水蚀预报中降雨侵蚀力研究进展

[目的]分析国内外水蚀预报中降雨侵蚀力的研究现状,探讨降雨侵蚀力的未来研究方向,为准确计算和预报区域降雨侵蚀力奠定基础。[方法]通过查阅国内外文献,从降雨侵蚀力不同研究方面进行综述和分析。[结果]总结了降雨侵蚀力研究中常用的降雨侵蚀力指标、侵蚀性降雨标准,评述了降雨侵蚀力R值的简易计算模型及降雨侵蚀力R值时空分布的研究进展。同时分析了当前降雨侵蚀力研究中存在的不足并指出其发展前景。[结论]国内外在降雨侵蚀力指标和降雨侵蚀力时空分布等方面已取得了一定的成果,今后需加强侵蚀降雨标准、降雨侵蚀力简易计算模型、降雨侵蚀力的影响因素等研究。     

基于日降雨的沂蒙山区降雨侵蚀力时空变化研究

降雨侵蚀力是水土流失最为重要的外部驱动力,是土壤侵蚀相关领域的研究重点。以沂蒙山区及周边38个气象台站1971—2008年逐日降雨量资料为数据源,利用基于日降雨信息的月降雨侵蚀力模型,估算了研究区多年月、年降雨侵蚀力,并初步分析了降雨侵蚀力的时空分布规律。结果表明:沂蒙山区降雨侵蚀力总体趋势为西北、中南高,北部低,泗水县、曲阜市东部一带是研究区降雨侵蚀力的高值中心;R值与年降雨量和年侵蚀性降雨量的年际变化趋势基本一致,但也有部分异常年份;沂蒙山区降雨侵蚀力年内主要集中分布在6—9月份,占全年的97.07%,其中最大月降雨侵蚀力出现在7月份,占年降雨侵蚀力的51%。研究结果可为该区域水土流失预报、农业面源污染状况预报等提供理论依据。     

北京山区次降雨侵蚀力

降雨侵蚀力反映了降雨对土壤侵蚀影响的潜在能力 ,它是建立土壤水蚀预报模型的基础。为了进行无降雨过程资料地区的降雨侵蚀力计算 ,选取了密云 1993～ 1998年共 15 4次降雨过程资料和蒲洼 1992～ 1995年共 4 7次降雨过程资料 ,对 CREAMS模型中的次降雨侵蚀力公式进行了检验。检验结果发现 ,CREAMS模型次降雨侵蚀力公式计算结果在北京山区不同地区有较好的稳定性 ,密云和蒲洼模型计算结果的模型有效系数分别为 0 .80 4和 0 .6 90。因此在北京山区 ,当缺乏降雨过程资料时 ,可采用 CREAMS模型次降雨侵蚀力公式进行次降雨侵蚀力计算。研究结果可为北京地区无降雨过程资料地点降雨侵蚀力计算提供切实可行的基础     

BP神经网络在降雨侵蚀力预测预报中的应用研究

降雨侵蚀力反映由降雨引起土壤侵蚀的潜在能力,是建立通用土壤流失方程USLE的最基本因子之一。由于降雨侵蚀力计算过程中所需资料较难收集,给其计算增加了难度。运用BP神经网络方法对降雨侵蚀力与地理之间的关系进行研究,建立降雨侵蚀力BP神经网络模型。对福建省46个地域的降雨侵蚀力进行研究,结果表明:所建立的降雨侵蚀力BP神经网络模型对模拟预测福建不同地域的降雨侵蚀力,平均模拟精度为96.81%,平均预测精度为95.68%,达到了较为理想的效果。这不仅为降雨侵蚀力的预测预报提供了科学依据,而且也为BP神经网络在水土保持研究中的应用开辟了新的思路。     

黄土高原不同地貌类型区降雨侵蚀力时空特征研究

通用土壤流失方程USLE是迄今为止较为成熟,应用较广的土壤侵蚀预报模型,区域降雨侵蚀力R及其分布特征是将USLE应用于较大地区的关键.以日降雨量计算侵蚀力模型为基础,建立了黄土高原月降雨量计算降雨侵蚀力模型.用黄土高原235个气象站点1971-2000年30 a的月降雨量数据,计算得各站点的时间序列月降雨侵蚀力和年降雨侵蚀力,通过Kriging空间插值方法生成降雨侵蚀力时空分布栅格图像,并分析了不同地貌类型区降雨侵蚀力的时空特征.黄土高原降雨侵蚀力空间分布从东南到西北呈梯度递减趋势,范围在300～7 500,平均不到3 000,不同地貌类型区从大到小依次为土石山区、丘陵沟壑区(延安)、高塬沟壑区、丘陵沟壑区(榆林)、丘陵区(陇西);降雨侵蚀力年内分布主要集中于7,8两月,年际变化上存在一个2.7 a的波动周期,波动范围在多年平均值的1倍以上,不同地区相差较大.     

辽宁省降雨侵蚀力计算方法及空间分布特征研究

降雨侵蚀力因子估算结果会直接影响土壤侵蚀模型预报精度。采用EI3 0经典算法与章文波日雨量模型分别计算降雨侵蚀力并进行比较,发现日雨量模型适用于辽宁省降雨侵蚀力计算。采用辽宁省及周边省份共39个气象站1961—2015年日降雨资料,计算得到辽宁省降雨侵蚀力均值为3 316.02 MJ·mm/(hm~2·h·a),空间分布上呈由东向西、从南到北逐渐减小的趋势,降雨侵蚀力最小值出现在朝阳市建平县,最大值出现在丹东市宽甸县。     

福建省降雨侵蚀力R值预测预报方法研究

降雨侵蚀力反映由降雨引起的土壤侵蚀的潜在能力,是建立通用土壤流失方程USLE的最基本因子之一。由于降雨侵蚀力计算过程中所需资料较难收集,给其计算增加了难度。利用福建省46个代表性气象站资料,建立了利用经度、纬度、海拔高度以及月降雨量估算降雨侵蚀力的简易算法模型,结果表明该模型预测预报效果较好,能够用于估算平均降雨侵蚀力。     

退耕还林(草)背景下榆林市土壤侵蚀变化与未来趋势预测

为了研究榆林市还林还草工程的水土保持效益和土壤侵蚀变化趋势,用最小二乘法和神经网络模型预测研究区域未来植被覆盖和土地利用类型.结合中国坡面水蚀预报模型,计算2000-2017年土壤侵蚀序列,用最大、最小和多年平均降雨侵蚀力条件下模拟未来土壤侵蚀量.结果 表明:1)丘陵沟壑区多年平均降雨侵蚀力在1150～1350 MJ·...     

降雨侵蚀力研究进展

降雨是导致土壤流失的动力因素,降雨侵蚀力反映由降雨引起土壤侵蚀的潜在能力,准确评估计算降雨侵蚀力是定量预报土壤流失的重要环节.本文回顾总结了国内外降雨侵蚀力的研究进展,在此基础上提出了我国今后降雨侵蚀力研究的发展方向.     

我国降雨侵蚀力计算方法研究进展

如何准确评估、计算降雨侵蚀力,对定量预报土壤流失、进行水土保持规划等具有重要意义。从降雨侵蚀力是土壤侵蚀研究的重点出发,总结了在国内外的研究进展,并介绍了我国降雨侵蚀力的计算方法,分别论述了利用月或年雨量计算法、瞬时雨强法、综合指标法等计算方法,并对降雨侵蚀力分区研究进行了总结,最后对降雨侵蚀力及其计算方法研究发展进行了展望。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.