平衡施肥对春玉米产量和养分利用率的影响

采用土壤养分状况系统研究法,平衡土壤中的中、微量元素养分后,研究高寒阴湿区玉米的养分限制因子氮、磷、钾的平衡施用对玉米产量及氮磷钾养分利用率的影响。结果表明,平衡土壤中的中、微量元素养分后,氮、磷、钾是限制玉米产量提高的养分限制因子,养分限制顺序为P>K>N;平衡施肥提高了玉米产量,促进了玉米对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收,提高了氮、磷、钾的养分利用率,平衡施肥的最佳处理为OPT;平衡氮、钾及中、微量元素养分后,施磷提高了玉米产量,玉米产量随着磷用量的增加而增加,适宜的磷用量在增加玉米产量的同时,提高了氮、磷、钾的养分利用率与磷肥的投资效益,最佳磷肥用量为150 kg/hm2。     

大麦最佳施钾量的研究

钾是作物必需的三大营养元素之一。随着农田复种指数和作物产量的提高,氮、磷化肥用量的逐年增加,有机肥用量减少,土壤缺钾日益严重。尽管施用有机肥料和秸草还田等能弥补土壤钾的部分不足,但是一般用量的有机肥,不足以维持土壤的钾素平衡。这一状况已成为阻碍大小麦产量进一步     

沼肥在枇杷生产中的应用效果初探

在相同生产管理条件下,枇杷施用沼肥与单施化肥相比结果穗、穗果数、平均单果重分别提高9.6%、6.5%、6.8%,每亩产量提高144kg,增幅16.0%,一、二级果比率提高20.2%,每hm2增加经济收入19980元.另外,施用沼肥能有效地提高土壤有机质含量,增加土壤氮、磷、钾含量.施沼肥的土壤有机质含量比处理前的本底值提高6.4%,比施化肥和猪粪肥分别提高4.48%和1.82%.     

氮、磷、钾肥对水稻产量、品质及养分吸收利用的影响

 采用“3414”不完全正交回归设计,在大田试验条件下研究了氮、磷、钾肥对水稻产量、品质及养分吸收利用的影响,并探讨了3种肥料间的互作效应。结果表明,氮、磷、钾肥的施用均可以显著提高水稻产量,且3种肥料配施的增产效果显著优于任两种肥料配施。氮、磷、钾肥的施用可以改善部分米质性状,如提高整精米率,降低垩白度、稻谷长宽比和精米直链淀粉含量;氮、磷肥的施用还可提高糙米蛋白质含量,降低青米率。施用氮、磷、钾肥后,水稻养分总吸收量和每100 kg籽粒养分需求量显著增加,而养分干物质生产效率和养分稻谷生产效率显著下降,且3种肥料的吸收利用率、农学利用率及生理利用率均随施肥量的增加而下降。氮、磷、钾肥两两互作对水稻产量均有极显著的影响,当肥料用量处于低中水平时,互作效应均表现为协同促进作用,肥料用量超过一定水平后则表现为拮抗作用。对水稻氮、磷、钾养分吸收影响最大的交互作用分别是氮钾、氮磷和磷钾互作。总体来看,肥料对水稻生长的影响是多方面的,肥料用量及配比应在综合考虑水稻产量、品质及肥料利用率的基础上确定。     

连作花生土壤养分变化及对施肥反应

采用盆栽试验,探讨了连作花生土壤养分的变化及对施用有机肥料和无机肥料的反应。结果表明,中等肥力砂壤土多年不施肥连作花生,土壤中的速效钾含量每年以近10％的量递减,速效磷含量以连作第3年减少最多,达52.99％。连年施用有机肥料,可增加土壤中的有机质和氮素含量。多量施用N、P、K化肥,土壤中的速效磷,速效钾含量较施用有机肥料分别增加77.05％,23.53％。连作花生施用有机肥料和无机肥料,增产效果均低于轮作花生。     

论钾肥对水稻的增产效果

土壤自从被耕种以来,产量就成为农业生产的社会目的,产量越高,从土壤中摄取的物质就越多。如不及时补给,土壤中有机质就会逐年减少,导致土壤肥力不断降低,地力消耗越来越大。加之,近年来水稻生产不断发展,单位面积产量不断提高,以及氮、磷、钾化肥又来不及补充的情况下,使土壤中原有的速效钾逐年被农作物带走,而通过施农肥补充速效钾远不够农作物需要,以致造成土壤中氮、磷、钾比例严重失调,为此造成病虫害蔓延,水稻品质下降。所以,为使作物提高抗逆性,提高产量,就必须增施钾肥达到养分平衡,满足作物生长发育的需要。1　土壤磷、钾含量的变…     

向日葵对土壤和肥料的养分吸收及施肥对脂肪蛋白质影响

在淡黑钙土上,向日葵吸收土壤氮、钾较多,而磷相对较少。吸收肥料氮多,磷少、钾居中。施肥对向日葵吸收土壤养分都有激发效应。向日葵吸收肥料养分的高峰期为出苗后60—77天。施用氮、磷、钾化肥后,向日葵籽实含油率均高于无肥处理,而蛋白质含量均低于无肥处理,但单位脂肪及蛋白质产量均提高。     

长期定位施肥对双季水稻产量和土壤钾素形态的影响

在1981-2010年长期肥料定位试验的基础上,研究了不同施肥处理对双季水稻产量和土壤钾素形态及其有效性的影响。结果表明,在氮磷钾养分相等条件下,与单施化肥相比,有机肥与无机肥料长期配合施用可以明显提高双季水稻产量,增产幅度达6.67%～23.29%(2010年),同时还能提高土壤水溶性钾、交换性钾和速效钾的含量,其中以紫云英(早稻基肥)+沼肥(晚稻基肥)+化肥效果最明显,而对土壤缓效钾影响不大。相关分析表明,双季早、晚稻季产量和年总产量与土壤水溶性钾含量均呈极显著直线相关(r=0.9887**、0.9883**和0.9885**);与土壤交换性钾和速效钾含量均呈显著直线相关(r=0.9050*、0.9048*、0.9049*和0.9325*、0.9322*、0.9324*);与土壤缓效钾含量均呈显著抛物线关系(r=0.9391*、0.9398*和0.9395*)。     

稻草还田腐熟与化肥配施对晚稻产量及土壤理化性状的影响

稻草还田腐熟可以改善土壤理化性状,对水稻生长的经济性状指标有一定的影响,稻草还田腐熟后提供的氮、磷、钾营养元素可以减施化肥用量。试验中与无稻草还田常规施肥相比,稻草还田腐熟,以氮磷肥用量减少10%,钾肥用量减少10%~20%为宜,可使当季土壤有机质含量增加0.1~0.2 g/kg,提高0.3%~0.6%,而产量、产值和纯收益无明显差异。     

水稻缺钾症状及防治措施

<正> 钾素是水稻生长发育必须三大要素之一,随着水稻氮、磷化肥用量的增加,水稀单位面积产量不断提高,而土壤和有机肥供给的钾素常常供应不足,为此大面积增施钾肥已成为水稻高产稳产的重要技术措施之一。稻株缺钾与否,可以根据植株内部生理状况判断,茎叶钾含量(K_2O占干重％)     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。