家畜基因组遗传多态标记—微卫星标记研究进展（上）

对家畜基因组中多态遗传标记－ＤＮＡ微卫星标记的研究进展及其应用进行综述，主要涉及以下两大方面：首先是家畜基因组中分子遗传标记，主要是ＤＮＡ微卫星标记的研究发现及有关该标记的定义，特性等；其次是ＤＮＡ分子标记在家畜基因组分析研究，家畜遗传连锁图制作 ，基因诊断，家畜品种进化演变和个体系谱确证等方面的应用概况。     

石狮国家水禽品种资源基因库成效显著

石狮市水禽保种中心是唯一承担着国家级水禽遗传资源保护名录品种鸭类资源保种、育种任务的单位，该中心建立的“国家水禽品种资源基因库”，今年正在建设的一期工程，将对我国濒危的、富有地方特色或遗传多样性的12个鸭品种进行活体保存，目前已备份保护了金定鸭、莆田黑鸭、连城自鸭、山麻鸭、绍兴鸭、巢湖鸭、攸县麻鸭、莆田黑鸭白羽系等多个品种，前3种是福建省入选国家级畜禽遗传资源保护名录的品种，其中金定鸭、莆田黑鸭、绍兴鸭已采用科学的“家系等量随机选配”方法进行保种。     

国家水禽基因库七个家鸭群体遗传多样性检测

试验通过微卫星标记对国家水禽种质资源基因库保存的7个家鸭保种群体的保种效果进行了遗传检测。结果表明:28个微卫星位点中有25个高度多态位点,可作为有效遗传标记用于各群体的遗传检测。7个鸭群体中,平均杂和度范围是0.5137～0.6035,最高的是荆江麻鸭,最低的是山麻鸭,反映了各鸭群体保持了较丰富的遗传多样性。Ds遗传距离表明各品种间的遗传距离较远,巢湖鸭与金定鸭之间最远,为0.8835;金定鸭与山麻鸭最近,为0.2674。7个家鸭群体间的Ds值都比较大,说明各群体间的基因交流较少。上述结果反映了在国家水禽种质资源基因库所保存的7个地方鸭群体的保种方法良好,保种效果有效。     

家畜基因组遗传多态标记—微卫星标记研究进展(上)

对家畜核基因组中多态遗传标记—ＤＮＡ微卫星标记的研究进展及其应用进行综述。主要涉及以下两大方面：首先是家畜基因组中分子遗传标记，主要是ＤＮＡ微卫星标记的研究发现及有关该标记的定义、特性等；其次是ＤＮＡ分子标记在家畜基因组分析研究、家畜遗传连锁图制作、基因诊断、家畜品种进化演变和个体系谱确证等方面的应用概况。     

中国地方鸭品种资源的分子遗传多样性

通过筛选的28个多态性较好的微卫星标记，检测了我国24个地方鸭品种的遗传多样性。利用等位基因频率计算了各群体的遗传参数和群体间的遗传距离，采用邻接法构建了聚类图，并进行了系统发生分析。结果表明：28个微卫星座位在我国家鸭群体中的多态信息含量除APL23和APL79为中度多态外，其他座位均为高度多态座位，可以作为有效的遗传标记用于鸭种之间遗传多样性分析和系统发生关系的分析；我国所有家鸭群体平均杂合度（0．569）低于国内的家鸡和家鹅，其遗传多样性相对贫乏；聚类结果分析表明了各家鸭品种的分子系统发生关系与其育成史、分化及地理分布比较一致。     

山东省水禽种业发展成效、问题分析与前景

一水禽种业发展成效与水平 近年来,山东省水禽种业在地方品种资源保护与创新利用、良繁体系建设、水禽种业企业培育等方面,均取得了一定突破. 1 积淀了丰富的水禽遗传资源 多年来,山东省水禽在长期饲养过程中经过选育积累了许多优良地方品种,如微山麻鸭、文登黑鸭、马踏湖鸭、五龙鹅(豁眼鹅)、百子鹅等,均收录在《中国畜禽遗传资源志...     

《现代水禽科技讲义》

内容包括现代水禽科技的发展趋势,水禽的生物学和经济学特性,水禽的品种、遗传背景、生态环境、营养和饲料,水禽育雏期、育成期、产蛋期和     

新闻背景

积极探寻水禽业发展战略首届中国水禽发展大会召开；我国具有丰富的水禽品种资源；水禽业在我国畜牧业发展中占有重要地位；中国水禽育种的实践与未来     

鸭保种群家系的组建

畜禽种质资源作为当代全球性生物资源问题的组成部分,涉及到人类未来的生存与发展,是当代社会面临的紧迫问题之一。建设国家水禽品种资源基因库是有效保护我国水禽品种资源的迫切要求。福建省石狮市水禽保种中心在农业部、福建省农业厅、石狮市人民政府等单位的大力支持下建立了国家水禽品种资源基因库,可同时保存我国地方鸭品种20个,目前已收集保存了我国地方水禽品种10个,部分鸭品种已采用“家系等量随机选配”方法进入家系保种阶段。本文详细叙述了国家水禽品种资源基因库保种群种鸭家系组建方法,为今后更有效的保护我国畜禽遗传资源提供参考。     

基于全基因组遗传标记在鉴定绵羊重要经济性状的研究进展

利用全基因组的遗传标记是家畜遗传育种领域的新趋势,文章阐述了全基因组遗传标记在国内外绵羊品种中的研究进展,重点对我国地方品种滩羊重要经济性状的遗传标记研究取得的进展进行了详细介绍,并讨论了全基因组遗传标记的应用前景及研究方法。     

Influenza virus surveillance in waterfowl in Pennsylvania after the H5N2 avian outbreak

During the latter stages of the lethal H5N2 influenza eradication program in domestic poultry in Pennsylvania in 1983-84, surveillance of waterfowl was done to determine if these birds harbored influenza viruses that might subsequently appear in poultry. From late June to November 1984, 182 hemagglutinating viruses were isolated from 2043 wild birds, primarily ducks, in the same geographical area as the earlier lethal H5N2 avian influenza outbreak. The virus isolates from waterfowl included paramyxoviruses (PMV-1, -4, and -6) and influenza viruses of 13 antigenic combinations. There was only one H5N2 isolate from a duck. Although this virus was antigenically related to the lethal H5N2 virus, genetic and antigenic analysis indicated that it could be discriminated from the virulent family of H5N2 viruses, and it did not originate from chickens. Many of the influenza viruses obtained from wild ducks were capable of replicating in chickens after experimental inoculation but did not cause disease. These studies show that many influenza A virus strains circulating in waterfowl in the vicinity of domestic poultry in Pennsylvania did not originate from domestic poultry. These influenza viruses from wild ducks were capable of infecting poultry; however, transmission of these viruses to poultry apparently was avoided by good husbandry and control measures.     

Post-epizootic surveys of waterfowl for duck plague (duck virus enteritis)

Surviving birds from nine duck plague outbreaks in urban and confined waterfowl were sampled for duck plague (DP) virus and DP antibody during 1979-86. Duck plague virus was found in combined oral and cloacal swabs of birds from three outbreaks, and DP-neutralizing antibody was demonstrated in some birds from all nine outbreaks. Greater prevalence of DP antibody and higher titers were found in survivors from confined populations than from free-flying urban populations. Free-flying waterfowl from within 52 km of four DP outbreak sites were also sampled; virus was not found in any birds, but DP antibody was found in urban waterfowl in the vicinity of an outbreak in Potterville, Michigan. No evidence of exposure to or shedding of DP virus in migratory waterfowl was found in two regions where DP appears enzootic in urban and confined waterfowl (Eastern Shore of Maryland and the vicinity of Sacramento, California).     

Microbiological survey of the incubated eggs of chickens and waterfowl

Coliform organisms were the principal contaminants of rotten eggs from commercial duck hatcheries and incubated eggs of 45 species of waterfowl. Micrococci were the main contaminants of “incubator clears” obtained from a chicken hatchery. Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Bacillus spp were minor contaminants of the eggs of waterfowl. All the coliforms recovered from waterfowl eggs formed a large, well‐defined capsule when grown on nutrient agar containing glucose or lactose.     

我国水禽产业农民专业合作社发展模式的研究

文章基于我国水禽产业农民专业合作社发展的现状,调查总结水禽产业合作社发展的模式和特点.结果显示:我国水禽产业农民合作社存在“龙头企业+合作社+养殖户”、“龙头企业+经销大户十养殖户”、“龙头企业+养殖户”3种基本的合作社模式;水禽产业专业合作社的发展对推动我国水禽产业化大发展和促进农民增收起到了积极的作用;水禽产业专业合作社终将成为产业化链环中一个独立的单元而将更多的养殖户和市场连接起来;我国水禽产业合作社的区域性特征将越来越明显.     

冷、热应激对水禽的影响及营养调控研究进展

应激可通过神经-体液相关激素的基因和蛋白质、肠道微生物群、脂质氧化等,影响水禽的生理状态和生产性能,导致经济损失.水禽常见的应激包括热应激和冷应激.生产上可以通过控制环境温度、在饲粮中添加营养物质缓解水禽冷、热应激.文章以鸭、鹅为水禽代表,对冬、夏季节水禽生产中面临的冷、热应激主要的影响机制及营养调控措施进行综述,旨在...     

Prevalence of Salmonella among waterfowl along the Texas Gulf coast

Migratory waterfowl may play a role in the ecology and transmission of zoonotic pathogens, given their ability to travel long distances and their use of varied habitats. Our objectives were to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella among waterfowl along the Texas Gulf coast and to characterize the isolates. Faecal samples were collected from hunter‐harvested waterfowl at four wildlife management areas from September through November, 2016. Standard bacteriologic culture methods were used to isolate Salmonella from samples, and isolates were characterized by serotyping and anti‐microbial susceptibility testing. The apparent prevalence of faecal Salmonella shedding was 0.5% (2/375). Serotypes identified were Thompson and Braenderup, and both isolates were susceptible to all anti‐microbial agents tested. Although faecal contamination of agricultural fields or surface waters could serve as a potential source of zoonotic Salmonella transmission, waterfowl along the Gulf coast during the fall hunting season appear to pose minimal risk.     

云南泸沽湖省级自然保护区越冬水鸟群落组成及相关性分析

2016年9月—2019年3月,采用样点法在水鸟的南迁期(8—10月)、越冬期(11月—次年1月)、北迁期(2—3月)对云南省泸沽湖省级自然保护区迁徙水鸟进行监测。共记录水鸟7目10科38种,其中有国家二级重点保护野生鸟类3种、云南省省级重点保护野生鸟类1种。研究期内,保护区内越冬水鸟优势种累计记录10种,分别为赤麻鸭(Tadorna ferruginea)、绿头鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)、赤颈鸭(Mareca penelope)、罗纹鸭(M.falcata)、赤膀鸭(M.strepera)、赤嘴潜鸭(Netta rufina)、凤头潜鸭(Aythya fuligula)、红头潜鸭(A.ferina)、白骨顶(Fulica atra)和红嘴鸥(Chroicocephalus ridibundus)。2016—2019年月变化中,水鸟数量峰值都出现在越冬期,最大数量为14 296只;水鸟物种数峰值亦都出现于越冬期,共记录物种数38种。对8种雁形目(Anseriformes)优势种数量随时间变化的种间相关性检验的结果显示,8种雁形目中有14对为显著正相关,其中10对为极显著...     

Association between outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype H5N1 and migratory waterfowl (family Anatidae) populations

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus subtype H5N1 threatens poultry production and human health. Understanding the role that migratory waterfowl play in introducing and maintaining this infection is critical to control the outbreaks. A study was conducted to determine if the occurrence of HPAI subtype H5N1 outbreaks in village poultry in Romania, 2005-2006, was associated with proximity to populations of migratory waterfowl. Reported outbreaks--which could be grouped into three epidemic phases--and migratory waterfowl sites were mapped. The migratory waterfowl site closest to each outbreak was identified. The distances between outbreaks occurring in phase 1 and 2 of the epidemic and the closest migratory waterfowl site were significantly (P<0.001) less than in phase 3, but these distances were only useful in predicting when outbreaks occurred during phase 1 (October-December, 2005) of the epidemic. A spatial lag (rho=0.408, P=0.041) model best fit the data, using distance and [distance]*[distance] as predictors (R2=0.425). The correlation between when outbreaks were predicted to occur and when they were observed to occur was 0.55 (P=0.006). Results support the hypothesis that HPAI virus subtype H5N1 infections of village poultry in Romania during the autumn of 2005 might have occurred via exposure to migratory populations of waterfowl.     

Waterfowl husbandry for the avian health professional

As avian health professionals, when there is an increased morbidity or mortality in a waterfowl flock, we are often concerned with disease diagnostic and treatment regimens. However, one area that should not be overlooked is waterfowl husbandry, especially if we want to develop preventive medicine strategies for the flock. Husbandry aspects need to be considered because certain management factors may predispose the waterfowl flock to certain diseases. Avian health professionals should also be aware of the common duck and geese breeds that are commonly kept in backyard flock. This type of information can provide information on flock personality and unique anatomical characteristics. In addition, understanding the different breeds will allow avian health professionals to assist in recommending the appropriate waterfowl to our clients. Waterfowl have unique husbandry requirements when compared to other poultry species, and having a better understanding of husbandry aspects like housing and feeding can help to prevent diseases from reoccurring in the flock. By having a better understanding of waterfowl husbandry, we can ensure that our waterfowl patients receive the best medical care and continue to remain healthy.