饲料中芝麻粕替代豆粕对凡纳滨对虾生长和体组成的影响

本实验旨在研究饲料中芝麻粕替代豆粕对凡纳滨对虾生长和体组成的影响。选用初始体重约0.4g/尾的凡纳滨对虾(litopenaus wannamei)虾苗,以不添加芝麻粕的配合饲料作为对照组G0,用芝麻粕等量替代豆粕,分别添加3%、6%、9%、12%,配制成5种等氮等能对虾实验饲料,饲喂56天,研究饲料中不同水平的芝麻粕对凡纳滨对虾生长性能和体组成的影响。实验结果表明:当在饲料中芝麻粕用量不高于9%时,对凡纳滨对虾的生长性能、虾体组成无显著性影响(P0.05),且以6%添加组的生长效果最佳;当在饲料中添加12%的芝麻粕替代豆粕时,对虾生长性能显著下降(P0.05),对虾体组分也有显著差异,全虾粗蛋白含量和尾肌肉粗脂肪含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。综合实验结果可得:芝麻粕是一种可以应用在凡纳滨对虾配合饲料中的蛋白原料,本实验条件下,芝麻粕的最宜添加量为6%,即等量替代28.57%的豆粕。     

芝麻粕代替豆粕对产蛋鸡和肉鸡的影响

芝麻粕代替豆粕对产蛋鸡和肉鸡的影响■朱钦龙译自《科学饲料》１９９６，（１），１２分析表明，芝麻粕的赖氨酸含量比豆粕低，但蛋氨酸的含量比豆粕高，其他的氨基酸组成相接近。然而，在家禽饲料中几乎不使用芝麻粕。为了充分利用芝麻粕这一蛋白源（蛋白质含量４７．１...     

芝麻粕营养特性及其在动物饲料中的应用

当前,我国在蛋白质饲料资源紧缺的国情下,充分开发并有效利用非常规蛋白原料是摆在饲料从业者面前的一项积极任务。粗蛋白含量45%以上的芝麻粕,含有多种动物机体必需氨基酸,且氨基酸种类和组成与等蛋白豆粕相当,是优质植物蛋白源。本文综述了芝麻粕的营养特性,在动物饲料(鸡饲料、猪饲料、水产饲料)中的应用以及限制芝麻粕在动物饲料中利用的因素:外观和气味、蛋白溶解度和灰分、植酸草酸与单宁,以期为芝麻粕的有效开发利用提供参考。     

各种加工副产品的化学成分及其对瘤胃内In situ消化率的影响

为了开发TMR饲料的原料资源,对10余种副产品的化学成分、重金属含量及In situ DM消失率进行了研究,结果表明：酒精粕、麦芽皮、柑橘渣可作为能量饲料;木炭、咖啡粕、灵芝粕可作为粗纤维饲料,芝麻粕可作为蛋白质饲料,而啤酒糟可以成为反刍动物良好的蛋白质和粗纤维来源。同时所有测定的副产品的Cr、Hg、Pb和Cd等重金属的含量都在安全范围之内。另外,饲料在瘤胃内的分解常数“a”值以木炭和酒精粕最高,咖啡粕、麦芽皮及芝麻粕等次之,而灵芝粕和啤酒糟最低。“b”值以羽扇豆皮和啤酒糟最高,其次是酒精粕、麦芽皮和芝麻粕,木炭最低。ED值以酒精粕最高,其次是麦芽皮、木炭、羽扇豆皮及咖啡粕,而灵芝粕最低。     

酵母菌发酵植物粕类饲料研究进展

养殖业的迅速发展使蛋白质饲料缺口不断拉大,豆粕、菜籽粕、花生粕等植物粕类饲料资源丰富且富含蛋白质,可以作为蛋白饲料源开发和利用。但是植物粕类的抗营养因子会对动物机体产生不良影响。通过微生物发酵技术降解粕类饲料中的抗营养因子,提高粕类饲料的利用率,可以极大的缓解饲料缺口。本文主要概述了酵母菌发酵豆粕、菜籽粕、棉籽粕、棕榈粕、花生粕、芝麻粕、油茶粕这几类植物粕类的研究进展,旨在为酵母菌发酵植物粕类技术的开发利用提供参考。     

去盲肠鸡和未去盲肠鸡测定花生粕、胡麻粕、芝麻粕氨基酸消化率的研究

分别用２４只去盲肠和未去盲肠健康公鸡，测定了花生粕、胡麻粕和芝麻粕的氨基酸消化率。结果表明：去盲肠鸡内源氨基酸排泄量显著高于未去盲肠鸡（Ｐ＜０．０５）；在花生粕中，胱氨酸、赖氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸的ＡＡＤ未去盲肠鸡显著高于去盲肠鸡（Ｐ＜０．０５）；在胡麻粕和芝麻粕中，除酪氨酸和脯氨酸外，其它各种氨基酸及１６种氨基酸总和的ＡＡＡＤ和ＴＡＡＤ未去盲肠鸡显著高于去盲肠鸡（Ｐ＜０．０５）。鸡盲肠微生物对内源及饲料中未消化蛋白质、多肽及氨基酸具有分解作用，干扰饲料ＡＡＡＤ和ＴＡＡＤ测定。对于不易消化、氨基酸含量相对不平衡的低品质蛋白质饲料干扰尤其严重。在测定的３种饼粕中，花生粕氨基酸消化率最高，胡麻粕次之。过度热处理的芝麻粕氨基酸平均消化率为４７．３％，赖氨酸消化率为２１．７％。     

不同来源蛋白质饲料瘤胃降解特性研究

文章旨在研究豆粕、牡丹籽粕、棉籽粕、棕榈粕、啤酒糟、豆渣、味精渣、玉米酒精糟（DDGS）、芝麻饼粕和葵花饼共10种蛋白质饲料原料的瘤胃降解特性。试验选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的鲁西牛×利木赞杂交牛为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法测定10种蛋白质饲料的干物质（DM）、粗蛋白质（CP）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）瘤胃降解率。结果表明：味精渣DM有效降解率最高,芝麻饼粕最低,各原料间差异显著（P <0.05）;CP有效降解率为棉籽粕>牡丹籽粕>豆粕>味精渣>豆渣> DDGS>葵花粕>啤酒糟>棕榈粕>芝麻饼粕,各原料间显著差异（P <0.05）;味精渣、棉籽粕和豆粕的NDF有效降解率较高,棕榈粕、啤酒糟和芝麻饼粕较低,各原料间差异显著（P <0.05）;味精渣ADF有效降解率最高,其次为豆粕、棉籽粕和牡丹籽粕,均显著高于其他原料（P <0.05）。综上所述,不同来源蛋白质饲料具有不同的瘤胃降解特性,采用隶属函数进行综合营养评价,排序为味精渣>豆粕>棉籽粕> DDGS>牡丹籽粕>...     

β-甘露聚糖酶的结构、特性及其在畜禽生产中的应用

甘露聚糖广泛存在于豆粕、棕榈仁粕和芝麻粕等植物性饲料中,畜禽采食后会增加消化道内食糜黏度,降低饲粮的营养物质消化利用率。β-甘露聚糖酶可水解甘露聚糖生成甘露糖单元,其在畜禽饲粮中添加可补充内源消化酶的不足,消除和降解饲料原料中的抗营养因子,从而提高饲料转化利用效率,改善动物生长性能。本文就β-甘露聚糖酶的酶学特性及其在畜禽生产中的应用进行综述,为β-甘露聚糖酶在畜禽饲料中的应用推广提供参考和理论依据。     

瘤胃非降解蛋白小肠消化率测定方法及影响因素的研究

本试验采用移动尼龙袋法、原始的三步体外法和改进的三步体外法测定了不同产地10种饲料的瘤胃非降解蛋白(R UP)小肠消化率,并对体外法测定结果与移动尼龙袋法测定结果做相关分析,旨在研究产地对不同饲料RUP小肠消化率的影响及寻找替代移动尼龙袋法测定饲料RUP小肠消化率的简便方法。试验材料选用不同产地豆粕、葵花粕、棉粕、菜粕、芝麻粕、大麦、麦麸、玉米、米糠、米糠粕。选用3头带有永久性瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠瘘管奶牛(体况良好,体重相似),瘤胃降解试验和移动尼龙袋试验均采用3×3拉丁方设计。结果表明:产地对豆粕、芝麻粕、大麦、麦麸、米糠粕、玉米RUP小肠消化率有影响。改进三步体外法与移动尼龙袋法测定结果强相关(R2=0.8089,P<0.05)。改进的三步体外法替代移动尼龙袋法测定R UP小肠消化率是可行的。     

棕榈仁粕在动物饲料中的应用研究

在一些常规饲料原料价格急剧飙升的今天,棕榈仁粕作为一种非常规能量饲料原料日益受到饲料养殖企业的重视,棕榈仁粕以其粗蛋白、粗脂肪、能量含量高等特点在畜禽饲料中的应用日渐广泛。文章对棕榈仁粕在动物饲料中的应用进展做一综述。     

常用精料干物质和脂肪在瘤胃中降解规律的研究

本试验用尼龙袋技术测定了肉牛常用精料玉米、芝麻饼、菜籽粕、豆粕、棉籽粕、油葵粕、棉籽饼、大豆和鸡杂的干物质和脂肪在瘤胃中的降解率。结果表明,４８小时的大豆干物质降解率最高,达９６．８％,其次是大豆粕、玉米和芝麻饼,分别为８９．３％,８９．０％、８８．４％,再次是菜籽粕、棉籽粕和棉籽饼,分别为７９．２％、７８．４％和７７．６％。鸡杂的干物质降解率为６６．５％,在所测定的样品中最低。４８小时的棉籽粕、菜籽粕、大豆和大豆粕的脂肪降解率最高,分别为９８．９％、９８．７％、９８．５％、９６．９％。其次是棉籽饼、芝麻饼、鸡杂、油葵饼和玉米,分别为９３．７％、８９．７％、８８．６％、８８．３％、８３．６％。尽管鸡杂是动物性饲料,但４８小时的脂肪降解率与其它植物性饲料的脂肪降解率差别并不大。     

芝麻品种、制油工艺及其对芝麻饼粕品质的影响

芝麻饼粕是重要的植物性蛋白质原料,其质量的好坏取决于生产原料和生产工艺。文章就生产芝麻饼粕的原料、制油工艺及其对芝麻饼粕品质的影响作一简述。     

Effects of Wheat and Fermented Sesame Meal on Growth Performance，Meat Quality and Serum Biochemical Indexes in Broilers

This study was to investigate the effects of different proportions of wheat and fermented sesame meal on growth performance,meat quality and serum biochemical indexes in broilers under the condition of adding exogenous enzymes in the diet.A total of 520 21-day-old broilers （fast）with an average body weight of （330±10）g were randomly assigned to 5 groups with 4 replicates in each group and each replicate contained 26 broilers. Broilers in the 5 groups were fed experimental diets containing 0 (control group),20% wheat +5% fermented sesame meal （group Ⅰ）,40% wheat +10% fermented sesame meal （group Ⅱ）,20% wheat + soybean meal （group Ⅲ） and 40% wheat + soybean meal （group Ⅳ）,respectively.The pre-test period lasted for 3 days and the trial period lasted for 34 days.The results showed that compared with the control group,the ADG in groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ was significantly decreased by 9.40%,7.15%,8.87%,5.46% （P＜0.05）,respectively,while the ADFI and F/G showed no significant differences （P＞0.05）.There were no significant differences on meat quality among all experimental groups（P＞0.05）, respectively, but group Ⅱ had better meat quality than others.Compared with the control group,the content of alanine aminotransferase in serum in groups Ⅲ, Ⅳ was significantly decreased by 30.10%,25.36% （P＜0.05）,but there were no significant differences in the contents of total protein,urea nitrogen and aspartate aminotransferase in serum in all experimental groups（P＞0.05）.In conclusion,under the experimental conditions,adding appropriate proportions of wheat and sesame meal could replace part of the corn and soybean meal in the diet,and the better supplementation level of wheat and fermented sesame meal was 40% and 10%,respectively.     

Substitution of plant protein for fish meal in the diet of laying ducks

Fish meal is a good source of protein feed that can be used to get a high production yield even though it has a comparatively higher price. Plant protein has been found to substitute for fish meal without any adverse effect on production as well as helping to reduce feed cost. Moreover, it is not necessary for a level more than 5% fish meal in the diet of laying ducks. One type of plant protein is soybean meal, considered one of the most valuable sources of vegetable protein and whose amino acid composition is comparable to that of milk protein. In a soybean meal, the first limiting amino acid is methionine. Soybean meal can substitute for fish meal in laying ducks' diet but supplementation of methionine and lysine is recommended. Since sesame meal is rich in methionine and agrinine, 50% of soybean meal can be replaced by sesame meal without adverse effects. Leucaena leaf meal is also a valuable source of protein (26%) and carotenoids but it also has a toxic amino acid (mimosine). However, soaking leucaena leaf meal in water can remove the toxic amino acid and can be used, together with added methionine and lysine, as 10% of the diet for laying ducks.     

鸭饲料表观代谢能和真代谢能值测定

选用80只成年北京公鸭,测定了进口鱼粉、鸭肠粉、鸭血粉、皮革粉、鸭毛粉、玉米蛋白粉、黄豆、豌豆、玉米胚芽粕、棉粕、高粱酒糟、葵花饼、芝麻粕、高粱、大麦、稻谷、次粉、米糠共计18种饲料原料的表观代谢能(AME)和真代谢能(TME),排空、收集期为36h,强饲量为50g。     

不同方法测定瘤胃非降解蛋白质小肠消化率及相关性分析

本试验分别采用移动尼龙袋法、改进三步体外法、原始三步体外法和酸性洗涤不溶氮(ADIN)估测法测定13种精料的瘤胃非降解蛋白质(RUP)小肠消化率,并对移动尼龙袋法与其他方法的测定结果进行相关性分析,同时对常规营养成分和RUP小肠消化率作回归分析,旨在寻找替代移动尼龙袋法测定RUP小肠消化率更简单快速的方法.试验采用单因素试验设计,选取3头装有永久瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠T型瘘管的奶牛.结果表明:移动尼龙袋法测得的豆粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕、葵花粕、芝麻粕、玉米胚芽粕、玉米、米糠、米糠粕、米糠饼、大麦、麦麸和玉米麸质饲料的RUP小肠消化率分别为98.13％、87.37％、88.47％、82.60％、85.73％、75.40％、93.23％、69.27％、77.83％、92.10％、91.27％、72.37％和79.03％.改进三步体外法测定结果与移动尼龙袋法测定结果的相关系数为0.8383;原始三步体外法测定结果与移动尼龙袋法测定结果的相关系数为0.7899;ADIN估测法预测结果与移动尼龙袋法测定结果无显著相关(P＞0.05);饲料RUP小肠消化率与饲料常规营养成分含量显著相关(P＜0.05).改进三步体外法比原始三步体外法替代移动尼龙袋法测定饲料RUP小肠消化率效果更好.应用体外法替代移动尼龙袋法测定蛋白质饲料RUP小肠消化率比测定能量饲料RUP小肠消化率效果更好.用饲料的常规营养成分含量可较好地预测RUP小肠消化率.     

Sunflower meal as a major vegetable protein source in layers' ration.

An experiment was conducted with Starcross layers to evaluate the replacement value of sunflower meal (SFM) for cotton seed meal (CSM) and sesame meal (SM). The birds (aged 24 weeks) were given 4 isonitrogenous and isocaloric rations containing 0, 5, 10 and 15% dehulled sunflower meal. The substitution of SFM for CSM and SM did not generally affect the egg production, feed consumption, feed conversion nor did it have any effect on the quality of eggs as measured by Haugh Units (HU) and yolk index. Egg shell thickness, however, improved by increasing dietary levels of SFM. The feed costs per hen were generally lower for the SFM group since SFM was cheaper than CSM and SM.     

Metabolic and economic efficiency of broiler chicks as affected by dietary protein levels.

1. An experiment was designed to determine if decreasing excess amino acids in the diets of chicks would improve metabolic efficiency, as indicated by growth rate and food efficiency. 2. Semi-purified diets were fed with crude protein contents of 180 or 230 g/kg. The sources of protein were maize gluten meal, groundnut meal, sesame meal or soya-bean meal. Crystalline amino acids were supplemented to meet all amino acid requirements. 3. The dietary crude protein content had no statistically significant effect on weight gain or food consumption. The probability that the higher protein improved gain per food was 0.06. Protein source had a significant effect on all the responses measured. 4. Decreased concentrations of excess amino acids in chick diets had no favourable effects on weight gain or gain per food. Lower protein diets were more expensive per unit of gain.     

体外持续发酵法评定反刍动物饲料干物质和蛋白质降解率的研究

研究成功了新持续发酵人工瘤胃装置和方法。研究了该法评定饲料干物质和蛋白质降解率的影响因素及稳定性;测定了6种饲料的干物质和蛋白质降解率并与瘤胃尼龙袋法进行了比较。结果表明该法的稳定性良好,发酵罐内瘤胃液和缓冲液各400ml,缓冲液对发酵罐内容物的稀释率0.0221/小时为宜。用持续发酵法测定的饲料干物质和蛋白质降解率估测瘤胃尼龙袋法降解率的回归式如下: 干物质 Y=-9.38+1.11x r=0.9557,n=6 蛋白质 Y=-1.40+1.01x r=0.9940,n=6