控释氮肥对土壤硝态氮和玉米植株全氮含量及产量的影响

为了探讨控释氮肥施用的最佳用量比例,在大田条件下,试验设6个处理：T1不施氮肥、T2常规施肥（基施）、T3常规尿素（基施+追施）、T4控释尿素100%、T5控释尿素90%、T6控释尿素80%。研究控释氮肥对土壤硝态氮和玉米植株全氮及产量的影响。结果表明：土壤硝态氮和秸秆全氮含量随着生育期的推进呈下降趋势,且拔节期含量最高。控释氮肥处理灌浆期到成熟期不同氮素含量高于常规施肥处理。控释氮肥处理提高了玉米不同生育时期的地上部干物重,而从拔节期到成熟期,控释尿素100%、控释尿素90%处理地上部干物重高于普通尿素处理,且控释尿素90%处理最大。控释氮肥合理用量提高了玉米的茎粗、穗粒数,减少了玉米秃尖长度,但对百粒重影响不大。控释尿素90%处理产量最高,达到8637.6 kg/hm2,与不施氮肥和常规施肥相比差异达到显著水平。     

秸秆腐解对不同氮肥水平土壤脲酶活性的影响

本文利用黑龙江大学呼兰校区秸秆还田试验为平台,探讨秸秆还田后不同施氮量下土壤脲酶活性的动态变化特征,明确农田黑土玉米秸秆腐解下土壤氮素含量与脲酶活性的关系。试验以秸秆腐解和不施秸秆为主区,不同氮肥水平(纯N)(0、135kg/hm2、180kg/hm2、225kg/hm2)为副区,测定了土壤全氮、碱解氮及脲酶活性,试验结果表明：两种秸秆处理的土壤脲酶活性变化趋势均随玉米生育期的延长增加,在拔节期达到最高后降低;与无秸秆处理相比,在施氮量为180kg/hm2、225kg/hm2秸秆腐解处理可显著提高土壤脲酶活性(p&;lt;0.05),而施氮量为0、135kg/hm2时虽提高了脲酶活性,但未达到显著水平(p&;gt;0.05);土壤碱解氮、土壤全氮的变化趋势与土壤脲酶活性的变化趋势一致,均为随施氮水平的增加而增加;相关分析显示,土壤脲酶活性与土壤全氮、碱解氮呈极显著正相关。     

氮肥调控对小麦/玉米产量、氮素利用及农田氮素平衡的影响

为了实现小麦/玉米高产高效生产,采用田间小区试验方法,研究了不同氮肥管理措施对小麦/玉米产量、氮素利用及农田氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,小麦季在农民常规施肥的基础上适当减少追氮量不会对小麦产量产生明显影响,在施氮总量195 kg/hm2基础上配施调控剂处理小麦增产8.3%~24.6%,氮肥偏生产力、表观利用率和农学效率及氮肥贡献率均得到相应提高。在玉米季,以一次性基施适量氮肥同时配施抑制剂的氮肥管理方案为最佳,在施氮240 kg/hm2水平上与不添加抑制剂等氮量一次性基施和基追结合处理相比,增产幅度分别为7.4%~9.6%和13.9%~16.2%,氮肥贡献率、肥料偏生产力和农学效率亦得到显著提高;经过一个轮作周期后,农田土壤氮素盈余量为63.94~126.83 kg/hm2。在总施氮量435 kg/hm2的情况下,与单施尿素相比较,配施氮素调控剂的氮素盈余量降低了27.4%~44.2%,其中脲酶与硝化抑制剂配施效果最佳。但在总施氮量480 kg/hm2的情况下,即使施用了氮素调控剂,氮素平衡盈余率仍在20%以上,存在较大的环境风险。     

玉米秸秆还田条件下麦田氮素运转和籽粒产量对氮肥的响应

为给秸秆全部还田条件下豫北麦玉两熟高产地区冬小麦合理施用氮肥提供理论依据,以周麦18和济麦22为试材,于2011-2013年研究了不同施氮处理(小麦全生育期不施氮肥,及底施纯氮120 kg/hm2基础上拔节期分别追施0,60,100,140,180,210 kg/hm2)下麦田土壤和植株氮素含量的动态变化,分析了不同追氮量对植株氮素吸收、麦田氮肥利用率和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,小麦植株氮素吸收积累和籽粒产量随施氮量的增加呈单峰曲线变化,周麦18和济麦22分别在220,260 kg/hm2和120,180 kg/hm2施氮量下植株氮素吸收积累达到峰值,籽粒产量较高。麦田氮流失量随施氮量增加呈先升后降变化趋势。秸秆还田配施适量氮肥能够显著提高氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率;随着施氮量的持续增加氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率显著降低。综合来看,玉米秸秆还田条件下兼顾氮肥效率和籽粒产量,豫北麦玉两熟区周麦18适宜的氮肥配施量为220~260 kg/hm2,种植济麦22适宜的氮肥配施量为120~180 kg/hm2。     

限水条件下氮肥用量及施氮时期对冬小麦产量、土壤硝态氮含量的影响

在节水栽培条件下,研究了不同施氮量及氮肥施用时期对冬小麦产量、生育期间土壤硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明,冬小麦施氮处理产量均高于N0,N88.5 69处理产量最高,氮肥生理效率则随施氮量增加而显著降低。开花期以及成熟期各施氮处理0~100 cm土体硝态氮含量均明显高于N0,各生育期0~60 cm土层硝态氮含量均随施氮量增加而增加,开花期各处理2 m土体硝态氮含量达到最高值,成熟期20~60 cm土层相同施氮量(157.5,226.5kg/hm2)均表现为氮肥分次施用处理硝态氮含量高于一次性底施处理(N88.5 69>N157.5,N123 103.5>N226.5)。成熟期土壤硝态氮2 m土体累积量随施氮量增加显著增加,且等量氮肥分次施用显著高于一次性底施。     

施用氮肥对太行山前平原区作物产量和土壤硝态氮残留量的影响

为解决氮肥施用过量引起地下水硝酸盐含量超标问题,通过连续10年的氮肥定位试验,研究太行山前平原区不同氮肥用量对小麦-玉米轮作体系中0~200 cm剖面土壤硝态氮残留量和作物产量的影响,结果表明,2004-2014年间小麦、玉米平均产量与氮肥用量间呈显著的二次抛物线关系,施氮量为246 kg/hm2时小麦获最高产量6 555kg/hm2。施氮量为159 kg/hm2时玉米获最高产量8 860 kg/hm2。氮肥用量与0~100,100~200 cm剖面土壤硝态氮残留量分别符合显著的线性相关。连续10年施用氮肥量最高的处理(小麦-玉米轮作周年施氮量为575 kg/hm2)0~100,100~200 cm土壤硝态氮残留量分别达到449.05,580.63 kg/hm2。小麦、玉米最高产量时(周年施氮量为405 kg/hm2),0~100,100~200 cm剖面土壤硝态氮残留量分别为320.79,408.43 kg/hm2。每个轮作周年减少氮肥用量30%~44%,连续10年后0~100,100~200 cm剖面土壤硝态氮残留量分别降低28.56%~42.34%和29.66%~44.64%。综合考虑作物产量和地下水硝酸盐污染风险,提出太行山前平原中等肥力水平的地块,小麦-玉米轮作周年氮肥用量应控制在400 kg/hm2以下。适宜的氮肥用量既可保证作物产量又能明显降低土壤硝态氮的残留。     

秸秆生物炭对黄土区农田土壤养分和作物生长的影响

旨在探索生物炭对黄土区农田的具体应用效果。采用大田试验,在不施氮肥和施氮肥(187.5 kg/hm2)处理下,分别设计了不同生物炭用量(0、6、12、24、48 t/hm2)试验,来观察对黄土高原农田土壤养分和玉米生长的影响。结果发现：当施入187.5 kg/hm2氮肥时,24~48 t/hm2范围内的生物炭施用量对土壤养分促进作用效果最佳,其中48 t/hm2时全氮超出对照26.6%,碱解氮可超过对照约27.67%;6~12 t/hm2的范围时,玉米茎粗、叶绿素在生长中期均相对处于优势,且玉米养分含量和产量结果优于生物炭量大的处理。不施氮的情况下,生物炭也可促进土壤和玉米籽粒养分的积累。其中6~12 t/hm2时,土壤和玉米籽粒养分含量相对较高;24~48 t/hm2时玉米产量结果最佳,比对照高1468.2 kg/hm2,约13.39%。结果表明,生物炭的添加对土壤的养分影响较大,且一定程度上依赖于氮肥的投入情况。     

不同供氮水平对春小麦产量、氮肥利用率及氮平衡的影响

【目的】研究施氮量对春小麦产量、氮肥利用率、土壤中硝态氮累积及氮平衡的影响,旨在了解在宁夏引黄灌区减少施氮量的可行性。【方法】通过田间小区试验,设置0、120、240、360 kg/hm24个施氮量,探讨不同施氮水平对作物和环境的影响。【结果】施用氮肥可显著提高春小麦的籽粒产量、籽粒蛋白质含量及成熟期地上部总吸氮量,但过量施用氮肥对籽粒增产和蛋白质含量提高不显著。氮肥利用率随着施氮量的增加呈现降低趋势,根据差值法计算结果,当施氮量分别为120、240、360 kg/hm2时春小麦的氮肥利用率分别为27.2%、24.3%、18.2%,表明多达81.8%～72.8%的氮肥没有被作物吸收利用。氮平衡计算的结果进一步表明,未被当季小麦利用的肥料主要以无机氮的形式存在于0～150cm土层内,施氮量分别为120、240、360 kg/hm2时氮肥的土壤残留率依次为41.6%、33.1%和29.7%,而相应的表观损失率为31.2%、42.6%、52.1%。【结论】综合考虑春小麦产量、品质和环境安全,本试验条件下,春小麦的合理施氮量应控制在120～240 kg/hm2之间。     

氮肥施用量对华北集约化农区作物产量和土壤硝态氮累积的影响

为优化华北集约化农区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系氮肥用量,通过田间小区试验研究不同氮肥用量对土壤硝态氮累积以及作物产量的影响。结果表明,试验区小麦籽粒产量最高施氮量为309 kg/hm2,最佳经济效益施氮量为291 kg/hm2。玉米籽粒产量最高施氮量为213 kg/hm2,最佳经济效益施氮量为199 kg/hm2。随着施氮量和种植年限的增加,0~200 cm剖面土壤硝态氮累积量明显增加。施氮量最高的N4处理(小麦季施氮量375 kg/hm2、玉米季施氮量300 kg/hm2)与种植第1季相比,第2季小麦收获后土壤硝态氮累积量增加56.06%,第2季玉米收获后增加62.07%。随着施氮量的增加,100~200 cm土壤硝态氮累积量所占总量的比例明显增加。小麦季和玉米季施氮量均为150 kg/hm2时,小麦和玉米的氮肥利用率最大,分别为46.61%和37.51%。综合考虑氮肥用量对作物产量以及土壤硝态氮的淋失风险,提出华北集约化农区小麦施氮量应控制为250~300 kg/hm2,玉米施氮量应控制为150~200kg/hm2,以保证作物高产,防止过量肥料氮累积,减少淋溶风险。     

纳米膨润土包膜氮肥对晚稻产量与氮素利用率的影响

采用大田试验,研究了不同比例纳米膨润土包膜氮肥及不同施氮水平对晚稻生长、产量和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明：施用纳米膨润土包膜氮肥处理的产量、千粒重、穗粒数等均显著高于空白处理(CK),其中施用氮肥处理比CK处理的产量高出21.53%~28.01% (P＜0.05),不同施氮水平下施用纳米膨润土包膜氮肥对晚稻产量差异有影响, 10%纳米膨润土包膜氮肥在不减氮、减氮20%及减氮30%时,产量分别为7178.54、7220.28、7236.95 kg/hm2,与常规氮肥处理(7095.21 kg/hm2)相比,增加了1.17%、1.76%和1.99%,差异均不显著(P＞0.05),15%纳米膨润土包膜氮肥不减氮时产量为7270.30 kg/hm2,增加2.47% (P＞0.05),减氮20%~30%时减产0.12%~3.17% (P＞0.05);施用纳米膨润土包膜氮肥的处理,结实率均低于常规氮肥处理,差异不显著(P＞0.05);纳米膨润土包膜氮肥在减氮条件下,SPAD值无显著差异(P＞0.05)。成熟期籽粒中氮素累积量,施氮肥处理极显著高于不施肥处理,且以15%纳米膨润土包膜氮肥减氮20%时氮素积累量最高(68.92 kg N/hm2);纳米膨润土包膜氮肥的氮肥利用率(49.3%~67.1%)高于常规氮肥处理(46.5%) 2.8%~20.6%,氮肥利用率均有所增加,综合产量、结实率和氮肥利用率等考虑,10%纳米膨润土减氮20%的效果更佳。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...