Compatibility of rhenium in garnet during mantle melting and magma genesis

Measurements of the partitioning of rhenium (Re) between garnet and silicate liquid from 1.5 to 2.0 gigapascals and 1250 degrees to 1350 degreesC show that Re is compatible in garnet. Oceanic island basalts (OIBs) have lower Re contents than mid-ocean ridge basalt, because garnet-bearing residues of deeper OIB melting will retain Re. Deep-mantle garnetite or eclogite may harbor the missing Re identified in crust-mantle mass balance calculations. Oceanic crust recycled into the upper mantle at subduction zones will retain high Re/Os (osmium) ratios and become enriched in radiogenic 187Os. Recycled eclogite in a mantle source should be easily traced using Re abundances and Os isotopes.     

Implications for mantle dynamics from the high melting temperature of perovskite

Recent studies have implied that (Mg, Fe)SiO(3)-perovskite, a likely dominant mineral phase in the lower mantle, may have a high melting temperature. The implications of these findings for the dynamics of the lower mantle were investigated with the use of numerical convection models. The results showed that low homologous temperatures (0.3 to 0.5) would prevail in the modeled lower mantle, regardless of the effective Rayleigh number and internal heating rates. High-temperature ductile creep is possible under relatively cold conditions. In models with low rates of internal heating, local maxima of viscosity developed in the mid-lower mantle that were similar to those obtained from inversion of geoid, topography, and plate velocities.     

Fractionation of potassium/rubidium by amphiboles: implications regarding mantle composition

We show that the rubidium in amphiboles is generally depleted with respect to potassium. The K:Rb ratios of 50 analyzed amphiboles range from 100 to 5000, averaging 1120. This fractionation effect holds for potassium concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 1.5 percent. The K:Rb ratios of abyssal tholeiites do not place unambiguous limits on the K:Rb ratio of the upper mantle, since partial melting of a mantle material such as amphibole peridotite would produce a liquid with a K:Rb ratio higher than that in the initial material. Large-scale mineralogic control of distributions of trace elements in the mantle could produce trends with depth that are the reverse of trends normally attributed to differentiation processes.     

Frictional melting during the rupture of the 1994 bolivian earthquake

The source parameters of the 1994 Bolivian earthquake (magnitude Mw = 8.3) suggest that the maximum seismic efficiency eta was 0.036 and the minimum frictional stress was 550 bars. Thus, the source process was dissipative, which is consistent with the observed slow rupture speed, only 20% of the local S-wave velocity. The amount of nonradiated energy produced during the Bolivian rupture was comparable to, or larger than, the thermal energy of the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption and was sufficient to have melted a layer as thick as 31 centimeters. Once rupture was initiated, melting could occur, which reduces friction and promotes fault slip.     

Early differentiation of the Earth and the problem of mantle siderophile elements: a new approach

The long-standing problem of the excess abundances of siderophile elements in the mantle can be resolved by considering an equilibrium core-mantle differentiation in the earth at 3000 to 3500 kelvin. This high-temperature differentiation results in mantle siderophile element abundances that closely match the observed values. Some lithophile (light) elements could enter the core in this process as is necessary to account for its low density. The abundances of siderophile elements in the mantle are consistent with the conclusion derived from the recent physical models that the earth was molten during accretion.     

岐山高粱醋陈化期香气成分研究

【目的】研究岐山高粱醋陈化期香气成分的变化规律。【方法】以岐山高粱醋为材料,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用法及紫外分光光度法,对岐山高粱醋陈化期香气成分及紫外光谱曲线变化规律进行了研究。【结果】检测到的岐山高粱醋香气成分有24种,分别为酸类、酮类、醇类、醛类、酯类及吡嗪类等;岐山醋香气成分中的酸类、醇类、酯类、醛类和吡嗪类物质在陈化期呈增加趋势,其中酸类、醇类、酯类物质增加趋势缓慢,醛类和吡嗪类物质增加趋势较为明显,而酮类则呈缓慢下降趋势。岐山高粱醋馏出物在245~330 nm波长的紫外吸收强度随陈化期的延长而逐渐增加。【结论】陈化使岐山高粱醋中的香气成分增加,对改善醋的品质有积极作用。     

Short-lived chemical heterogeneities in the archean mantle with implications for mantle convection

The neodymium isotope and samarium-neodymium systematics of 2.7-billion-year-old mantle-derived magmas indicate that the lifetime of chemical heterogeneities was much shorter in the Archean mantle than in the modern mantle. Isotopic evidence is compatible with a Rayleigh number 100 times larger and convection 10 times faster in the Late Archean compared with the present-day mantle. Modern plate tectonics thus may be an improbable analog for the Archean. Chemical heterogeneities in the mantle may originate upon magma migration and mineralogical phase changes rather than by recycling of oceanic and continental crust.     

纳米银对秸秆腐解过程中元素和成分含量的影响

试验以玉米秸秆为材料,采用静态培养方法,对添加过不同浓度纳米银溶液的玉米秸秆腐解过程中元素和物质成分含量的变化进行了分析,研究纳米银对秸秆腐烂的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,添加纳米银溶液的处理碳元素和木质纤维素含量降低的速率明显减缓,氮元素含量升高速率显著降低,说明纳米银对环境中的微生物具有明显的抑制作用,纳米银在防止秸秆腐烂方面具有重要作用。     

外源添加物对毛豆仁熔融相变区热特性的影响

为研究毛豆仁冻结(或解冻)相变过程中能量和品质的变化,确定适宜的冷冻(或解冻)工艺,采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测定毛豆仁在-30～25℃范围的冰点、熔融温度、表观比热等热特性参数,并考察氯化钠和海藻糖添加量对毛豆仁熔融相变区热特性的影响。结果表明:原料毛豆仁的冰点为-1.01℃,熔融相变温区为-4.96～0.23℃,相变潜热为191.40 J/g。随着氯化钠浓度的增加,毛豆仁冰点不断降低,熔融相变温区变宽,相变潜热变小,表观比热峰值降低;而随着海藻糖浓度的增加,毛豆仁熔融相变区热特性参数变化不大。表明添加一定浓度的氯化钠有利于毛豆仁低温加工。     

Phase changes in the upper mantle

The C-region of the upper mantle has two transition regions 75 to 90 kilometers thick. In western North America these start at depths of 365 kilometers and 620 kilometers and involve velocity increases of about 9 to 10 percent. The locations of these transition regions, their general shape, and their thicknesses are consistent with, first, the transformation of magnesium-rich olivine to a spinel structure and, then, a further collapse of a material having approximately the properties of the component oxides. The velocity increases associated with each transition region are slightly less than predicted for the appropriate phase change. This can be interpreted in terms of an increasing fayalite content with depth. The location of the transition regions and the seismic velocities in their vicinity supply new information regarding the composition and temperature of the upper mantle. The depths of the transition regions are consistent with temperatures near 1500 degrees C at 365 kilometers and 1900 degrees C at 620 kilometers.     

DNA elements are asymmetrically joined during the site-specific recombination of kappa immunoglobulin genes

Immunoglobulin K genes are constructed during lymphocyte differentiation by the joining of two DNA elements, VK and JK, to form both a VKJK coding unit and a reciprocal recombination product. The two products formed in single VK-to-JK joining events can be directly isolated through the use of a retrovirally introduced recombination substrate. The structural analysis of a number of recombinants and the derivation of secondary recombination products define some of the basic features of the mechanism of immunoglobulin gene assembly.     

Compositional stratification in the deep mantle

A boundary between compositionally distinct regions at a depth of about 1600 kilometers may explain the seismological observations pertaining to Earth's lower mantle, produce the isotopic signatures of mid-ocean ridge basalts and oceanic island basalts, and reconcile the discrepancy between the observed heat flux and the heat production of the mid-ocean ridge basalt source region. Numerical models of thermochemical convection imply that a layer of material that is intrinsically about 4 percent more dense than the overlying mantle is dynamically stable. Because the deep layer is hot, its net density is only slightly greater than adiabatic and its surface develops substantial topography.     

Phase change instability in the mantle

In the presence of a temperature gradient, phase changes of the type believed to exist in the upper mantle, in which the less dense phase lies above the dense phase, may be unstable. Approximate calculations show such phase change instabilities are possible for both the 400-kilometer olivine-spinel phase transition and also for partial melting at shallower depths. The resulting flow patterns may provide a driving mechanism for the new global tectonics.     

Primitive boron isotope composition of the mantle

Boron isotope ratios are homogeneous in volcanic glasses of oceanic island basalts [-9.9 +/- 1.3 per mil, relative to standard NBS 951 (defined by the National Bureau of Standards)], whereas mid-oceanic ridge basalts (MORBs) and back-arc basin basalts (BABBs) show generally higher and more variable ratios. Melts that have assimilated even small amounts of altered basaltic crust show significant variations in the boron isotope ratios. Assimilation may thus account for the higher boron ratios of MORBs and BABBs. A budget of boron between mantle and crust implies that the primitive mantle had a boron isotope ratio of -10 +/- 2 per mil and that this ratio was not fractionated significantly during the differentiation of the mantle.