率较大（P<0.05）、亮度L*值较小（P<0.05）。研究结果可为研发基于欧姆加热的快速高效米饭自动蒸煮装置提供技术支撑。     

不同淀粉糊化及凝胶特性与粉条品质的关系

为了研究粉条加工过程中原料淀粉的糊化及凝胶特性对粉条品质的影响,该文对绿豆、红薯、马铃薯、大米和玉米等5种原料淀粉的糊化凝胶特性及其粉条品质进行了测定,并对淀粉糊化凝胶特性与淀粉粉条品质之间的关系进行探讨。结果表明:5种淀粉原料所制的粉条中,绿豆粉条的品质是较好,其次就是马铃薯粉条和红薯粉条,大米粉条和玉米粉条的品质较差;淀粉的糊化特性与粉条品质之间具有显著相关性,按显著程度的大小(P值大小)依次是:峰值黏度谷值黏度衰减值回生值、最终黏度;淀粉凝胶的硬度、弹性、黏性和咀嚼性对粉条品质的影响较大,按显著程度的大小(P值大小)依次是:硬度黏性咀嚼性弹性。在粉条加工原料选择及粉条品质改善中可以考虑用谷值黏度、回生值以及淀粉凝胶特性特征值回复性、咀嚼性和黏性作为考核衡量指标。研究结果为粉条生产中原料选择及品质改善提供参考依据。     

原料组分及应力松弛与方便米线品质的关系

以福昌、九峰、兴业、一枝秀等4种大米为原料制作方便米线,研究了米线品质特征与原料米化学成分、淀粉凝胶应力松弛特性的相关性,并结合应力松弛参数探讨了原料成分对米线品质的影响。结果表明,方便米线最大剪切应力为10.34~18.39 g/mm2,平均剪切应力为4.72~6.56 g/mm2,拉伸强度为7.77~15.72 g/mm2,拉伸形变为53.14~80.84 %,干物质吸水率为98.80~153.26 %,煮沸损失为12.09~24.39 %;原料大米粗蛋白含量越高,粗脂肪含量越低,平均剪切应力越大,挤压凝胶第一要素模型的胡克体弹性模量E1越小,其硬度越高,弹性和黏性越低;直链淀粉含量越高,支链淀粉含量越低,拉伸强度越高,松弛时间 τ1 越高,松弛时间 τ2 越低;松弛时间 τ 是方便米线品质控制中不可忽视的重要因素;建立的方便米线品质因素与原料大米成分间的交互效应方程具有较高的拟合度,此方程对于方便米线加工原料的选择具有指导意义。     

大米直链淀粉含量的近红外光谱分析

大米的直链淀粉含量是影响大米蒸煮和加工特性的最重要因素之一,常被用作蒸煮米质构特性评价指标。该文对不同粒度、不同类型大米样品进行了近红外光谱分析,建立了大米直链淀粉含量的预测模型,（精米样品）预测值与化学分析值的相关系数达0.95。预测标准差、平均相对误差分别为0.56和3.1%。     

菊粉对低脂乳化肠质构及风味品质的影响

为探究菊粉对低脂乳化肠质构及风味品质的影响,本研究以猪后腿肉为原料制作低脂乳化肠,并在肠中添加不同量浓度(0%、1%、2%、3%、4%和5%)的菊粉,以高脂组为对照,研究其对乳化肠基本营养成分、色泽、蒸煮损失、质构特性、微观结构、风味及感官品质的影响。结果表明,随着低脂乳化肠中菊粉添加量的增加,乳化肠水分和蛋白质含量均先增加后显著下降;加入适量菊粉可以降低低脂乳化肠的蒸煮损失;菊粉的加入增加了乳化肠的硬度和咀嚼性,提高了凝聚力。扫描电镜结果表明,菊粉添加量为4%时乳化肠的微观结构孔洞最小且致密;风味及感官评价结果表明,菊粉添加量为5%时醛类和醇类等风味成分含量达到最高,菊粉添加量达到 3%及以上时与对照组相比感官评价总分无显著差异。综上,低脂乳化肠中加入菊粉有利于降低低脂乳化肠的蒸煮损失,改善低脂乳化肠的质构特性及风味和感官品质。本研究结果可为低脂肉制品的生产提供一定的理论依据。     

氮磷配施对“济麦22”小麦产量及品质的影响

通过田间试验研究了氮磷配施对超高产冬小麦"济麦22"产量及磨粉品质、糊化特性、面团流变学特性及烘焙品质等的影响。结果看出,容重、出粉率与磨粉品质呈显著正相关;峰值粘度和峰值时间对面粉糊化特性影响显著;湿面筋含量、沉降值与面团流变学特性指标呈显著或极显著正相关,且对烘焙品质的影响显著。产量和品质的大部分指标随施氮磷量的增加而发生显著变化,氮磷肥对产量和品质的互作效应显著。施N 300 kg/hm2、P 150kg/hm2处理可获得超高产,且容重、出粉率、湿面筋含量、沉降值及面团稳定时间均显著高于其它处理,表现出较好的磨粉品质和烘焙品质。表明在本试验条件下,该施肥量是济麦22优质超高产的最佳施肥模式。     

Effects of Milling on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Waxy Rice in Taiwan

Three types of mills and six milling methods were employed to mill two waxy rice varieties (TCSW1, long grain; TCW70, short grain), and the physicochemical and functional properties of rice flour were examined. The results showed that dry-milling maintained a higher level of the chemical components than other milling methods. Wet-milling slightly increased solubility as test temperatures increased, and significantly increased swelling power at 75 and 85°C for TCSW1 and TCW70, respectively. Hammer and semi-dry hammer milling gave higher percentages of coarse particles (100–300 μm); cyclone and turbo milling led to a more even particle-size distribution, and the wet-milling gave the finest particles (10–30 μm). Dry hammer-milled rice had higher gelatinization and pasting temperatures, and semi-dry grinding milling resulted in the lowest pasting temperature, setback viscosity, and enthalpy value among the mills. The final quality of the two waxy rice varieties was profoundly affected by the mill type and milling method.     

Milling of Regular and Waxy Starch Hull-less Barleys for the Production of Bran and Flour

Five registered cultivars of hull-less barley (HB) with regular or waxy starch were milled in a Quadrumat Jr. mill to obtain whole grain flour; pearled in a Satake mill (cultivar Condor only), and the pearled fractions examined by microscopy to determine true HB bran. The samples were milled after tempering and drying in a Buhler mill to obtain bran and flour yields. Flour color and composition of HB were unaltered on milling in the Quadrumat Jr. mill. Microscopic evidence showed that a 70% pearl yield was devoid of the grain's outer coverings, including the aleurone and subaleurone layers. Therefore, the balance of 30% constitutes true bran in HB. Dry milling (as-is grain moisture) of regular starch HB in the Buhler mill gave 59% total flour and 41% bran (bran + shorts) yields, the comparative values for the waxy starch HB were 42 and 58%. On tempering HB from 9 to 16% grain moisture, the total flour yield decreased in both types of HB but to a lesser extent in the waxy starch HB due to decreases in reduction flour. On drying HB to 5 or 7% moisture, total flour yields increased due to contamination with bran and shorts. The milling study led to the conclusion that HB, at best, be dry-milled and a bran finisher be used to obtain commercial flour extraction rates. Lower total flour yields in the waxy starch HB than in the regular starch HB milled at the same grain moisture levels seemed due to higher β-glucan rather than grain hardness. Waxy starch HB flour had higher mixograph water absorption and water-holding capacity than regular starch HB or soft white wheat flour milled under identical conditions. Roller-milled HB products offer the best potential for entry into the food market.     

Cooking Characteristics and Quality of Noodles from Food Sorghum

Three white food sorghums, ATx631*RTx436, ATxARG*RTx436, and SC283‐14, were decorticated, milled into flour and processed into 100% sorghum noodles. Flour, water, and salt (1%) were preheated using a hotplate or a microwave oven. The mixtures were put through a forming extruder to produce noodles. Extruded noodles were dried by three methods: air‐dry method (23°C, 48 hr); one‐stage (60°C, 30% rh, 3 hr), or two‐stage (60°C, 100% rh for 2 hr followed by 60°C, 30% rh for 2 hr). Noodles were evaluated dry and after cooking. Sorghum flours with smaller particle sizes yielded better noodles. The microwave preheating method yielded better noodles than the hot‐plate method. Stronger and firmer noodles, dry or cooked, were prepared using two‐stage drying compared with the other drying methods. Fine flour that was preheated using a microwave oven and dried using the two‐stage method gave the best noodles with moderate (10%) dry matter loss. Optimized processing conditions yielded sorghum noodles with good qualities when properly cooked.     

糙米加湿调质对其碾米性能影响的试验研究

该研究以糙米(含水率12.5%)为原料,采用不同加湿量将糙米加湿调质,以降低硬度和脆性。依据不同润糙时间对试样进行碾米加工试验。用SAS软件分析了润糙时间及加湿量对碾米加工的能耗、整精米率影响规律。结果表明糙米在润糙开始后60～90 min,加湿量为1.45%的情况下,碾米加工时可以降低能耗约30％,整精米率提高约10％。因此,采用加湿调质方法可以改善储藏后稻谷碾磨质量,提高精米率、降低能耗。     

Quantitative and Qualitative Role of Added Gluten on White Salted Noodles

A commercial gluten and glutens isolated from four soft and four hard wheat flours were incorporated into a hard and a soft white flour by replacement to directly determine the quantitative and qualitative role of gluten proteins in making noodles. Gluten incorporation (6%) decreased water absorption of noodle dough by 3%, shortened the length of the dough sheet by 15 and 18%, and increased the thickness of the dough sheet by 18 and 20% in soft and hard wheat flour, respectively. Noodles imbibed less water and imbibed water more slowly during cooking with gluten incorporation, which resulted in a 3‐min increase in cooking time for both soft and hard wheat noodles. Despite the extended cooking time of 3 min, noodles incorporated with 6% gluten exhibited decreases in cooking loss by 15% in soft wheat. In hard wheat flour, cooking loss of noodles was lowest with 2% incorporation of gluten. Tensile strength of fresh and cooked noodles, as well as hardness of cooked noodles, increased linearly with increase in gluten incorporation, regardless of cooking time and storage time after cooking. While hardness of cooked noodles either increased or showed no changes during storage for 4 hr, tensile strength of noodles decreased. There were large variations in hardness and tensile strength of cooked noodles incorporated with glutens isolated from eight different flours. Noodles incorporated with soft wheat glutens exhibited greater hardness and tensile strength than noodles with hard wheat glutens. Tensile strength of cooked noodles incorporated with eight different glutens negatively correlated with SDS sedimentation volume of wheat flours from which the glutens were isolated.     

Effect of Milling and Particle Size on Functionality and Physicochemical Properties of Cowpea Flour

Cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) were milled through 0.5‐, 1.0‐, and 2.0‐ mm screens, and the flour was subsequently separated into different particle‐size ranges. Such procedures caused only minimal changes in moisture, fat, protein, ash, and total carbohydrate. The amount of extractable starch, however, varied from 34.5 to 52%. The effects of both mill screen and sieve mesh size were significant (P < 0.05). Differences in milling and separation procedures resulted in significant variations in water absorption (0.41–2.81 g of water/g of flour), solids lost (0.34–1.17 g/g of flour), and protein solubility (21.2–37.4%) (P < 0.05). Finely milled flours (91% moisture) had lower initial gelatinization temperatures (70–73°C), as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (P < 0.01). Gelatinization peaks in high‐moisture flour were similar to that of pure starch. At lower moisture, a second peak was observed indicative of protein. Light‐scattering analysis showed that different conditions produced a bimodal particle‐size distribution when samples were suspended in water. The small size had relatively constant diameters (19–21 μm) and was associated with starch granules. The latter had a large size distribution and varying peak size and was associated with aggregated flour particles. These results indicate that changes in processing produces cowpea flours with differing chemical and physical properties.     

Improvement of flour quality through carbohydrases treatment during wheat tempering

Wheat flour is obtained by the milling process, which includes several steps such as cleaning, tempering, and milling. In the tempering the moisture content of wheat grains is increased to 15.5% by adding an adequate amount of water. The addition of different enzymes (cellulase, xylanase, and beta-glucanase) to the tempering solution has been tested in order to modify the quality of the resulting flour. Rheological and fermentative properties were measured by the farinograph, amylograph, and rheofermentometer. The data show that the technological parameters of the resulting flours were greatly modified by the addition of enzymes to the tempering solution. The quality of the fresh bread obtained from the carbohydrase-treated wheat was improved with regard to specific bread volume, bread shape, and crumb firmness. This method is revealed as an excellent tool to ensure a good distribution of the enzymes in the resulting flour, to control dosage during milling, and to obtain flour of specific characteristics according to their final use.     

Quality and Fortificant Retention of Rice Noodles as Affected by Flour Particle Size

Rice noodles, which are widely consumed noodles in Southeast Asia, were evaluated as a potential carrier for fortificants such as vitamin A, folic acid, and iron. Because flour particle size was found to affect the noodle properties, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of five different particle sizes (≤63, 80, 100, 125, and 140 µm) of dry‐milled rice flour on the cooking quality, microstructure, texture, and sensory characteristics of the rice noodles. The retention of fortificant in the noodles at every stage of processing as affected by the flour particle size was also determined. It was found that the rice noodles produced from flour with the smallest particle size studied (≤63 µm) had the best quality and were the most liked by the consumers. In addition, the noodles had the most compact and regular structure, which could be attributed to having the most severely gelatinized starch. This starch would have caused the least leaching of the fortificant into the surrounding water during the boiling stage of the rice noodle processing. Retention of iron in the cooked fortified rice noodles prepared from flour with the smallest particle size was high at around 87%, whereas that of vitamin A and folic acid were below 15%. Because the losses of the fortificant from the rice noodles were mostly owing to the boiling process, further improvements of the rice noodle processing conditions are required for reduction of the vitamin losses.     

Effects of Particle Size and Starch Damage of Flour and Alkaline Reagent on Yellow Alkaline Noodle Characteristics

A hard white spring wheat was milled to yield three patent flours with different starch damage levels by manipulating reduction grinding conditions, and each flour was sieved to give three different particle sizes (85–110, 110–132, 132–183 μm). Raw alkaline noodles were prepared using either 1% w/w kansui (sodium and potassium carbonates in 9:1 ratio) or 1% w/w sodium hydroxide. Noodles prepared with sodium hydroxide were significantly brighter, less red, and more yellow than those made with kansui. Differences in noodle color among flour treatments were evident but were attributable to differences in flour refinement rather to than particle size or starch damage. Noodles were rested for 1 hr after processing before cooking. Alkaline reagent was the main factor associated with cooking loss, being ≈50% greater for sodium hydroxide noodles because of higher pH compared with kansui noodles. Cooked sodium hydroxide noodles were thicker than kansui noodles, and cooked strands for both noodle types became thicker as starch damage increased and as particle size became coarser. Instrumental assessment of cooked noodle texture showed that maximum cutting stress (MCS), resistance to compression (RTC), recovery (REC), stress relaxation time (SRT), chewiness (CHE), and springiness (SPR) were influenced by the type of alkaline reagent. Flour particle size and starch damage also influenced noodle texture but the magnitude of the effects and the trends were dependent on alkaline reagent. MCS of kansui noodles was much greater than for sodium hydroxide noodles. MCS of kansui noodles increased as starch damage increased but, in contrast, MCS of sodium hydroxide noodles decreased with increasing starch damage. REC of kansui noodles increased with increasing starch damage and decreased with larger particle size, whereas for sodium hydroxide noodles REC decreased with increasing starch damage and declined dramatically with larger particle size. Kansui noodles exhibited significantly shorter SRT than sodium hydroxide noodles. SRT of kansui noodles was only moderately affected by starch damage and particle size, whereas for sodium hydroxide noodles, SRT became much shorter as flour became coarser and starch damage became higher. CHE of kansui noodles was greater than for sodium hydroxide noodles. CHE of kansui noodles increased as starch damage increased. In contrast, CHE of sodium hydroxide noodles decreased as starch damage increased and also decreased as flour became coarser. SPR of both noodle types decreased as flour became coarser and starch damage became greater. On the basis of these experiments, flour of smaller particle size is an asset to the cooking quality of sodium hydroxide noodles, but high starch damage is to be avoided. For kansui noodles, the impact of flour particle size on cooked noodle texture was less evident and low starch damage, rather than high starch damage, was an asset.