Regional solid waste management policy

A Bay Area Council study of solid waste management in the nine-county San Francisco Bay Area has concluded that there exists an appropriate role for region-wide planning of resource recovery and multi-county solid waste management systems. The Council recommendations divide regional solid waste management responsibilities between the private and public sector, and among different levels of government, from cities and counties to the federal level. The Bay Area and other of the nation's metropolitan areas are facing major decisions relative to solid waste management. Such decisions will require greatest consideration of the entire region's needs and resources which transcend local government boundaries. The Council Report offers for evaluating regional solid waste management project proposals forty technical criteria and forty financial criteria considerations. The report recommends a flexible solid waste management system with the advantage of allowing different technologies to exist within the total regional system. This is important because of both advancing technology and possible changes in packaging and manufacturing processes which could alter the composition and volume of solid waste.     

Plastics waste handling practices in solid waste management

In order to see the impact of plastics on the overall solid waste picture, the sources and nature of wastes generated by that industry will be defined. At one end of the spectrum are industrial wastes resulting from plastics formation and from packaging and transfer. Fabrication follows and then the intermediate markets. Finally, there is the consumer. Each step generates a waste stream. The options for disposal or recycle are discussed for each waste source and the economics included are reviewed. The fate of plastics in the environment has been of concern to some, principally because plastics generally do not disappear very fast. Activity in this sector will be discussed. Engineering and other technical input for all waste handling follows economic reality and higher scrap values are resulting in new market potentials for waste plastics. The emergence of energy as a key decision point in environmental concern has highlighted the energy value of waste plastics as fuel. Current activity in this area will be discussed. An increased legislative role in solid waste management is needed. Some of the currently considered legislative practices that help and that hurt the industry's ability to assist in managing the solid waste problem will be reviewed.     

Institutional and financial consideration in regional solid waste management

Lack of urban land for solid waste disposal and growing public pressures to increase recycling are forcing many urban areas to change traditional solid waste management practices. Development of regional solid waste management plans requires interrelated studies of technical, institutional, and financial alternatives. When the goal of the technical studies is to improve existing waste management practices and to emphasize resource recovery, the resulting physical program will require not only changes in existing practices but possibly substantial capital investment as well. Changes in solid waste management practices are bringing to light new political and organizational problems. Regional planning, regulation, and financing tends to conflict with the long history of local control. Technical solutions are erasing the political boundaries within which the problems were previously containable. The use of a separate regional agency to implement a regional solid waste program is one institutional alternative that may be justified under certain circumstances. In many cases, however, the joint powers agency offers a more flexible means of providing regional direction because it permits the broad political representation needed to deal with problems of site changes, waste transport over jurisdictional boundaries, and shifting priorities in waste management. In California, joint powers agencies have separate legal standing to sell revenue bonds on behalf of the area served. A prime consideration in resolving the political and organizational problems is to preserve and possibly to enhance the role of private industry by such means as reducing the costs of financing facilities and equipment, sharing the risk of investment in resource recovery facilities, and preserving an atmosphere of competition for solid waste franchises.     

Economics of solid waste recovery

A brief review of the origins and quantities of combustible refuse generated in the United States is followed by estimates of quantities collectable into aggregates that permit reasonably economic conversion to energy or fuels. The principal processes for conversion are briefly described and their status (research, development, demonstration or commercial plants) noted. Capital and other requirements for a large scale introduction of energy converting refuse disposal operations are estimated. The impact of energy conversion methods of refuse disposal are noted.     

有机固体废弃物堆肥的腐熟度评价指标

有机固体废弃物堆肥的腐熟度指标是评价堆肥稳定及安全农用的重要参数,通过综述堆肥的物理、化学、生物学指标,提出评价堆肥的腐熟度时,物理指标一般作为辅助指标,化学指标中T值≤0 6、水溶性C/总有机N≤0 70可以稳定应用,核磁共振和红外光谱分析可以精细地评价腐熟后堆肥产品中各组分,发芽率指标可作为堆肥产品安全稳定的生物指标。在应用时要与BOD、CEC、腐殖化参数等多方面结合来评价堆肥的腐熟程度。     

Recovery of aluminum from solid waste

Several wet and dry methods for extracting Al from mixed municipal refuse and other Al-bearing wastes (such as auto shredder residues) are discussed. Analytical results are given for samples of non-ferrous metals and Al concentrates obtained from mixed solid wastes. These analyses include both the chemical constituents of the samples and observed melt losses. The analytical results are compared with specifications that have been developed for Al recovered from mixed municipal refuse. The various uses for this material by the Al industry are discussed.     

Agriculture's contribution to the solid waste problem

The pound of beef in the supermarket meat counter is the result of 25 lbs of manure being left in the field and feedlot. Similar patterns of tremendous quantities of field and processing plant wastes per unit of consumable food exist for all other agricultural commodities. The waste management principles for agricultural wastes are the same as for any other of society's unwanteds, but the fortuitous (not-by-design) ability to dispose of or utilize many agricultural wastes back to the land is explored. The limitations, in economics, technology, and assimilative capacity are considered.     

有机固体废弃物好氧高温堆肥化处理技术

好氧高温堆肥化是有机固体废弃物资源化处理利用的有效途径之一,其关键技术是如何为微生物繁殖生长提供良好的环境,堆肥水分含量、pH值、C/N值、通气量、翻堆频率等均影响堆肥化的进程和效率。结合城市污泥、城市垃圾及家禽粪便垫料堆肥化处理的生产经验,阐述了堆肥过程的主要技术要求及其调控方法。     

生活垃圾的微波裂解特性

为了研究生活垃圾的微波裂解特性,采用微波设备对城市生活垃圾（MSW）进行裂解处理。研究了温度对裂解产物、产气规律和气体组分的影响规律。结果表明：垃圾在微波炉内裂解时升温速率很快,微波裂解加快了垃圾完成裂解的时间。在该研究范围内当裂解温度由400℃升高到600℃时,固体产物的质量由55%减少到26%,液体产物的产生量由21.52%增加到27.83%,裂解气的质量回收率由12%升高到35%。利用气质联用设备对所得产物进行分析,裂解气主要含有H2、CO、CO2、CH4和CnHm等气体成分,随温度升高,甲烷含量逐渐增大,CnHm含量500℃最高,H2在温度低于450℃时析出量很低,550℃之后H2体积分数迅速增加。该研究结果可为垃圾的资源化利用提供参考。     

城市生活垃圾堆肥过程中腐熟度指标及控制参数

以日处理400 t经马家楼筛分处理后的15～60 mm生活垃圾的北京南宫堆肥厂垃圾堆肥过程为研究对象,对堆肥过程中垃圾的理化性质、腐熟度指标与控制参数进行了研究。结果表明,堆肥过程中水分含量是下降的;不同季节堆肥pH值的总体变化均呈上升趋势;电导率(EC)降到了作物受抑制的限定值以下,不会对作物产生盐分毒害;堆肥水浸提的腐殖酸E₄/E₆值随着垃圾堆肥腐熟度升高呈增加趋势;24 h和96 h的发芽率指数(GI)表明垃圾堆肥时间可以从8周缩短到5周;有机碳、总氮和C/N比随着堆肥时间的增加均呈下降趋势;C/N比与E₄/E₆值和GI(24 h和96 h)值呈显著负相关关系,EC值与E₄/E₆值和GI(24 h和96 h)值呈极显著负相关,而E₄/E₆值与GI(24 h和96 h)值呈极显著正相关。     

Earthworms in soil ecology and organic waste management

正Earthworms are important members of the soil macrofauna. Since C. Darwin (1881) described the important function of earthworms in pedogenesis and in maintenance of soil fertility, there has been continual interest in studying earthworm biology and ecology. Most of the attention in such studies is on earthworm functions in soil nutrient recycling. However,     

超声波对固体废弃物酸化过程的调节作用

为缓解固体有机物酸化过程中产生的酸抑制,该文基于有机酸的产生和扩散方式,提出有机酸产物薄膜的假设,并利用超声波直接辐射和改进处理的方法处理酸化基质,比较处理前后酸化基质的物性变化及进一步的发酵性能。试验结果表明,超声波直接辐射可脱附积累在基质颗粒表面的有机酸,使基质发酵10 d的挥发性固体日降解速率从未处理的0.8%提高到1.3%。为强化超声波空化效应和去除有机酸,将基质稀释后超声辐射20 min并增加过滤的改进超声波处理过程可使基质发酵10 d的有机酸增长率、挥发性固体降解率分别从未经超声波处理的166.7%、17.0%提高到732.0%、26.7%。改进超声波处理过程可有效缓解产物抑制,促进固体有机物的厌氧酸化性能,提高酸化速率。     

Solid waste management in Santa Barbara county

Santa Barbara County commenced to modernize its solid waste system in 1960 by passage of an ordinance by the Board of Supervisors assuming the responsibility for waste disposal and regulation of refuse collection. Private collectors were licensed, with collection service, equipment and rates controlled by the County. Transfer facilities were put in service in the populous south coast area in 1967 with a sanitary fill site planned to become a future recreation area. After several years of operation, costs of transfer and disposal are four dollars per ton. Although totally funded by the County plus revenues up to this year, the refuse disposal operation became an ‘enterprise fund’ on July 1, 1974 and will thereafter operate essentially as a private business. Financial planning for refuse disposal in Santa Barbara County has assumed continuation of the sanitary fills and transfer system until 1980, but the new Solid Waste Management Plan for the County now required by the State will evaluate resource recovery, power generation and other possible alternatives. Based on these studies, the plan may lead to a new phase in improvement of solid waste management in the County.     

上海市崇明岛固体废物控制与治理措施研究

固体废物控制与治理已成为现代城市发展中亟待解决的环境问题之一。目前上海市崇明岛约有2/3的生活垃圾、2/5的工业固体废物、2/5的禽畜粪便尚未得到妥善处理，固体废物污染颇为严重。从固体废物的减量化、资源化和无害化目标出发，分析了崇明岛固体废物的现状和未来发展趋势，提出适合崇明岛固体废物处理的方法、岛内实施垃圾分类收集的构想及其控制与治理措施。     

生活垃圾堆肥过程中恶臭物质分析

恶臭污染已成为生活垃圾堆肥过程中的主要环境问题.以15~80 mm粒径段的生活垃圾作为研究对象,利用嗅觉测定法和GC-MS分析了不同阶段堆肥尾气的臭气浓度和恶臭化合物的种类及其排放浓度,并对不同堆肥阶段臭气浓度和恶臭物质排放浓度的相关性进行分析.结果表明,垃圾堆肥过程中共检测到50种挥发性有机物,其中含硫恶臭物质5种,烃类化合物25种,芳香烃类化合物14种,其他物质6种.通过相关性分析,发现硫化氢、甲硫醚、二硫化碳、二甲二硫、1,3二甲基苯和邻二甲苯均与臭气浓度呈极显著相关(p<0.01),结合各恶臭物质的嗅阈值,15~80 mm粒径段垃圾堆肥过程中恶臭物质优先控制的顺序为硫化氢>甲硫醚>二甲二硫>二硫化碳>1,3二甲基苯>邻二甲苯.甲硫醇的嗅阈值非常低,即使其排放浓度很低,也会带来严重的臭气污染;NH3虽然对臭气浓度的贡献相对较小,但是其排放量很大,因此也应该对这2种恶臭物质进行重点监测和控制.该研究结果为生活垃圾堆肥过程中恶臭物质的监测、制定控制策略提供参考.     

海带渣与养殖固体废弃物混合发酵产沼气试验

废弃物的高效和资源化利用是现代渔业发展面临的重要课题。该文以海带渣和养殖固废为原料开展了两相发酵产沼气效果试验研究,探讨了中温条件下(35±1℃)料液TS浓度和接种率对混合水解酸化特性以及厌氧发酵产沼气效果的影响。结果表明,海带渣与养殖固废混合水解酸化过程启动很快,第2天乙酸浓度即达到峰值,5 d后丙酸和丁酸浓度增幅较快,水解酸化过程中甲酸产量相对较低。不同TS浓度(6%、8%和10%)和不同接种率(10%、20%和30%)的料液水解3 d,乙酸的酸化度分别为42.6%、50.0%、49.8%和50.7%、44.3%、40.3%;主要有机酸(乙酸+丁酸+甲酸)的酸化度分别达到61.7%、68.7%、62.2%和69.4%、57.5%、58.0%。料液TS浓度为8%~10%、接种率为10%~20%和p H值为6.0~7.0时,海带渣与养殖固废在中温条件下混合水解2~3 d,即可获得后期发酵产沼气所需的酸化料液。此外,发酵产沼气结果表明,每天按与产沼气接种污泥质量比为1:7~1:9的比例添加酸化料液,在p H值为7.0~8.0和35±1℃的条件下厌氧发酵产沼气,产气系统启动很快,而且8~13 d即进入稳定产气阶段,产气率保持在489.4~581.5 m L/g VS,所产沼气中的甲烷体积分数达到82.7%~84.9%,而且料液不会出现酸化现象。海带渣与养殖固废混合水解酸化、批量填料发酵产沼气工艺明显提高了产气效率和系统稳定性。     

Differentiation of physical from chemical toxicity in solid waste fish bioassays

This study showed that particulate (i.e., physical) toxicity was responsible for rainbow trout deaths in bioassays with two separate solid wastes. This conclusion was based on: (1) fish necropsies which indicated physical damage to gills but no evidence of chemical damage to liver or kidney, (2) chemical analyses which indicated that levels of Priority Pollutants and other target compounds were too low to cause the observed toxicity, (3) structural and chemical analyses of the waste particles which showed that these consisted of inert materials, and (4) the use of centrifugation techniques to remove most of the suspended particulate material in bioassay tanks resulting in an elimination of most of the toxicity. The particles associated with the lethal effects were approximately 5 to 10 μm in size. Regulatory testing of solid wastes must distinguish physical and chemical toxicity since disposal options can vary depending on the mode of toxicity. For instance, chemical toxicity raises concern regarding leaching through soils into groundwater, whereas if physical particles are responsible for toxicity, such leaching is not of concern.     

动物废弃物管理与畜牧业清洁生产技术

阐述了我国动物废弃物处理、利用和管理的研究进程,分析了动物废弃物产生的危害;结合清洁生产的概念和基本理论,阐明了我国畜牧业清洁生产的基本内涵、技术雏形及其发展前景.     

Carbon and nitrogen mineralization of non-composted and composted municipal solid waste in sandy soils

A sterilized, but undecomposed, organic by-product of municipal waste processing was incubated in sandy soils to compare C and N mineralization with mature municipal waste compost. Waste products were added to two soils at rates of 17.9, 35.8, 71.6, and dry weight and incubated at for 90 d. Every 30 d, nitrate and ammonium concentrations were analyzed and C mineralization was measured as total CO₂-C evolved and added total organic C. Carbon mineralization of the undecomposed waste decreased over time, was directly related to application rate and soil nutrient status, and was significantly higher than C mineralization of the compost, in which C evolution was relatively unaffected across time, soils, and application rates. Carbon mineralization, measured as percentage C added by the wastes, also indicated no differences between composted waste treatments. However, mineralization as a percentage of C added in the undecomposed waste treatments was inversely related to application rate in the more productive soil, and no rate differences were observed in the highly degraded soil. Total inorganic N concentrations were much higher in the compost- and un-amended soils than in undecomposed waste treatments. Significant N immobilization occurred in all undecomposed waste treatments. Because C mineralization of the undecomposed waste was dependant on soil nutrient status and led to significant immobilization of N, this material appears to be best suited for highly degraded soils low in organic matter where restoration of vegetation adapted to nutrient poor soils is desired.     

Nitrogen and potassium mineralization from winery solid waste composts in sandy and sandy loam soils

This study aimed at quantifying nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) released from winery solid waste (WSW) composts during laboratory incubation to address deficiency in two texturally distinct soils. Composts had 4, 10, 20, 30, 40% (w/w) of filter materials (FMs) mixed with grape marc and pruning canes. The composts were mixed with the soils at equivalent rate of 200 kg N ha^?1 and incubated for 42 days. Quantitatively higher (p < 0.05) ammonium N content was recorded in sandy than sandy loam soil during the incubation duration while exchangeable K was increased in K-deficient sandy soil. Cumulative total mineralized N (TMN) measured during the incubation duration ranged from 59 mg kg^?1 to 672 mg kg^?1 depending on compost type and soil texture while a 10-fold increase in compost FMs content resulted in 144% and 139% increases in cumulative mineralized K in sandy and sandy loam textured soil, respectively. Percent N mineralized from the composts relative to the amount applied during the incubation duration was less than 54% reflecting the composts and soils inherent characteristics. The high ammonium N and K mineralized suggests that farmers must be cautious in utilizing these composts for field crops production due to the potential environmental risks.