奶牛肢蹄病的综合防治

奶牛肢蹄病是奶牛四肢及蹄部疾病的总称，四肢每段的皮肤、皮下组织、骨、关节、韧带、肌腱均可能发生病变；后肢髋关节由于摔伤引起脱位存在不稳定因素，而且发病率不高，这里不阐述。前肢肢蹄病主要集中在趾间皮炎及蹄底溃疡，后肢主要有跗关节磨损及炎性肿胀、趾间皮炎、蹄底溃疡发病居多。珠江奶牛场2002年，肢蹄病的发病率及引起的淘汰达到历史高峰，泌乳牛月发病率为7．8％，全年因肢蹄病而淘汰占总淘汰牛的17％，2003年1月份起，我们调查了跛行牛282头牛的肢蹄病发生情况，旨在摸索肢蹄病的发生特点和规律，总结出防治措施，取得一定成效，第四季度的月发病率降至3％以下(占成母牛)，因肢蹄病引起淘汰共4头。现将我们的防治情况报告如下，供同行参考。     

如何加强牛蹄的卫生管理

蹄是牛担负巨大体重的基础，蹄的状态如何，不仅直接影响牛的肢势，而且对牛的生产性能也有重大影响，因此保护牛蹄，重视护蹄工作乃是当今养牛业中不可忽视的—个重要的问题。2004年先后调查了7个奶牛饲养大户的1070头奶牛，发现成年奶牛中发生蹄变形的有589头，占55．05％。其中某牛场的285头成年奶牛中有186头发生蹄变形，占65．5％，由蹄病引起淘汰的奶牛占4％。因此加强蹄的卫生管理十分重要。     

奶牛疣性皮炎的诊断与治疗

<正>2015年10月,保定市某奶牛场存栏700多头奶牛,其中泌乳牛320头,搬到新牛舍2个月后,发现80头泌乳牛蹄部患病,其中21头奶牛两后蹄都发病,59头奶牛一侧后蹄发病。通过对患病奶牛的临床症状、蹄部病理变化观察,结合实验室诊断,确诊为奶牛疣性皮炎。1临床症状病症较轻的奶牛,运步不自然,蹄部稍变形,趾间皮肤肿胀,站立时蹄尖负重。发病较重的奶牛,趾间隙背侧皮肤长出菜花样的增生物,增生物破     

奶牛肢蹄病的综合防治

奶牛肢蹄病是奶牛四肢及蹄部疾病的总称。2002年,广州珠江奶牛场肢蹄病的发病率及引起的淘汰达到历史高峰,泌乳牛月发病率为7．8％,全年因肢蹄而淘汰占总淘汰牛的17％。2003年1月起,我们调查了282头跛行牛的肢蹄病发生情况,旨在摸索肢蹄病的发生特点和规律,总结出防治措施,取得了一定的成绩,第四季度的月发病率在3％以下(占成母牛),因肢蹄病淘汰4头。现将防治情况报道如下。     

内蒙古包头地区奶牛变形蹄与蹄病的发生及相关因素的调查

对包头市九原区散养牛户和某公司奶牛场共计754头奶牛的变形蹄及蹄病进行调查，结果显示；变形蹄牛较正常蹄形牛更易发生蹄病（P〈0．01），尤其产奶量高的牛更易发生变形蹄和蹄病（P〈0．01），且变形蹄占37．7％，变形蹄以延蹄为主。发生过蹄病的奶牛达39．84％，而且以多蹄并发为主。因蹄病淘汰的牛占总淘汰牛的19.4％，仅次于中毒病、代谢病的淘汰率。同时成年奶牛的变形蹄和蹄病发病率随胎次增高呈上升趋势，而且蹄病发生率与父系关系差异显著（P〈0．01）。奶牛发生变形蹄和蹄病后的产奶量显著下降。     

奶牛蹄变形及蹄病发生规律的研究

蹄变形和蹄病是影响奶业生产的重要疾病。为了阐明奶牛蹄变形与遗传的关系 ,对某奶牛场 2 0 0 0年出生乳牛中的 3 7头蹄变形患牛进行了系谱调查 ,结果表明蹄变形与父系遗传有着某种联系。为了阐明奶牛蹄叶炎及腐蹄病的发病规律 ,从泌乳量、胎次、月份等 3方面对1 3 7头发生相关蹄病的奶牛进行了分析研究 ,结果表明 ,相关蹄病在高产奶牛、炎热多雨季节和第 2～ 4胎母牛发生率较高     

奶牛的削蹄

近年来,奶牛蹄变形的发生较为普遍。我们通过对本场725头奶牛的调查统计,蹄变形牛有204头,变形率为28.1%。每年因蹄变形严重淘汰的牛只,占总淘汰牛只的21.3%。蹄变形多发、淘汰率高被认为是奶牛三大疾病(不孕症,蹄病、乳房炎)之一。针对这一问题,笔者根据几年来的削蹄实践与体会,谈谈奶牛的削蹄技术。     

定期正确修蹄,预防奶牛蹄变形病

奶牛蹄变形病是指奶牛蹄的形状发生改变，临床上形成长蹄、宽蹄、翻卷蹄。定期正确修蹄作为治疗奶牛蹄变形病的主要手段，往往被奶牛场和奶农所忽视，进而使病情加重，甚至继发其他类型蹄病。蹄变形病常为慢性经过，不能直接引起患牛死亡，但它确可引起牛只疼痛、不安、食欲不振、体重减轻、产奶下降、饲料报酬降低等，甚至使良种和高产奶牛过早地被淘汰。我区某奶牛场由于忽视定期正确修蹄工作，致使蹄变形病相当严重。据统计，该牛场从2000年8月至2003年末，共淘汰母牛81头，     

广西南宁周边地区奶牛蹄病发病原因浅析

奶牛蹄病包括蹄变形、蹄叶炎、腐蹄病、趾间赘生、蹄皮炎、蹄糜烂和蹄底创伤等疾病。在上述蹄病中，以蹄变形和腐蹄病最为常见。蹄变形是蹄角质的形态发生了改变。高产奶牛发病率高。根据蹄部变形的特点，将其分为长蹄、宽蹄和翻卷蹄。腐蹄病又称传染性蹄皮炎，指（趾）间蜂窝织炎，是奶牛指（趾）间皮肤及其深部组织的急性或亚急性炎症     

运动场环境对奶牛肢蹄健康的影响

试验研究运动场环境对于奶牛．月支蹄健康的影响，对15户奶牛养殖户饲养的221头成年泌乳牛的饲养方式、运动场地面及运动场饲养密度进行调查，通过一般线性模型的单变量方差分析奶牛肢蹄健康情况与运动场环境的关系。结果显示：在运动场地面局部潮湿、干燥的情况下，运动场密度在12．3—33．4m2／头范围时，其对奶牛肢蹄病发生无显著影响；而运动场地面为三合土、黄土、沙土及干粪时，其奶牛肢蹄病发病率极显著低于立砖地面的发病率。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。