森林生态系统林木生长与耗水研究进展

森林生态系统林木的生长和耗水是森林水分利用的研究重点,对当前推进节水林发展、抗旱树种筛选具有重要意义。文章对森林生态系统林木生长的研究方法进行了综述,指出常见的林木生长方法有普通测定法、年轮法、树木径向变化记录仪等,并对3个林木生长模型(全林分模型、径阶分布模型、单木生长模型)的优劣和使用范围进行了比较;从叶片尺度、单株尺度、林分尺度和区域尺度分别比较了林木耗水方法的差异和优劣。通过综述,确定各方法的优劣和使用范围,以更好的指导科学实验,得出精确结果。     

林木耗水性研究述评

系统阐述了林木耗水研究的意义,介绍了林木耗水的概念,辨析了现实耗水性与潜在耗水性的区别及其应用条件,探讨了林木耗水与水分利用的含义,综述了林木耗水研究的方法,重点介绍了林木个体与群体耗水的研究方法及其应用条件。     

最佳效益择伐径级确定方法的研究

异龄林的森林成熟与同龄林不同,不是林分成熟,而是林分中个体林木的相继成熟,个体林木在什么样的径级采伐才能获得最佳经济效果是研究的中心。坚持最佳效益径级采伐是提高森林培育速度,乃至提高木林质量和价值的重要手段。     

不同抚育强度对兴安落叶松人工林的影响

对兴安盟北部林区兴安落叶松人工林林分密度对林木的胸径生长、材积生长的影响进行研究,充分了解不同抚育强度条件下兴安落叶松人工林林分结构变化,认识林木个体与群体和林分间的相互影响、制约和联系的作用规律,从而可以借助于人为措施合理调控经营密度,优化林分结构,使林分内个体间由于对生活因子的争夺而产生的相互抑制作用达到最小,以期获得良好的生态、经济和社会效益,为兴安落叶松人工林的合理经营管理提供科学依据。     

东京城国有林区退化林现状及修复建议

退化林是林分提前或加速进入生理衰退阶段,出现林木枯死、濒死、生长不良等现象,稳定性降低,生态功能退化甚至丧失,难以通过自然能力更新恢复的森林.近些年来,东京城国有林区因自然现象、林木生理现象和人为干扰引起林分退化,通过分析东京城森林的退化现状与特点,提出了修复建议.     

中国天然次生林研究动态及其进展

次生林是天然林采伐后形成的主要森林类型,在林分结构与物种组成、林木生长与生产力、林分环境与生态功能等诸多方面与原始林和人工林有着显著差异.因此,研究次生林生态系统健康诊断、类型分类与评价指标,群落结构与生态功能以及土壤生态过程等,对我国生物多样性保护、生态安全、生态屏障构建和生态文明建设等具有重要意义.本文在广泛收集整...     

永胜县2010—2015年国家森林抚育项目森林资源监测结果分析

2010—2015年6年间在森林抚育区设置监测、对照样地,分别于抚育前、抚育后第三年、抚育后第五年3个时段对林木株数、蓄积、树种组成、树种结构、林木材质等级、森林健康状况等进行定期观测,以评价森林抚育前后森林生长、森林结构和森林健康等变化状况。结果表明,经抚育的林分平均胸径较对照样地增长6.40%,树高增长6.65%,蓄积增长14.91%。抚育作业后,林分的水平结构和空间结构趋于合理,林木个体和林分整体健康水平明显提高,林木生长的营养空间增大,林木径向生长加速,木材质量提高,森林资源结构将更趋于合理。     

基于数学期望的森林稳定性评价——以浙江省江山市为例

森林稳定性是森林群落结构与功能的综合特征,决定了森林的生态功能。提出林分存续期数学期望和林木存续期数学期望两个定量指标,从一个新的角度对森林的稳定性进行衡量。林分形成后能够存在的期望年数称为林分存续期数学期望,林木进界后能够存活的期望年数称为林木存续期数学期望。利用2008年和2016年江山市乔木林固定样地数据,对该市林分存续期和林木存续期的数学期望分森林类别进行了研究,由此来评价江山市森林在当前的经营管理模式下的林分和林木稳定性。结果表明:1)在林分采伐枯损率50%视为中断的情况下,公益林的林分存续期数学期望为41.46a,商品林的为14.16a;在林分采伐枯损率50%,但仍满足乔木林标准视为不中断的情况下,公益林的林分存续期数学期望为95.64a,商品林的为34.89a。2)公益林的林木存续期数学期望为20.58a,商品林的为11.67a。无论林分存续期数学期望还是林木存续期数学期望,公益林的均显著大于商品林的,即公益林的稳定性大于商品林,符合实际情况,也符合经营预期,说明用林分存续期数学期望和林木存续期数学期望评价森林稳定性具有一定的可行性。     

参数化林木个体及林分场景可视化模拟技术

以湖南攸县黄丰桥国有林场为试验区,以1块林分边界规整的典型杉木人工同龄纯林为研究对象,测定林木胸径、树高、冠幅、冠高与活枝下高等测树因子及林木位置信息。研究冠形曲线函数,利用Direct 3D技术,实现冠形控制下的参数化林木模拟。研究林木模型格式转换方法,为林分场景构建提供模型数据,结合MOGRE技术,研究林分场景模拟技术方法,实现林分场景可视化模拟。结果表明：参数化林木个体建模算法简单适用,测树因子信息可直接用于林木个体可视化模拟,所建模型可体现林木个体差异,形态逼真;利用MOGRE技术可快速、有效模拟林分场景,所建场景真实感较强。此方法所需数据易于获取,适用性强,可对林木个体及林分场景进行逼真模拟,可为研究林木竞争关系、林分生长、林分结构与林分经营提供新思路。     

生态环境需水的研究进展

文章针对生态环境需水的内涵、国内外研究现状、目前主要采用的研究方法及理论基础作了综述,并指出了在生态环境需水研究中存在的诸多问题,如生态环境需水的合理性界定问题、系统整合性问题、重复性问题、时空尺度问题。在此基础上提出了未来生态环境需水研究的几点建议:完善生态环境需水的理论体系;研究森林蒸散耗水的生态机理与不同类型林木的耗水规律,结合遥感和GIS在测量与计算植被生态需水量的应用,提高区域林木需水量的计算精度;生态环境需水研究时间尺度应与水资源的合理配置与生态环境建设一致等。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.