2004年全国南方区花生新品种区域试验

2004年全国(南方区)花生品种区域试验共有12个新品种参试,七省区11个试验点承担本年度试验,结果粤油13、湛油62、汕油162、泉花627、粤油29、闽花2号、金花37和湘花120等8个参试品种的荚果产量比对照种汕油523增产。粤油13、湛油62和泉花627参加2005年南方区花生品种生产试验。     

高产优质花生新品种赣花8号的选育与栽培技术

花生新品种赣花8号(原名赣花7002),系江西省农业科学院作物研究所以粤油202-35作母本,87-77FS品系作父本,通过杂交选育而成的油用型花生新品种。具有早熟、高产、优质、抗病抗逆等优良特性。2011年1月通过国家花生品种鉴定。赣花8号适宜在江西、湖南、四川、江苏、湖北等长江流域的沙土、沙质壤土种植,作为高产、油用型花生品种具有很好的开发应用前景。     

南方新育成花生品种产量与性状表现

为筛选适宜福建省种植的花生新品种，对从南方花生区引进的9个新育成的品种（泉花6号、泉花8号、龙花163、龙花243、莆花1号、粤油93、粤油45、桂油21和泉花7号）进行比较试验。结果表明，品种间荚果差异不显著，均适宜福建花生区种植。但各品种主要性状存在差异，可根据主要性状以及当地条件因地制宜加以利用。     

花生新品种选育技术研究课题进展显著

经过各参加单位的共同努力,本课题已圆满完成1991～1992年的攻关任务。“花生高产、优质、抗病新品种选育”专题,已通过审定命名的品种有豫花3号、4号,农花16号、桂花15号、天府9号和粤油256与233等7个高产稳产品种,还有8个品系已完成区试,正在申报审定,40个品种(系)已参加省以上的品种区试;在     

花生新品种粤油13号在龙川县的引种表现及高产栽培技术

粤油13号花生是广东省农业科学院作物研究所采用多种亲本复合杂交育成的珍珠豆型花生新品种[1]，2006年分别通过广东省农作物品种审定和国家品种审定。龙川县于2010年开始引进试种，表现出丰产性好、抗病性好、适应性广等优点，非常适合龙川地区种植。同时根据粤油13号品种特性与龙川的气候、土壤条件等提出配套的花生高产栽培技术。     

我国花生辐射育种的主要成就与展望

我国花生辐射育种研究始于60年代,现将主要成就简介如下: 辐射育成的新品种 通过辐射诱变和辐射与杂交相结合的方法,我国已先后选育了20多个花生新品种,如广东省选育的粤油22、粤油551、辐21,山东省选育的鲁花6号、鲁花7号,江西省选育的辐7-28等,已在生产上累计推广几千万亩,创造了巨大的经济效益。     

超高产花生新品种粤油7号引进和示范初探

2002年从广东等省引进6个花生新品种,品种比较试验和生产示范结果显示,粤油7号表现超高产特性,干荚果产量和籽仁产量均比当地对照种增产14.7%以上,粤油7号抗多种病害,矮壮抗倒伏,适应性强,适宜在江西推广种植。     

花生新品种泉花10号的选育

泉花１０号系以广Ａ为母本、粤油９２为父本进行杂交，经多代选育而成的花生新品种。经多年试验、示范和推广，表现出高产、稳产、优质、适应性广，中抗青枯病等特点。１９９５年２月通过福建省农作物品种审定委员会审定，现已成为福建省最主要的花生当家品种。栽培上应注意适时早播、合理密植、科学施肥、抓好田间管理等。     

优质花生新品种莆花3号的选育与应用

莆花3号系以粤油5号为母本、金花¨号为父本有性杂交经系谱法选育而成的花生新品种。该品种表现优质、丰产、稳产,适应性广,中抗叶斑病、锈病,抗旱性较强,抗倒性中上,耐涝性中上。2011年3月通过福建省农作物审定委员会认定,适宜福建省花生产区示范推广。     

花生新品种桂花30的选育

花生新品种桂花30系广西农科院经济作物研究所油料室1988年利用贺粤1号×A.monticola(四倍体野生种)F5代品系作母本,粤油92(栽培种)作父本进行复交,经多年选育而成的花生优良品种。该品种具有优质、高产、果型美观等优良性状,在2000~2002年广西花生品种区域试验中,三年荚果平均产量3711.90 kg/hm2,比对照桂花17(3286.35 kg/hm2)增产425.55 kg,增产率12.95%;2007年通过广西农作物品种委员会审定。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.     

农杆菌注射法瞬时转化荔枝果实组织的研究

为了寻找一种高效的荔枝果实瞬时基因表达方法,本研究以荔枝品种‘新球蜜荔’（Litchi chinensis Sonn. var. ‘Xinqiumili’）为试材,利用农杆菌注射法对荔枝果实组织进行转化,研究了果实发育时期、菌株种类、注射部位、取样时间、菌液浓度等对转化效率的影响。结果表明：选择果肉已完全包裹种子的Ⅱb期果实进行连体注射,在果柄、果皮、种子、果肉分别注入OD₆₀₀值为2.4的农杆菌菌株GV3101,4 d后取样进行检测,4个组织的GUS染色率较高。本研究成功建立了适用于荔枝果实的基因瞬时表达系统,为今后快速鉴定荔枝果实相关基因功能提供了基础。     

《生物安全法》实施背景下基因编辑技术的安全评价与监管

2020年10月17日,《中华人民共和国生物安全法》(以下简称《生物安全法》)通过全国人大常委会的审议,自2021年4月15日起施行.生物技术的研究与应用安全是《生物安全法》涉及的主要内容之一,基因编辑作为近几年生物技术领域的研究热点,其安全性评价和监管备受关注.本文概述了基因编辑技术的应用现状,比较了不同国家对基因编...     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。     

波罗蜜叶片突变体叶绿素含量测定和超微结构观察

波罗蜜（Artocarpus heterophyllus）是一种热带果树,至今对其突变体的研究少有报道。本研究以波罗蜜叶片为试验材料,探究其叶片出现白化和返绿现象的可能原因。（1）用分光光度计法、比色法测定波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素及叶绿素前体物质含量;（2）用叶绿素酶Elisa试剂盒测定叶绿素酶活性;（3）用透射电子显微镜对叶绿体的超微形态结构进行观察。研究结果表明：（1）不同叶色所产生的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素总含量、类胡萝卜素含量均存在显著差异;（2）波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素合成前体物质含量之间并没有出现显著性差异;（3）对波罗蜜叶片的叶绿素酶活性进行测定时,发现其活性出现显著差异,但对其叶绿素含量的差异性并没有产生较大影响;（4）观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体超微形态结构时,发现正常绿叶的叶绿体形态完好且数量较多,白化叶和返绿叶的叶绿体内部结构存在缺陷,其原因是叶绿体基粒构建阶段受阻;基于测定波罗蜜叶片中的叶绿素、叶绿素前体物质含量和叶绿素酶活性,并观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体的超微形态结构,对得到的数据结果进行比较分析。本研究推测是在叶绿素合成阶段,原脱植基叶绿素合成叶绿素时受阻及叶绿体发不良导致波罗蜜出现白化和返绿现象,为今后进一步综合研究波罗蜜突变体提供理论依据。     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.