Cbfal对成骨细胞调控作用的研究进展

核心结合因子α1（Cbfal），是成骨细胞发生和分化的特异性转录因子。Cbfal／p56能激活T细胞特异性基因表达，Cbfal／1357的超表达能诱导多潜能间充质干细胞向成骨细胞表型分化，并激活骨钙蛋白、Ⅰ型胶原蛋白、骨桥蛋白、骨唾液蛋白等成骨基因转录。Cbfal基因反义寡核苷酸则阻止OB分化和骨化形成，如果Cbfal基因缺失，将导致形成以破骨细胞、软骨细胞和软骨组织为主而缺乏成骨细胞的骨骼系统。骨形态发生蛋白、转移生长因子、肿瘤坏死因子α、成纤维细胞生长因子2、甲状旁腺激素、糖皮质激素地塞米松和1，25（OH）2D3等因子可上调或抑制Cbfal的表达，在骨的发育和组织钙化过程中起着重要的调节作用。     

成骨细胞的研究进展

成骨细胞在骨代谢中发挥了的重要作用,其分化成熟、功能活动及凋亡对骨骼形成与矿化的程度都发挥着重要的调控作用。然而骨细胞的形成、分化与凋亡过程受到很多因素的影响与调控,如遗传因素、激素水平及细胞调控因子等。作者主要根据国内外学者研究报道对成骨细胞的功能,激素及调控因子对其增殖与分化的调控进行综述。     

多不饱和脂肪酸调控基因表达的分子机制的研究进展

本文综述了多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFA) ,尤其是n 3系的PUFA ,可以降低脂肪酸以甘油三酯形式的沉积 ,同时促进脂肪酸氧化和葡萄糖合成糖原。其具体机制是PUFA通过激活过氧化物酶体活化增生因子受体α (PPARα)来控制氧化途径过程中的基因表达 ,而对脂肪合成途径中有关基因的抑制则是通过降低能传递胰岛素和碳水化合物信息的转录因子与DNA的亲和力和转录因子的核内丰度。尤其是PUFA抑制了类固醇调控单元结合蛋白 1 (SREBP 1 )的核内丰度和表达 ,降低了核因子Y (NF Y)、Spl和肝核因子 4(HNF 4)与DNA的亲和力     

多不饱和脂肪酸调控基因表达分子机制的研究进展

本文综述了多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA），尤其是n-3系的PUFA，可降低脂肪酸以甘油三酯形式的沉积，同时促进脂酸氧化和葡萄糖合成糖原，其具体机制是PUFA通过激活性氧化物酶体活化增生因子受体α（PPARα）来控制氧化过程中的基因表达，而其对脂肪合成途径中有关基因的抑制则是通过降低能传递胰岛素和碳水化合物信息的转录因子与DNA的亲和力和转录因子的核内丰度。尤其是PUFA抑制了类固醇调控单元结合蛋白－1（SREBP－1）的核内丰度和表达，降低了核因子Y（NF－Y）、Sp1和肝核因子－4（HNF－4）与DNA的亲和力。     

胰岛素样生长因子-1对奶牛成骨细胞增殖及分化的影响

研究了外源性胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)对体外培养的奶牛成骨细胞增殖、分化及矿化的影响。应用组织块移行法分离奶牛成骨细胞,姬姆萨染色及碱性磷酸酶(ALP)染色进行鉴定。MTT法检测不同质量浓度IGF-1对成骨细胞增殖的影响,比色法检测及放射免疫法(RIA)分别测定细胞基质ALP活性及骨钙素(OC)水平,评价细胞分化功能。结果显示,1～200μg/LIGF-1均能促进奶牛成骨细胞增殖,100μg/L组具有最大刺激效应,且IGF-1干预组细胞光密度值(D值)从第1天到第5天逐渐增加,第7天降低。与对照组相比,10μg/L与100μg/LIGF-1均可显著增强ALP活性及OC水平,增幅达20%～180%(P0.05或者P0.01)。结果表明,IGF-1是奶牛成骨细胞增殖和分化代谢促进剂,因此推测IGF-1可以成为动物骨代谢性疾病潜在治疗手段。     

黑色素细胞相关调控因子研究进展

黑色素细胞是皮肤组织中的一种特殊细胞,黑色素细胞能够产生黑色素并且传递给周围的角质细胞。黑色素传递并停留在这些角质细胞中,能够防止光线辐射对染色体产生损伤,对细胞产生一定的保护作用。黑色素的合成受到许多复杂的调控因子的调控,小眼畸形转录因子在调控黑色素的合成及黑色素细胞的迁移和生存起着非常重要的作用。在小鼠中,干细胞因子或者是它的感受器c-Kit的突变会导致黑色素细胞异常表型。黑色素细胞通过福斯匹林和α黑色素细胞刺激素与黑素皮质素受体结合刺激黑色素的生成;刺鼠信号蛋白会抑制酪氨酸蛋白酶的活性,进而减少黑色素的产量。WNT信号对于神经嵴细胞分化为黑色素细胞有影响,影响黑色素细胞的数量进而影响黑色素的产量。促肝细胞生长素是酪氨酸激酶的感受器,能够促进和保持黑色素细胞产生黑色素的活性。控制合成内皮缩血管肽的受体及配体EDN3的基因的突变会导致黑色素细胞的缺失。     

补骨脂水提液对成骨细胞OPG-RANKL mRNA表达的影响

为了探讨补骨脂水提液对体外培养大鼠成骨细胞核因子-KB受体活化因子配体(RANKL)和骨保护素(OPG) mR-NA表达的影响,选取出生24 h内的SD大鼠颅盖骨,依次用胰酶和胶原酶消化分离培养成骨细胞,用不同浓度的补骨脂水提液(10-1,1.0 mg/mL和10 mg/mL)作用第三代细胞,分别在药物作用24、48 h和72 h后提取细胞总RNA,用实时荧光定量PCR法检测细胞中RANKL和OPG mRNA.结果显示,补骨脂水提液各浓度均能不同程度地促进成骨细胞OPG mRNA的表达、抑制RANKLmRNA的表达,从而上调OPG/RANKL mRNA比值,其中1.0 mg/mL和10 mg/mL的补骨脂水提液作用显著.说明补骨脂水提液通过调节成骨细胞分泌OPG和RANKL的量来促进骨形成、抑制骨吸收,从而治疗骨质疏松.     

共激活因子PGC-1α的研究进展

共调节因子通过与特定转录因子结合进而调节下游靶基因的表达。该文综述了共激活因子PGC-1α的分子结构特征及表达模式,介绍了该因子在适应性产热、线粒体生物合成、肌肉类型转换、肝脏糖异生和脂肪酸氧化等生理调控方面的研究进展。     

酪蛋白酶解物与胎儿宫内发育迟缓

胎儿宫内发育迟缓(Intrauterinegrowthretardation,IUGR)会阻碍动物和人的生长发育,一直是畜牧兽医学和人医等学科的难题。本文综述了酪蛋白酶解物的生物学功能,及其在IUGR补偿生长方面应用的可能性,提出酪蛋白酶解物可能对IUGR的治疗有重要意义,具有良好的应用前景。     

猪宫内生长迟缓及其防治研究进展

宫内生长迟缓(IUGR)是养猪生产中的主要问题之一。由于胎源性调控效应,胎儿生长受阻可降低新生仔猪的成活率,永久性阻碍仔猪的生长,降低饲料转化率和危害其身体健康。并对体组成和肉质产生不利影响。认识IUGR的发生机制对预防其发生,提高机体健康状况,从而提高生产性能具有重要意义。开展多学科交叉的创新研究,对设计新一代营养平衡的妊娠日粮、发展新型的管理方案将发挥重要作用。     

Board-invited review: intrauterine growth retardation: implications for the animal sciences

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), defined as impaired growth and development of the mammalian embryo/fetus or its organs during pregnancy, is a major concern in domestic animal production. Fetal growth restriction reduces neonatal survival, has a permanent stunting effect on postnatal growth and the efficiency of feed/forage utilization in offspring, negatively affects whole body composition and meat quality, and impairs long-term health and athletic performance. Knowledge of the underlying mechanisms has important implications for the prevention of IUGR and is crucial for enhancing the efficiency of livestock production and animal health. Fetal growth within the uterus is a complex biological event influenced by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors, as well as maternal maturity. These factors impact on the size and functional capacity of the placenta, uteroplacental blood flows, transfer of nutrients and oxygen from mother to fetus, conceptus nutrient availability, the endocrine milieu, and metabolic pathways. Alterations in fetal nutrition and endocrine status may result in developmental adaptations that permanently change the structure, physiology, metabolism, and postnatal growth of the offspring. Impaired placental syntheses of nitric oxide (a major vasodilator and angiogenic factor) and polyamines (key regulators of DNA and protein synthesis) may provide a unified explanation for the etiology of IUGR in response to maternal undernutrition and overnutrition. There is growing evidence that maternal nutritional status can alter the epigenetic state (stable alterations of gene expression through DNA methylation and histone modifications) of the fetal genome. This may provide a molecular mechanism for the role of maternal nutrition on fetal programming and genomic imprinting. Innovative interdisciplinary research in the areas of nutrition, reproductive physiology, and vascular biology will play an important role in designing the next generation of nutrient-balanced gestation diets and developing new tools for livestock management that will enhance the efficiency of animal production and improve animal well being.     

日粮添加姜黄素对宫内发育迟缓断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道组织形态的影响

为了解姜黄素对宫内发育迟缓(intrauterine growth retardation,IUGR)断奶仔猪肠道组织形态和生长发育的影响,选取16头正常初生体重(normal birth weight, NBW)仔猪和16头IUGR仔猪,公母各半;26日龄断奶,分别饲喂基础日粮或姜黄素日粮(基础日粮+400 mg/kg姜黄素),即N(NBW+基础日粮)、NC(NBW+姜黄素日粮)、I(IUGR+基础日粮)和IC(IUGR+姜黄素日粮),每组8头,饲养至50日龄屠宰取样。结果显示:日粮添加姜黄素可以显著降低肠道隐窝深度(CD)(P0.05),显著升高肠道长度以及十二指肠绒毛高度(VH)和绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值(VCR)、空肠回肠VH和VCR的值(P0.05),显著提高干物质、粗蛋白、脂肪和总能量的表观消化率(P0.05);日粮添加姜黄素还可以提高肠道二糖酶活性、回肠黏膜胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-1)的含量以及IGF-1 mRNA表达量,增加肠道绒毛、微绒毛长度。提示:姜黄素可以改善IUGR断奶仔猪的肠道组织形态和消化吸收功能,促进生长发育。     

Effects of dietary dihydroartemisinin supplementation on growth performance,hepatic inflammation,and lipid metabolism in weaned piglets with intrauterine growth retardation

The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with dihydroartemisinin (DHA) on growth performance, hepatic inflammation, and lipid metabolism in intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR)‐affected weaned piglets. Eight piglets with normal birth weight (NBW) and 16 IUGR‐affected piglets were selected and fed either a basal diet (NBW and IUGR groups) or the basal diet supplemented with 80 mg/kg DHA (IUGR‐DHA group) from 21 to 49 day of age. Blood and liver samples were collected on day 49. DHA supplementation significantly alleviated the compromised growth performance and liver damage in IUGR‐affected piglets. Additionally, DHA supplementation decreased the activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, as well as the serum levels of non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA), very‐low‐density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol. In the liver, the concentrations of interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, triglycerides, and NEFA were decreased. Fatty acid synthesis was decreased by DHA supplementation, whereas the activities of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, and total lipase were increased. Dietary DHA supplementation led to upregulation of the expression of AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway‐related genes, whereas that of inflammatory factor‐related genes were downregulated. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of 80 mg/kg DHA can alleviate IUGR‐induced impairments in piglets.     

藏北高原气候变化与植被生长状况

概述了近年来对西藏藏北地区气候变化与植被生长状况的研究进展.总结发现,藏北的那曲地区总体在向暖湿方向发展,有利于植被生长和生态环境的改善;阿里地区则有暖干化发展趋势,对牧草的生长有不利影响.诸多气候因子--最低气温、水汽压、平均气温、最高气温和降水量等对植被生长均有一定的影响.对藏北高原植被变化的研究表明,牧草都呈现出...     

Dietary bile acid supplementation in weaned piglets with intrauterine growth retardation improves colonic microbiota,metabolic activity,and epithelial function

Background Intrauterine growth retardation(IUGR) is one of the major constraints in animal production. Our previous study showed that piglets with IUGR are associated with abnormal bile acid(BA) metabolism. This study explored whether dietary BA supplementation could improve growth performance and colonic development, function, microbiota, and metabolites in the normal birth weight(NBW) and IUGR piglets. A total of 48 weaned piglets(24 IUGR and 24 NBW) were allocated to four groups(12 piglets pe...     

An intrauterine catch‐up growth regimen increases food intake and post‐natal growth in rats

Nutritional conditions during the intrauterine stage are an important developmental programming factor that can affect the growth and metabolic status during foetal development and permanently alter the phenotypes of newborn offspring and adults. This study was performed to examine the effects of intrauterine catch‐up growth (IUCG) on food intake, post‐natal body growth and the metabolic status of offspring and growing rats. Control pregnant rats were fed ad libitum during the entire gestation period. For the IUCG regimen, pregnant rats were fed 50% of the food of the controls from pregnancy days 4 through 11 (8 days), followed by ad libitum feeding from pregnancy days 12 through parturition. The birth weight of offspring was not affected by the IUCG regimen. At weaning, offspring from each treatment group were assigned to two groups and given either a normal diet or high‐fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks until 103 days of age. In the normal diet group, the IUCG offspring showed a 9.0% increase (P < 0.05) in total food intake, were 11.2% heavier (p < 0.05) at 103 days of age and had an 11.0% greater (p < 0.05) daily weight gain compared with control offspring. The IUCG regimen did not affect body glucose and lipid metabolism. After exposure to the HFD, the IUCG regimen has not exacerbated metabolic disorders. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the IUCG nutritional regimen during pregnancy can increase the food intake and post‐natal body growth of offspring without inducing metabolic disorders such as obesity and insulin resistance. The IUCG nutritional regimen might be used to improve the food intake and post‐natal body growth of domestic animals.