贵州省杉木中龄林蓄积量与立地因子的关系研究

利用2010年贵州森林资源连续清查数据资料,采用一元材积表法对贵州省杉木蓄积量进行估算。分析贵州中心产区和一般产区杉木中龄林蓄积量在不同立地因子下的变化规律。结果表明:中心产区或一般产区的杉木单位面积蓄积量在不同立地条件下均有差异,地貌、坡位对杉木蓄积量有显著影响,坡向、坡度对其影响不显著。初步认为在中心产区与一般产区,不同气候类型是引起杉木生长差异的重要因素之一。     

桂西北杉木立木腐朽的调查研究

桂西北是广西杉木新产区，杉木立木腐朽在这一地区时有发生，通过对４个林场１８８个样地的调查分析表明，杉木立木株腐率为４％～３１．０８％材腐率为０．０９％～０．１６％立木腐朽的发生发展呈一定的规律性，发生的程度，因地因株而异。     

福建不同杉木产区林分直径结构模拟研究

杉木是南方集体林区的主要树种,是我国重要的森林资源,但受区域气候、土壤条件影响,杉木林的直径分布在不同地域上存在较大差异,合适的模拟是进行不同产区林木生长差异比较的重要前提。以福建省为例将杉木产区分为中心产区、一般产区和边缘产区,利用第8次全国森林资源一类清查福建省杉木林样地数据资料,分产区随机抽样224个优势树种为杉木的样地,采用正态分布、韦布尔分布、对数正态分布、伽马分布和Logistic分布5种分布函数对3种杉木产区的林分直径分布进行了拟合,并结合卡方统计量进行检验。结果表明:中心产区和一般产区杉木林用韦布尔分布拟合直径分布精度较高,边缘产区杉木林用伽马分布拟合直径分布精度较高。     

几种人工混交林调查

在杉木边缘产区,营造以杉木为主的混交林,对保证和促进杉木成林成材,具有十分重要的现实意义.同安县祥溪林场属闽东南杉木边缘产区,1961年建场初期,营造了1000多亩杉木林,但由于立地差,经验不足,管理粗放,大部生长不良,成了"小老头"林.     

杉木优良种源造林及丰产技术研究

经过１４年的多点多重复试验研究，选出了适合贵州山地的优良杉木种源。并在杉木边缘产区和杉木一般产区进行了丰产林营技术的研究，林木５年生时：在边缘产区的毕节试验林与当地普通林分比较，树高增加８４％，胸径增加１０６％；在一般区的湄潭与《贵州省杉木丰产林标准》比较，树高超过４９％，胸径超过８３％。     

初论杉木种子园的园址选择

通过6个省内28个种子园的数据分析,发现位于杉木不同产区(北部产区、中心产区、南部产区)的种子园,其开花结实年龄、结实量、种子播种品质等均存在较有规律的差异。中心产区无性系一般开花结实迟于北部产区的无性系;产量和种子品质的年变幅大;历年平均产量、球果出籽率和种子发芽率显著低于北部产区。就上述趋势对影响杉木种子生长发育的主要环境因子进行了理论上的讨论分析,并提出杉木种子园园址选择的初步意见。     

丘陵地区初选杉木优树情况

我县是个丘陵地区。现有杉木成林,多半是1966年新栽的。据实测调查,杉木在丘陵地区生长情况,不同于中心产区:其粗生长要比中心产区快,高生长却不及中心产区。因此,其选优标准,同中心产区比较就有差异。我们的初步作法体会是:     

广西杉木第二代良种林分生长量调查分析

调查广西10年生杉木第二代良种林分生长量,分析杉木第二代良种在广西不同区域的适应性及增益效果,将良种林分生长量与行业标准及广西地方标准规定的杉木中心产区低限指标进行比较。结果表明,杉木第二代良种林分生长量在不同试验点间差异显著;3个试验点的良种林分树高、胸径和单株材积均极显著高于对照林分,树高、胸径和单株材积的平均增益分别为47.2%、50.8%和215.8%;10年生良种林分的树高、胸径、年均蓄积生长量和蓄积量均达到行业标准规定的杉木中心产区16年生时的低限指标要求,年均蓄积生长量和蓄积量达到广西地方标准规定的杉木中心产区15年生时的要求。     

福建杉木实生林立地指数表的编制

一、前言杉木是我国特有树种,也是福建主要速生树种之一。闽江流域二十几个县是本省杉木的主要产区。为评定杉木生长条件,提供森林调查及经营过程中区别不同立地条件,采取不同经营措施和估算木材产量的依据,需要编制一种能表达立地条件优劣的数表。一九五八年景熙明、王笃治两同志在福建杉木主要产区搜集     

大面积杉木一,二代连栽丰产技术

１９５８年林朵林场为探索新的杉木商品材基地，结合生产实践，开展杉木一、二代丰产林生产试验，揭示了杉木在桂西北新产区的生长特点。     

Seedling cold hardiness, bud set, and bud break in nine provenances of Pinus greggii Engelm.

Cold hardiness and timing of bud set and bud break are important processes that provide protection of nursery seedlings against low temperatures. Seedlings of 9 provenances of Pinus greggii from two different regions of Mexico were tested to determine cold hardiness, bud set, and bud break timing differences. Needle sections were exposed to freezing temperatures to determine an injury index of each provenance. In addition, bud set and bud break timing were recorded through the fall, winter and spring. There were significant differences in cold hardiness between seedlings from northern and southern provenances. At the maximum cold hardiness, the index of injury (LT₅₀) for northern provenances was LT₅₀ = −18 °C, compared to −12 °C for southern provenances. There was a considerable variation among the provenances in the proportion of seedlings that set terminal buds. Seedlings from northern provenances had greater proportions of seedlings that set a terminal bud than seedlings from southern provenances. There were also significant differences in the bud break timing in the following spring among the 9 provenances. Seedlings from northern provenances broke bud earlier than southern provenances. Cold hardiness, bud set, and bud break timing results may be useful to determine how far a specific seed source can be moved from its natural environment.     

兴凯赤松3个中国种源及家系苗期试验

在天然分布区以外进行引种试验,连续3 a的试验结果表明:兴凯赤松种源间以及种源内家系间苗木高生长差异达显著水平,且苗高生长节律与樟子松相近。各种源兴凯赤松播种后出苗均较快,9月末苗高基本停止生长,越冬前能及时封顶,可以安全越冬。苗圃育苗1 a和2 a生苗木高生长差别较小,但Msn(密山)种源3 a生苗高生长较快。在干旱的立地条件下进行人工林培育,Jdg(鸡东)种源表现出较大的生长潜力,其中部分家系高生长甚至超过CK(樟子松青山种源),地径生长量与CK基本相近。表明其生长潜力和抗旱、耐瘠薄能力远远高于Msn种源,是值得重视的种源。     

Family variation for fall cold hardiness in two Washington populations of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco)

In order to assess the genetics of fall cold hardiness in coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), shoot cuttings were collected in October from saplings (9-year-old trees) of open-pollinated families in two progeny tests in each of two breeding zones in Washington, one in the Coast range (80 families) and one on the west slope of the Cascade Mountains (89 families). Samples from over 5500 trees were subjected to artificial freezing and visually evaluated for needle, stem and bud tissue injury. The extent to which cold injury is genetically related to tree height and shoot phenology (timing of bud burst and bud set) was also evaluated.

Significant family variation was found for all cold hardiness traits; however, individual heritability estimates were relatively low (ranging from 0.09 to 0.22). Significant family-by-test site interaction was detected for needle injury in the Cascade breeding zone, but not in the coastal zone. Genetic correlations (r_A) among needle, stem and bud tissues for cold damage were weak (0.16 ≤ r_A ≤ 0.58) indicating that genes controlling fall hardening are somewhat different for different tissues. Timing of bud burst and bud set were only weakly correlated with cold injury (r_A ≤ 0.49). Thus, bud phenology is a poor predictor of fall cold hardiness in this species. There was no consistent relationship between tree height and cold injury in the coastal zone. In the Cascade zone, taller trees appeared to be more susceptible to cold injury, but the association was weak (mean r_A = 0.38, range 0.20 – 0.72).     

Within‐population variation in autumn frost hardiness and its relationship to bud‐set and height growth in Picea abies

Artificial freezing tests were performed with two sets of 12 full‐sib families of Picea abies. Each set was selected from a complete diallel cross performed within a natural population. Significant differences in autumn frost hardiness were observed between the two populations, which originate from the same altitude and longitude approximately 60 km apart. Substantial variation in frost hardiness was observed within both populations. Significant pheno‐typic correlations at the individual level were found between freezing injury and the two traits terminal bud‐set and height growth year one. However, no significant relationships were present between freezing injury and bud‐set at the family level, indicating that bud‐set cannot be used to predict autumn frost hardiness for families.     

Frost hardiness of 16 European provenances of sessile oak growing in Scotland

The frost hardiness of 16 European provenances of sessile oakQuercus petraea (Matt.)Liebl. originating from six Europeancountries was examined from autumn until budburst in springusing the method of relative conductivity. There were significant differences of frost hardiness betweenprovenances and a strong relationship between phenology andfrost hardiness. In spring, provenances that burst bud earlydehardened earlier than provenances that burst bud later. Inautumn, provenances that stopped growing early were more frosthardy than provenances that continued to grow. The interprovenance ranges of frost hardiness were greatestin spring and autumn and least in midwinter. Consequently, itwas not possible to demonstrate significant differences of frosthardiness between provenances in December and January. Overall, German, Polish and Danish provenances were more frosthardy than French, Austrian and British provenances. Frenchprovenances were least hardy at all times.     

Effects of elevated CO(2) and temperature on cold hardiness and spring bud burst and growth in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)

We examined effects of elevated CO(2) and temperature on cold hardiness and bud burst of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings. Two-year-old seedlings were grown for 2.5 years in semi-closed, sunlit chambers at either ambient or elevated (ambient + ~ 4 degrees C) air temperature in the presence of an ambient or elevated (ambient + ~ 200 ppm) CO(2) concentration. The elevated temperature treatment delayed needle cold hardening in the autumn and slowed dehardening in the spring. At maximum hardiness, trees in the elevated temperature treatment were less hardy by about 7 degrees C than trees in the ambient temperature treatment. In general, trees exposed to elevated CO(2) were slightly less hardy during hardening and dehardening than trees exposed to ambient CO(2). For trees in the elevated temperature treatments, date to 30% burst of branch terminal buds was advanced by about 6 and 15 days in the presence of elevated CO(2) and ambient CO(2), respectively. After bud burst started, however, the rate of increase in % bud burst was slower in the elevated temperature treatments than in the ambient temperature treatments. Time of bud burst was more synchronous and bud burst was completed within a shorter period in trees at ambient temperature (with and without elevated CO(2)) than in trees at elevated temperature. Exposure to elevated temperature reduced final % bud burst of both leader and branch terminal buds and reduced growth of the leader shoot. We conclude that climatic warming will influence the physiological processes of dormancy and cold hardiness development in Douglas-fir growing in the relatively mild temperate region of western Oregon, reducing bud burst and shoot growth.     

Adaptive variation in fall cold hardiness of aspen from northwestern Ontario

We investigated adaptive variation in fall cold hardiness development based on the electrical conductivity of tissue diffusates (EC) among 20 aspen provenances from northwestern Ontario. Provenance accounted for over 40% of the total variation in cold injury for seven dates from September through November in three provenance trials. Principal component analysis was performed to summarize the combinations of results for all sampling sites, dates and temperatures (traits). Principal component (PC)-1 represented fully developed cold hardiness differences among provenances; PC-2 represented differences in the timing of the onset of cold hardiness development; and PC-3 represented a site-related difference in cold hardiness development. Heat sum in early summer and late summer precipitation together were the best predictors of absolute degree of cold hardiness (PC-1), whereas temperatures for mid- to late summer were best for predicting onset of cold hardiness development (PC-2). In a second study, we assessed the efficacy of chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) as a simpler technique for determining the cold hardiness of aspen stem samples. Fall cold hardiness of stem samples of 12 of the original 20 provenances was estimated by CF, and the results were evaluated by a visual scoring (VS) method. Correlations between EC and CF measurements from the two studies were moderately strong based on the extent of cold hardiness in October of each year, but were negative for September dates because of a later onset of cold hardiness in the EC study year. Although the EC and CF methods gave similar cold hardiness values for stem samples from 12 provenances, the CF method may be preferred to the EC or VS method for species with chlorophyllous stems because of its greater ease of use.     

Frost hardening spruce container stock for overwintering in Ontario

Difficulties overwintering container stock in northern Ontario led to the development of the extended greenhouse culture hardening regime for spruce seedlings. Laboratories to measure shoot frost hardiness and evaluate terminal bud development were established to monitor nursery crops being hardened using this regime. Information on frost hardiness and bud development provided by these laboratories has been used by nursery managers to determine readiness of container seedlings for overwintering. Since 1982, over 200 stock lots have been monitored by these operational laboratories. This database can be used to determine the importance of nursery cultural factors and seed source on frost hardening. The database shows large differences between nurseries in approach to hardening seedlings which were reflected in levels of freezing damage, winter desiccation and overwintering success. Rates of frost hardening (i.e., the interval between terminal bud initiation and attainment of a --15°C level of shoot frost hardiness) of crops produced in north central Ontario failed to show significant seed source effects. The rate of frost hardening was faster in crops producing fewer needle primordia in terminal buds.     

樟树种源/家系苗期性状变异分析

为了解樟树遗传变异的来源和规律,进行了樟树苗期种源／家系两水平试验研究。结果表明,樟树的遗传变异存在于种源和家系两个层次。樟树苗高、枝下高、冻害性状在种源层次的变异远大于家系层次的变异,地径则相反。方差分析表明,樟树苗期种源间在苗高、地径、枝下高、冻害性状上有极显著差异;家系之间在苗高、地径、冻害性状上有极显著差异,在枝下高性状上无显著差异,种源内大多数家系间各性状的差异达不到显著水平。苗高、枝下高、冻害各性状值,高于富阳种源（Ｃｋ）的家系分别有１２５、９５、８８、１０８个,低于富阳种源（Ｃｋ）的分别有５６、８６、９３、７３个。苗高与种源纬度显著负相关,与年均温、１月均温、绝对低温显著相关;冻害与纬度极显著负相关,与年均温、１月均温、绝对低温显著相关;枝下高与纬度显著相关,与年均温、１月均温、绝对低温显著负相关;苗高与冻害极显著相关,与地径显著相关。     

樟树种源/家系苗期性状变异分析

为了解樟树遗传变异的来源和规律,进行了樟 树苗期种源／家系两水平试验研究。结果表明,樟树的遗传变异存在于种源和家系两个层次。樟树苗高,枝下高,冻害性状在种源层次的变异远大于家系层次的变异,地径则相反。