Hong Kong and the globalisation of the Chinese diaspora: a geographical perspective

This study examines the processes of spatial restructuring in the Hong Kong–South China region. The paper analyses urban‐rural interaction in a historical and transnational context. Based on detailed census data collected in 1961 and 1996, this study traces the origins of the Hongkongers and maps out their spatial distribution according to their native place identities. The heightened population movement between the rural hinterland in the South China region and the Hong Kong metropolis is inseparable from territorial organisation on the Chinese mainland. The great spatial mobility demonstrated by the Hongkongers, or, their ‘refugee mentality’ as it is known, is found to be deeply rooted in their marginal sub‐ethnic identity in the nation. A systematic analysis of spatial data reveals that the diasporic landscape developed in Hong Kong has been polarised by the élite English and Shanghainese speakers on the one end and the Kejia people on the other end. Despite the processes of globalisation, the great spatial mobility of the Hong Kong sojourners and the diasporic landscape they have created have been effectively shaped by their place‐based ethno‐linguistic identities. If the transnational movement of people is considered an important component of globalisation, then this study reinforces the importance of locality and contests the fashionable notion of globalisation as a ‘placeless’ phenomenon. The seemingly displaced empire of Chinese diaspora capitalism, in which Hong Kong has played a crucial part, has remained grounded by pre‐existing place‐specific conditions.     

Governing climate change in Hong Kong: Prospects for market mechanisms in the context of emissions trading in China

Hong Kong continues to struggle over which environmental governance approach is in its best interest while fulfilling its environmental obligations. With regard to climate change, Hong Kong's approach is characterised by a passive form of governance that is highly dependent on China's national policy directions. This is reflected, for example, in Hong Kong having not set its own mitigation targets. Market mechanisms have received little attention in developing a city‐wide climate change strategy. A transformative impulse, China's national emissions trading scheme, may provide momentum to a market‐based approach. However, the necessary conditions for such a market mechanism to be successfully implemented in China remain relatively undeveloped. This raises question about early participation by Hong Kong. Direct benefits are likely to be limited, due to Hong Kong's economic structure and weak demand for emissions reduction. Besides, there are regulatory barriers to enforcing emissions targets and/or recognising emissions allowances and credits from China. We therefore argue that nationwide emissions trading may, at this time, present more challenges than opportunities for Hong Kong to leverage its efforts on climate change mitigation. An alternative is to promote voluntary emissions trading that will require active involvement and leadership by businesses.     

Transnationalism through the life course: Hong Kong immigrants in Canada

Abstract: Transnationalism needs to be understood as a set of practices fashioned through the life course as well as in relation to contextual factors that include state policy and experiences of discrimination that affect entry to the labour force. The paradox of transnationalism is that families make strategic decisions to separate in order to maintain family unity and to advance the welfare of children. Emigrants from Hong Kong to Canada in the latter decades of the twentieth century were motivated by concern for family welfare and the quality of education in Canada. Yet economic livelihood prospects remained greater in Hong Kong than in Canada, prompting many families to become transnational ‘astronaut’ families with one or more members working in Hong Kong. Migration decisions tend to occur around key points of life‐course transition involving entry to and graduation from education, and entry to and exit from the labour force. Transnational practices are complex and multigenerational, involving different patterns for young adults, those in their middle years and the elderly.     

近30年海南不同地区降雨量和蒸发量分布特征研究

利用海南省气象局提供的1974—2004年气象资料和2005年出版的《海南省志》中《水利志》部分的降雨量和蒸发量数据,对海南省不同地区近30年的平均降雨量和平均蒸发量特征进行了研究。结果表明,海南省各个地区降雨过程主要发生在8—10月,而蒸发过程主要集中于5—7月。春季和冬季的蒸发量明显大于降雨量,夏秋两季除南部和西部地区蒸发量明显高于降雨量外,其它地区都是降雨量大于蒸发量。而年降雨量只有东部和中部地区大于年蒸发量,南部、北部和西部地区都是年蒸发量大于年降雨量。     

不同品种芸薹属蔬菜吸收累积镉的差异

采用温室土培盆栽试验方法,研究北京地区普遍种植的18种十字花科芸薹属蔬菜在模拟镉污染土壤上吸收累积镉的特征,结果表明：在土壤镉浓度为20mg/kg时,芸薹属不同类蔬菜及同类蔬菜的不同品种之间吸收和累积镉能力存在显著差异,大白菜北京小杂55地上部镉含量最高,达61.4mg/kg,而芥蓝香港白花中只有18.6 mg/kg,两者之间相差3倍以上;不同品种蔬菜地上部吸镉量和对土壤镉的富积系数也差异显著,最高吸镉量是最低吸镉量的5倍,大白菜北京小杂55的富积系数高达3.07,而芥蓝香港白花和菜薹金秋红2号只有0.93和0.97,均小于1。在镉污染的蔬菜地上选择种植低积累镉的蔬菜品种是生产符合食品安全农产品的重要措施。     

Place,identity and immigrant communities: The organisation of the Yulan Festival in post‐war Hong Kong

Abstract: In the process of migration, some traditions persist while others do not. The Yulan Festival, also known as the Ghost Festival, continues to be observed by different subethnic Chinese migrant groups in Hong Kong for a variety of reasons. Although the festival organisation accentuates subethnic distinctions, paradoxically it also enables different groups to integrate into the larger community. The activities articulate various meanings of ‘place’– as ‘ancestral place’ on the mainland where
the rituals are believed to originate, as the specific locality/neighbourhood in Hong Kong where the festival is held, and Hong Kong as a whole. This article, based on interviews with Chiu Chow and Hoklo participants, shows how they think of the different meanings of ‘place’, which in turn reflects the way they make sense of the process of migration.     

基于GIS和PSR模型的生态环境承载力时空差异研究——以海南省为例

生态环境承载力是区域可持续发展研究的重要内容。本文结合海南省社会、经济、环境现状,构建压力-状态-响应（P-S-R）模型,选取27个指标构建海南省生态环境承载力评价指标体系,采用GIS空间分析法和模糊综合评价法,对海南省18个市县生态环境承载力的时空差异进行研究。研究结果表明：海南省生态环境状况较好,生态环境承载力的整体水平较高。随着社会经济的发展,绝大部分市县的I级隶属度值不断增大,生态环境承载力整体呈现不断上升的趋势。从各市县的对比分析来看,海南省各市县的生态环境承载力呈现东部-中西部-北部递减的态势。     

海南普通野生稻琼海居群与三亚居群的遗传分化

普通野生稻(OryzarufipogonGriff.)是栽培稻的近缘祖先,蕴藏着丰富的优异基因,是宝贵的水稻遗传资源。普通野生稻主要分布在我国的南方地区,海南岛是我国普通野生稻的主要分布区之一,野生稻的遗传多样性曾经非常丰富。三亚是海南岛典型的热带地区,是普通野生稻主要的分布区。最近在海南琼海发现一个原生境普通野生稻居群,尚不清楚海南普通野生稻琼海居群与三亚居群之间的遗传关系。本研究采用37个SSR标记从SSR座位的多态率、SSR座位的基因杂合性、两居群间的遗传相似性和遗传距离以及两居群间的遗传分化等四方面,对海南普通野生稻琼海居群与三亚居群进行了遗传分析,旨在为海南普通野生稻的深入研究提供基础。结果表明SSR座位在两群体中存在较高的遗传变异,且其在普通野生稻三亚居群的遗传变异高于在普通野生稻琼海居群的遗传变异。SSR座位在琼海居群中的多态率为81.0811%,在三亚居群中的多态率为91.8919%;观察杂合性、理论杂合性、非偏性杂合性在三亚居群中的平均值为0.5651、0.4449、0.4661,高于在琼海居群中的相应平均值(0.4097、0.2057、0.2670)。根据Nei遗传相似性和遗传距离普通野生稻琼海居群与三亚居群间的遗传相似性为0.6385,遗传距离为0.4486。FST检验表明,两群体之间存在着中等程度的遗传分化(FST=0.3909),表明这两个普通野生稻居群内存在着60.91%的遗传变异。     

Flexibility and Adjustment: The Hong Kong Watch Industry and Global Change

A case study of the Hong Kong watch industry demonstrates the adaptive flexibility of labor-intensive industrial clusters. The study describes the evolution of industry in Hong Kong, and highlights the unique attributes of the country's economic history which have influenced the structure of production systems in the country. Focusing on the role of global competition, the case study identifies the constraints posed by a labor-intensive flexible production system in the face of continuous technological change in the industry.     

海南原生墨兰花粉萌发试验初报

为探讨海南原生兰花花粉萌发所需的培养基成分，测定其生活力提供技术和方法,以海南原生墨兰为材料，采用不同的液体培养基进行花粉萌发试验。试验结果表明：海南原生墨兰花粉在所设计的液体培养基上都易萌发且萌发花粉管长。除对照外，7个处理萌发率高达78%以上。在含10%蔗糖, 20mg/L硼酸和5 mg/L CaCl2的液体培养基上培养的萌发率为83.99%，效果较好，本着简便原则，可应用于海南原生墨兰花粉生活力的鉴定。     

基于比较优势理论的海南省热带水果比较优势实证分析

为优化海南省热带水果区域布局,发挥热带水果比较优势,提升热带水果产业竞争力,利用2006—2015年的相关数据,采取综合比较优势指数模型,测算了海南省18个市县5种热带水果的区域比较优势指数。结果表明,针对各地区不同气候、土壤、资源条件,主要热带水果在不同县域比较优势不尽相同,不同县域所具有的优势水果种类也存在差异,多数县域只有一种强比较优势水果。利用比较优势原则合理配置各地区资源,在芒果、香蕉、荔枝、菠萝、龙眼种植的优势区域,继续做大做强优势品种,扶持弱优势区域品种提质增效升级,结合一二三产业融合发展,促进海南区域性特色优势水果产业发展。     

Shenzhen in China's Financial Center Networks

Shenzhen, China, aspires to be an international financial center; however, its financial sector occupies an anomalous position in China's networks. The sector is tightly integrated into mainland networks, and Shenzhen's local banks provide access to Hong Kong's networks. Nonetheless, the city's proximity to Hong Kong, the Asia‐Pacific center of financial networks, confers few incremental benefits compared to those received by other mainland centers. The proposed Qianhai financial district, which is to be a laboratory for opening China's capital accounts, does not differentially boost Shenzhen because other financial centers will be allowed to experiment. A network theory of financial centers provides the explanatory framework for interpreting Shenzhen in China's financial center networks. Empirical analyses focus on Shenzhen's network ties with the Mainland and with Hong Kong. Shenzhen's future rests on the capacity of its financial firms to participate in the networks of South China, as well as to operate across the Mainland.     

The Spatial Impact of Language Policies on the Marginal Bids for English Education in Hong Kong

In 1997 the government of Hong Kong reformed its policy on the language medium for teaching at the secondary‐school level and removed schools' right to choose their own medium. Among the 404 public and “aided” secondary schools in Hong Kong, the government allowed only 100 to use English as the medium for teaching and required the remaining 304 to use the native language, Chinese. The authors assess the spatial impact of the policy reform and estimate the bid function for English‐language schools. The results show that the 1997 policy reform shifted parental preferences from public to private education and increased the marginal bid for proximity to private English schools by 2 percent. Following the reform, homeowners were willing to pay, on average, HK $8,400 for each additional 100 metres closer to a private English school.     

1961-2011年海南岛农业气候资源变化及影响研究

根据海南岛18 个气象站1961—2011 年逐日的气温、降水、日照等观测资料,采用线性倾向估计、M-K突变检验等方法全面分析了海南岛农业气候资源和农业气象灾害的变化特征和趋势。结果表明：近50 年来海南岛年平均气温、四季平均气温、≥10℃的活动积温均呈明显的上升趋势（P＜0.05）,其气候倾向率分别为0.22℃/10a、0.17℃/10a、0.18℃/10a、0.22℃/10a、0.29℃/10a、173.89℃/10a,其中年平均最低气温和冬季平均气温升高最明显,并在20 世纪80 年代中后期发生突变。年降水量呈微弱的增加趋势,且年内分布极不均匀,主要集中于夏秋两季,年暴雨日数增加趋势明显。年日照时数以57.58 h/10a 的速率呈明显的减少趋势（P＜0.01）并在20 世纪90 年代初期发生突变。登陆海南岛的热带气旋频次减少但强度增强,干旱灾害年际间波动较大,但无明显变化趋势;由于气温升高,寒害和低温冷害的威胁降低。总体上,海南岛农业气候资源向“热量资源更加丰富、水分资源光照资源充足、热带气旋灾害加重”为主要特点的暖湿化方向发展。在此基础上,分析了气候变化对海南热带农业的影响和农业应对气候变化的措施,为充分利用有利的气候资源条件,调整农作物生产布局和种植结构等提供科学依据。     

Cross‐border ‘Traffic’: Stories of dangerous victims,pure whores and HIV/AIDS in the experiences of mainland female sex workers in Hong Kong

Abstract: In recent years, dramatically increasing numbers of mainland Chinese women have entered Hong Kong to engage in sexual labour. Public discourses on the threat of HIV/AIDS increasingly locate these women's bodies as sites of danger, colluding with pre‐existing imaginations of mainland rural women as ignorant, desperate and deceptive in representing these women's penetration of Hong Kong's border as a primary means of infection of the Hong Kong body. Drawing on state, media and popular representations, and the narratives of female sex workers themselves, this paper examines the interwoven bio‐medical, gendered, sexual and cross‐border relationships that intersect in the experiences of mainland Chinese sex workers in Hong Kong. I argue that while images of disease and danger have been used to regulate these women's bodies, mainland female sex workers challenge these images by drawing on other popular stereotypes of mainland women as pure, feminine and traditional. Although images of the related but still ‘other’ figure of the mainland Chinese woman are powerful mechanisms for the regulation of these women's bodies, mainland female sex workers skilfully use inherent tensions in those images in resisting that control and in struggling to achieve their own personal and economic goals.     

海南省农副产品加工发展对策研究

从海南省农副产品加工的现状和存在的问题出发,对农副产品加工的市场和空间因素进行分析,从而为海南省农副产品加工业的发展提供对策和建议。     

海南野生兰花观赏性状评价

为保护、开发利用海南野生兰科植物研究提供科学参考,本文对海南野生兰科植物的观赏性状进行了较为全面的观察和评价。按观赏特性可分为大花型(23种)、多花型(23种)、长花序型(15种)、特长花序型(8种)、圆锥花序型(12种)、具香气型(21种)六类型。同时筛选了62种可直接开发利用的原生种,并从观赏角度将其划分为四类：观花类(15种)、观叶类(3种)、花叶兼具类(27种)、株型类(17种)。     

人心果栽培学要点总结及其在海南开发利用前景分析

海南省海口市人民大道58号海南大学生命科学与农学院。     

Refocusing on China: The Case of Hong Kong’s Hutchison Whampoa

We know little about the location decisions of large Chinese conglomerates and how this relates to their restructuring in a dynamic Asia­Pacific environment. This case study of one of Hong Kong’s latest conglomerates, Hutchison Whampoa, begins with the company’s decision to remain in Hong Kong after 1997. Restructuring has been carried out primarily by acquiring new enterprises in its existing specialised areas of retail, manufacturing, telecommunications, media and services and reducing interests in property, energy, finance and investment. This has been accompanied by its expansion into southern China where it has focused on infrastructure development, steps which have built on its Chinese credentials — clan origins and personal connections.     

Construction and Management of Public Welfare Forest in Hainan Province

Through investigating ecological service functions of public welfare forest in Hainan Province, this paper explored type constitution and problems of its ecological service functional value, optimization of its scale and layout, promoted effective protection and benign development, and proposed strategies for the construction and management of public welfare forest in Hainan Province.