几种农药防治苹果螨类的效果比较

近几年,我市苹果园苹果红蜘蛛发生较普遍,在部分苹果园中山楂红蜘蛛为害也较重,这两种螨类已成为我市果园主要害虫。为寻求比较有效且持效期较长的杀螨剂,1993年我们对几种农药进行了药效试验。     

12种橘园常用农药对3种捕食螨的毒力

采用玻片浸渍法测定了12种药剂对3种捕食螨的毒力.结果表明,在5种杀螨剂中,炔螨特的毒力最低,阿维·哒螨灵的毒力最高;在5种杀虫剂中,噻嗪酮的毒力最低,高效氯氰菊酯的毒力最高;在2种杀菌剂中,代森锰锌的毒力低于咪鲜胺.但同种药剂对不同捕食螨的毒力不同,3种捕食螨对炔螨特的敏感性依次为胡瓜钝绥螨[Amblyseius(Neoseiulus) cucumeris]＜巴氏钝绥螨[Amblyseius(N.) barkeri]＜尼氏真绥螨(Euseius nicholsi),而对阿维·哒螨灵则为尼氏真绥螨＜胡瓜钝绥螨＜巴氏钝绥螨.     

虚伪钝绥螨的食性研究

在26℃恒温、相对湿度75％的条件下,虚伪钝绥螨取食朱砂叶螨、山楂叶螨和苹果叶螨的发育历期分别为6.08、6.68、6.54天,一生产卵总量分别为47.52、48.75、48.12粒。上述食料对虚伪钝绥螨的发育和生殖无明显差别。通过对22种植物花粉的筛选,证明其中18种花粉可使虚伪钝绥螨完成发育,12种可以使其产卵,而以苹果、桃的花粉最能满足虚伪钝绥螨的生育要求,如进一步明确这两种花粉对虚伪钝绥螨的后代生育能力无不良影响,就有可能用花粉来取代叶螨,在室内大量繁殖。     

31种中草药提取物对柑橘全爪螨的杀螨活性

室内测定了31种植物的乙醇提取物对柑橘全爪螨的杀螨活性。结果表明:小茴香等4种植物的活性较高,24 h校正死亡率大于90%;藁本等7种植物的活性中等,校正死亡率为60%~90%;其余植物提取物的校正死亡率在60%以下。进一步测定了4种植物提取物对柑橘全爪螨的雌成螨和卵的触杀毒力,表明:小茴香对柑橘全爪螨的毒力最高,LC50值分别为0.065 8 g/L和144.180 5 g/L,可以作为下一步的研究对象。     

6种杀螨剂对黄瓜新小绥螨和朱砂叶螨的选择毒力评价

采用叶片残毒法测定了6种田间常用杀螨剂对黄瓜新小绥螨［Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans)］和朱砂叶螨［Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval)］的毒力,并分析了这几种杀螨剂对这两种螨的选择毒力。结果表明：供试6种杀螨剂中甲氰菊酯与高效氟氯氰菊酯对黄瓜新小绥螨具有较强的毒力,对其成螨的LC50值分别为8.7和6.7 mg/L,且在对两种螨的毒力选择上表现为负向选择性,因此在释放黄瓜新小绥螨协同防治害螨时,需慎重选择使用。6种杀螨剂对两种螨的选择毒力大小依次为：哒螨灵>阿维菌素>炔螨特>毒死蜱>高效氟氯氰菊酯>甲氰菊酯,且哒螨灵对黄瓜新小绥螨的毒力最低,对其成螨的LC50值达到了593.7 mg/L,而阿维菌素对黄瓜新小绥螨成螨的LC50值为90.2 mg/L,对朱砂叶螨成螨的LC50值为17.8 mg/L。哒螨灵和阿维菌素具有较高的正向选择性,表明这两种杀螨剂在利用黄瓜新小绥螨及化学药剂协同防治朱砂叶螨中具有重要的应用价值。     

中国荔枝植绥螨种类及其利用价值

植绥螨是控制荔枝瘿螨及其他害螨的有效天敌。作者归纳了文献中记载的植绥螨共25种并调查与鉴定了我国荔枝园的植绥螨共4属14种,对重要种类的形态和习性作了简要描述,列出了属种检索表。江原钝绥螨和卵形真绥螨是荔枝上的优势种,是有利用价值的种类。     

中国南方水稻植绥螨简记

本文记述了我国南方水稻10种植绥螨,对它们的主要形态特征、分布和捕食习性作了简要的描述,列出分属、种检索表,并提出鳞纹钝绥螨和昌德里棘螨是控制水稻害螨的有效种类。     

联肼·乙螨唑对蔬菜优势叶螨产卵发育的影响及其田间防效

为明确新型复配杀螨剂联肼·乙螨唑对目前蔬菜田常发生的2种优势叶螨二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae和截形叶螨T. truncatus的杀螨活性,于室内采用离体叶碟法测定其对这2种叶螨产卵及发育的影响,于室外采用活体植株评价该药剂对2种叶螨的田间防效。结果表明,经复配杀螨剂联肼·乙螨唑及其单剂处理2种叶螨雌成螨24 h后,死亡率为20.50%～54.98%,均显著高于清水对照;联肼·乙螨唑处理较清水对照显著降低了2种叶螨卵发育至若螨期的比率,联肼·乙螨唑处理后二斑叶螨和截形叶螨的若螨率分别为4.91%和1.63%。田间试验中联肼·乙螨唑对2种叶螨具有一定的速效性,药后3 d对二斑叶螨和截形叶螨的防效分别达95.74%和89.83%,药后7 d防效分别为98.03%和99.44%,显示了优良的防控效果及持效性。表明复配杀螨剂联肼·乙螨唑可用于田间蔬菜优势叶螨种群的高效防控。     

二斑叶螨与朱砂叶螨种间竞争的研究

１９９７年４～６月对二斑叶螨与朱砂叶螨的种间竞争进行了研究。结果表明,无论单种种群还是混合种群,二斑叶螨的活动虫态和雌成虫的ｒｍ均高于朱砂叶螨。二斑叶螨具有更强的种间竞争能力,在该螨发生地极有可能取代朱砂叶螨而成为农田中的优势种。     

稻田跗线螨天敌—昌德里棘螨研究

作者在研究水稻(?)线螨中,发现其天敌—昌德里棘螨,进行了生物学、生态学方面的研究。该螨是福州跗线螨的天敌优势种。在23～31℃下发育速度快、繁殖率高、捕食力强,一只雌螨可日产卵6～7粒,一只成螨一生可捕食(?)线螨200～300只。     

Apple necrotic mosaic virus,a novel ilarvirus from mosaic-diseased apple trees in Japan and China

The causal agent of apple mosaic disease has been previously thought to be solely caused by apple mosaic virus (ApMV). In this study, we report that a novel ilarvirus is also associated with apple mosaic disease. Next-generation sequencing analysis of an apple tree showing mosaic symptoms revealed that the tree was infected with three apple latent viruses (apple stem pitting virus, apple stem grooving virus, and apple chlorotic leaf spot virus) and a novel ilarvirus (given the name apple necrotic mosaic virus (ApNMV)) that is closely related to Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) and ApMV. The genome of ApNMV consists of RNA1 (3378 nt), RNA2 (2767 nt), and RNA3 (1956 nt). A phylogenetic analysis based on the coat protein amino acid sequences indicated that the novel virus belongs to the same subgroup 3 of the genus Ilarvirus as PNRSV and ApMV. The presence of mosaic leaves, which tend to be unevenly distributed in diseased apple trees, was correlated with the internal distribution of ApNMV. RT-PCR detection of mosaic-diseased apple trees in Japan indicated that ApNMV was detected in apple trees introduced from China, whereas ApMV was detected from cultivated apple trees in domestic orchards. Consistent with these findings, a survey of mosaic-diseased apple trees in major apple-producing provinces in China revealed that the majority of apple trees showing mosaic symptoms in China are infected with ApNMV.     

Spatiotemporal variations in the growth status of declining wild apple trees in a narrow valley in the western Tianshan Mountains,China

Malus sieversii (wild apple tree), only distributed in the Tianshan Mountains in Central Asia, is a tertiary relic species and an ancestral species of cultivated apples. However, existing natural populations of wild apple trees have been declining. To date, spatiotemporal variations in the growth status of declining wild apple trees and influencing factors in the narrow valley areas in the Tianshan Mountains remain unclear. In this study, field investigation and sampling were carried out in three years (2016-2018) at four elevations (1300, 1400, 1500, and 1600 m) in the Qiaolakesai Valley (a typical longitudinal narrow valley in the Yili River Valley) of the western Tianshan Mountains in Xinyuan County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Projective coverage, dead branch percentage, and 18 twig traits (these 20 parameters were collectively referred to as plant traits) were determined to comprehensively reflect the growth status of declining wild apple trees. The values of dead branch percentage ranged from 36% to 59%, with a mean of 40%. Year generally showed higher impact on plant traits than elevation. In 2017 and 2018, projective coverage, leaf size, leaf nitrogen concentration, and nitrogen to phosphorous ratio were markedly higher than those in 2016. However, dead branch percentage and leaf and stem phosphorous concentrations showed the opposite trend. Most of the topological parameters of plant trait networks differed in the three years, but the strength of trait-trait association increased year by year. The mean difference between day and night temperatures (MDT), annual accumulative precipitation, soil electrical conductivity, and soil pH had the greatest impact on the plant trait matrix. The growth status of declining wild apple trees was directly and positively affected by MDT and leaf size. In conclusion, the growth of declining wild apple trees distributed in the narrow valley areas was more sensitive to interannual environmental changes than elevation changes. The results are of great significance for further revealing the decline mechanism of wild apple trees in the Tianshan Mountains.     

Seed and pollen transmission of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apple latent spherical virus</Emphasis> in apple

To examine whether Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) has spread among apple trees in an orchard, we surveyed 21 apple trees surrounding two ALSV-infected trees for virus infection using a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA). None of the 21 trees were infected, indicating that ALSV has not spread from the infected trees to the neighboring apple trees since it was first detected in 1984. We analyzed seed embryos and seedlings derived from infected trees and detected ALSV in 10 of 223 seed embryos (4.5%) and 10 of 227 seedlings (4.4%). From these results, we conclude that ALSV is seed-transmitted at a rate of ca. 4.5% in apple. We also analyzed seed embryos and seedlings from uninfected apple trees that were hand-pollinated with pollen from infected trees. We detected ALSV in only 1 of 260 seed embryos and in none of the 227 apple seedlings. This result indicated that the seed transmission rate via infected pollen is only 0–0.38%. In situ hybridization analysis of ALSV-infected apple flower buds showed that ALSV was present inside almost all pollen grains and in all ovary and ovule tissues, including the embryo sac and inner integument.     

Biological control of apple crown gall by nonpathogenic Rhizobium vitis strain VAR03-1

A nonpathogenic strain of Rhizobium vitis, VAR03-1, was tested as a biological control agent for crown gall of apple. When apple tree roots were soaked in a cell suspension of antagonists before planting in the field, treatment with VAR03-1 significantly reduced the number of plants with tumors and the disease severity. The inhibitory effects of treatment with VAR03-1 and the nonpathogenic R. rhizogenes strain K84, which is commercially used as a biological control agent throughout the world, on apple crown gall were almost identical. VAR03-1 was bacteriocinogenic, producing a halo of inhibition against two species of tumorigenic Rhizobium isolated from galled apple trees. Moreover, VAR03-1 established populations on roots of apple tree rootstock and persisted on roots for 437?days. This is the first report that the nonpathogenic R. vitis VAR03-1 effectively controls crown gall of apple.     

苹果脱毒技术研究进展

苹果（Malus pumila Mill.）普遍感染病毒。目前, 培育无病毒原种母本树, 建立用于繁殖接穗和营养系砧木的母本园, 栽植无病毒苗木, 是防治病毒病的根本措施。本文针对常见的4 种苹果病毒及1 种类病毒, 综述了茎尖培养、热处理、化学处理、微茎尖嫁接以及低温处理脱除苹果病毒方法的研究进展, 分析了不同方法的应用效果, 及所适合脱除的病毒种类, 以期为我国苹果病毒脱除技术研究提供参考信息。     

苹果园混合覆盖植物对害螨和东亚小花蝽的影响

苹果园种植紫花苜蓿，为捕食性天敌提供了适宜的生存环境和补充猎物，使苹果园天敌数量增加，叶螨种群下降。夏至草是苹果园杂草的优势种，该杂草可提供天敌生存所需的花粉、花蜜和猎物，使东亚小花蝽发生时间提早，发育速度加快。在６月中旬前，东亚小花蝽可在夏至草上完成２代，在紫花苜蓿上完成１代。夏至草与紫花苜蓿的比例变化影响苹果园节肢动物物种数量，当混合植被中夏至草的覆盖度大于２５％时，对覆盖植物和苹果树冠捕食性天敌种群数量最为有利。夏至草与紫花苜蓿混合（１∶４），比单一紫花苜蓿上天敌的数量增加２～３倍，苹果树冠天敌数量增加７０％，苹果叶螨种群数量降低３０％     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cylindrocarpon</Emphasis> species associated with apple tree roots in South Africa and their quantification using real-time PCR

Cylindrocarpon species are known to be a component of the pathogen/pest complex that incites apple replant disease. In South Africa, no information is available on apple associated Cylindrocarpon species and their pathogenicity. Therefore, these aspects were investigated. Among the isolates recovered from apple roots in South Africa, four species (C. destructans, C. liriodendri, C. macrodidymum and C. pauciseptatum) were identified using β-tubulin gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. This is the first report of C. liriodendri, C. macrodidymum and C. pauciseptatum on apple trees. Cylindrocarpon macrodidymum was the most prevalent. Isolates within each of the four species were pathogenic towards apple seedlings, but varied in their virulence. With a single exception, all isolates were able to induce lesion development on seedling roots. Only 57% of the isolates, which represented all four species, were able to cause a significant reduction in seedling weight and/or height. The greatest seedling growth reductions were caused by two isolates of C. destructans, and one isolate each of C. liriodendri and C. macrodidymum. A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method was developed for simultaneous detection of all four Cylindrocarpon species. qPCR analyses of Cylindrocarpon from the roots of inoculated seedlings showed that the amount of Cylindrocarpon DNA in roots was not correlated to seedling growth reductions (weight and height) or root rot. The qPCR method is, however, very useful for the rapid identification of apple associated Cylindrocarpon species in roots. The technique may also hold potential for being indicative of Cylindrocarpon disease potential if rhizosphere soil rather than roots are used.     

新疆伊犁与哈萨克斯坦新疆野苹果[Malus sieversii(Ledeb.)Roem.]种群年龄结构

人类活动和自然环境的胁迫加速了中亚地区新疆野苹果[Malus sieversii(Ledeb.)Roem.]种群栖息环境的丧失,新疆野苹果种群面积和生存力趋于下降。本文以第三纪孑遗植物新疆野苹果(M. sieversii)为研究对象,野外系统调查新疆野苹果种群的生存现状,比较新疆伊犁和哈萨克斯坦分布的新疆野苹果种群年龄结构及果实产量,对两地当前新疆野苹果种群变化进行了分析。研究结果显示：当前伊犁地区和20世纪70年代哈萨克斯坦新疆野苹果种群的龄级结构主要以中龄(15~50 cm)树为主,而幼龄(0~15 cm)与老龄(50~75 cm)树较少。1969年和1970年哈萨克斯坦的新疆野苹果种群生存力最弱,种群为衰退型(Deevey-Ⅲ),但其产量较高;2016年和2017年伊犁的新疆野苹果种群生存力相对较弱,种群趋于衰退(Deevey-Ⅲ),产量较低;2013年哈萨克斯坦新疆野苹果种群生存力相对最强,种群最稳定(Deevey-Ⅱ);幼龄个体的缺乏是新疆野苹果种群趋于衰退的关键因子。目前在哈萨克斯坦新疆野苹果保护区内需进行适当放牧干扰,以扩大种子的传播,提高种子的萌发;新疆地区以建立保护区为主,杜绝新疆野苹果的采收和降低野果林内的割草强度,以保护幼苗的生存数量,提高新疆野苹果的种子库,加快新疆野苹果种群更新。     

Crab apple blossoms as a model for research on biological control of fire blight

ABSTRACT Nonseasonal availability of pomaceous flowers could improve laboratory detection and prefield testing of biocontrol agents for fire blight of pear and apple. Crab apple was selected as a model because of its high flower productivity on 1-year-old wood, high susceptibility to fire blight, and availability from nurseries. Cultivars Manchurian and Snowdrift were manipulated to bloom once by transferring dormant nursery trees from a cold room to a greenhouse and a second time by defoliating trees and applying 1% cytokinin and 0.1% gibberellins to the buds with a brush. Different sets of trees were induced at different times to bloom, so that flowers were produced 12 months in the year. When known bacterial antagonists (Erwinia herbicola strain C9-1 and Pseudomonas fluorescens strain A506) were applied alone or in combination to the stigmas of detached crab apple blossoms prior to inoculation with the pathogen (E. amylovora strain Ea153), population interactions over time were comparable to those reported in previous studies involving pear or apple. In a subsequent series of experiments, the relative effects of 12 bacterial strains on stigmatic populations of strain Ea153 were similar for detached blossoms of crab apple in the laboratory, blossoms of intact crab apple trees in the greenhouse, and blossoms of pear and apple in the field. Additionally, when stigmas of detached crab apple blossoms were inoculated with antagonists (strains C9-1 and A506) and the pathogen, and later subjected to a 24-h wetting period, bacterial populations in the flower hypanthium increased and disease was suppressed. These studies indicate that crab apple blossoms can serve as a suitable model for year-round evaluation and study of biocontrol agents for fire blight.