中间砧和基砧对伏令夏橙产量及树体大小的交互作用

本试验评价了枳、澳指檬、特洛亚枳橙3种中间砧和特洛亚枳橙、卡里佐枳橙、芨发甜橙、科克斯甜橙4种基砧与接穗品种牛顿伏令夏橙组合的表现。研究进行了15年。特洛亚枳橙和枳用作芨发橙基砧的中间砧,澳指檬用作特洛亚和卡里佐枳橙基砧的中问砧,特洛亚枳橙也用作科克斯橙基砧的中间砧。并分别设置无中间砧对照。共计10个处理,重复2次,完全随机区组排列。     

美国柑桔育种现状及近年来培育的新品种

美国作为世界柑桔的主产国之一,对于育种工作十分重视。育种工作起步较早,培育出许多柑桔种间及属间杂种。如今广泛应用的卡里佐枳橙、特洛亚枳橙、施文格枳柚均是从他们的育种项目中获得的。近10年来来,美国的育种工作取得了很大进展。笔者收集了他们的项目研究计划以及有关的资料,并与佛罗里达州的几个柑桔育种者进行了交谈。本文介绍他们的研究方向及近10年     

基质和插穗对平欧杂种榛嫩枝扦插育苗的影响

用平欧杂种榛达维品种1年生苗的半木质化新梢作为插穗,对不同部位的枝段用IBA处理后进行嫩枝扦插生根试验,研究7种基质对扦插成苗的影响.结果表明,苗干上部枝段的生根能力最强,适宜作嫩枝扦插的插穗.扦插基质影响插穗的生根效果,以插穗在水草、水草＋河沙混合两种基质中生根效果最好,生根率90％以上,其次是在河沙、河沙＋水草分层中,在锯末、泥土、锯末＋河沙3种基质的扦插效果差,生根率不及50％.     

由柑桔根分生组织再生植株

本文研究了柑桔发芽种子产生的嫩根分生组织离体再生的能力及其适宜的培养条件。所用的柑桔种类是:特罗维塔甜橙、尤力克柠檬、枳、特洛亚枳橙。     

伏令夏橙在21种砧木上七年后的初步结果

我们在1974—1981年,对伏令夏橙(C.sinensis(L.)Osb.)嫁接在21种砧木上树冠体积、产量及品质进行了研究。研究表明,伏令夏橙嫁接在卡里佐枳橙、尤马枳橙(C.sinensis×P.trifoliata(L.)Raf)、粗柠檬807和瓦尔卡默柠檬(C.limon(L.)Burmf.)等砧木上,其单株产量和单株固形物含量最高;嫁接在卡里佐枳橙、尤马椒橙、粗柠檬、粗柠檬807、酸橙2号(C.aurantium L.)、酸橙839和瓦尔卡默柠檬等砧木上的树冠体积最大;嫁接在阿根廷帜、波默罗伊枳(P.trifoliata)、诺顿枳橙(C.sinensis×P.trifoliata)、酸橙895等砧木上的果实总可溶性固形物含量最高。     

美国杂交育成的柑桔品种

具有近八十年历史的美国杂交育种,已经推荐了若干个有希望的品种。特洛亚枳橙作为砧木品种之星而活跃于世;明尼奥拉和奥兰多桔柚已成为繁荣市场的经济品种,其F_2代的罗宾逊桔柚也加入了这个行列。介绍这些品种、对今后的育种是有参考价值的。     

菠萝蜜“一叶一芽”绿枝扦插技术研究

将菠萝蜜1年生嫩枝剪成段,每段插穗带1片完整叶片,生根处理后扦插,喷施叶面肥管理,测定其生根成活情况,并试验插穗不同部位扦插的效果。结果表明,插穗经200 mg/L IBA+NAA+动物骨灰浸出液生根处理后扦插,加上叶面喷施有机营养液可有效提高插穗发根率和成活率,并增加根量。同一枝梢,中部生根成苗效果最好。     

观赏红瑞木嫩枝扦插育苗技术试验

以红瑞木嫩枝为试材,进行全光照喷雾扦插育苗技术试验。结果表明,嫩枝经生长调节剂处理后,可显著提高其生根率、生根数量和根长,其中,采用嫩枝中段作插穗,用GGR6号生长调节剂150mg/L浸泡插穗基部3 cm 1.5小时后扦插在砂基质育苗盘中,定时喷雾培育65天,插穗生根率达94.20%,平均每株生根24条,生根效果最好。应用全光照喷雾嫩枝扦插育苗可实现红瑞木的规模化快繁。     

卡里佐枳橙在中国的生产适应性调查与比较研究

卡里佐枳橙是重要的柑桔砧木,在世界范围内广泛应用,20世纪90年代作为一种新砧木被引进中国并在部分地区用于柑桔生产。为了全面了解卡里佐枳橙在中国的生产适应性,采用田间观察和问询相结合的方法在6个柑桔主产省16个区(县)的30多个果园开展了嫁接亲和性、早结丰产性、抗逆性等方面的调查,并在重庆和广西两个不同的生态类型共3个试验点连续3年对嫁接在卡里佐枳橙和枳砧上的梁平柚和纽荷尔脐橙的树体、产量、结果效率和果实品质等园艺学性状进行比较。结果显示,总体上卡里佐枳橙砧的嫁接亲和性较好,但与红江橙和无籽柠檬嫁接后表现出明显的不亲和;早结丰产性好,树势旺,结果效率不如枳砧;果实品质优良,与枳砧相比无显著性差异;对裂皮病、天牛比较敏感;对碱性土壤比较敏感,容易导致叶片缺铁黄化。     

土壤pH值对卡里佐枳橙砧甜橙缺铁程度的影响

卡里佐枳橙（Carrizo citrange）为枳与甜橙的杂种。其幼苗生长快，主干直立，主根发达，与绝大多数柑桔品种的亲和性好，嫁接后生长迅速，结果早，耐寒，树势较强，较耐干旱，是重要的柑桔砧木，在美国、西班牙和澳大利亚等国被广泛应用于柑桔生产。     

Mist propagation of peach and almond × peach hybrids

Several factors contributing to the successful rooting of stem cuttings of four peach clones and one almond × peach hybrid under intermittent mist were tested. With the almond × peach cross, leaf-bud cuttings were also tested.Severe cutting back of adult peach mother trees in winter favoured rooting of the cuttings, but less severe cutting back induced maximum roots per cutting.For short periods vermiculite was found to be a suitable medium. Sand alone or mixed with vermiculite or gravel gave poor results. Gravel alone or mixed with vermiculite was intermediate. For growing the rooted cuttings for a longer period, a mixture of perlite and peat was very suitable.A period of illumination of 3 h starting at midnight with incandescent light improved rooting of peach cuttings in August and October, but not in June.With cuttings obtained from old fruit-bearing peach trees highest rooting rates were obtained in July, but best root development occurred when rooting was carried out in October. In July rooting rate of basal cuttings was much higher than that of terminal ones. Success with leaf-bud cuttings (including a small branch piece) obtained from young mother trees of the almond × peach hybrid was only achieved at the end of May or in June.Dipping the base of peach cuttings in water before rooting was of advantage with one cultivar rooted in September, but of no advantage with another cultivar rooted in June.When the base of stem cuttings was dipped for a prolonged period in IBA solutions of various concentrations, highest rooting rates were obtained with 25–50 ppm IBA for peaches and with 200 ppm for the almond × peach hybrid. The addition of Phygon XL to this solution was of some advantage for peach cuttings. The concentration inducing maximum root development was higher than that required for maximum rooting and callusing. The optimal IBA concentration for rooting of almond × peach leaf-bud cuttings was 100 ppm.Penetration of the IBA into the leaf-bud cuttings reached a maximum 45 min a after floating them on a 100 ppm solution.Transplanting cuttings which had been rooted under mist was somewhat difficult; however, high rates of survival were obtained with cuttings planted in September which had developed a good root system.     

Rooting potential in plum hardwood cuttings: II. Relationships between shoot variables and rooting in cuttings from different sources

There was a positive correlation between shoot length and the proximal diameter of the prepared cutting in stockplant sources of Prunus insititia ‘Pixy’ that had different rooting potential. The precise relationship depended on source, with shoots from a severely pruned micropropagated source, and those developing from the trunks of various stock- plants, usually being thinner for any given length than normal distal cuttings from pruned and non-pruned conventional source stockplants. To a large extent rooting percentage, root numbers and root length increased between sources as the overall ratio of proximal stem diameter to shoot length decreased. Cuttings from the relatively thick, short shoots of the unpruned source were among the poorest rooting, while those from the relatively thin, long shoots from the trunk, and from the micropropagated source, rooted best. This between-source effect reflected the fact that within the less ready rooting sources there was also a negative correlation between the proximal diameter of the cutting and its rooting ability. This relationship was lost progressively as the rooting potential of sources increased, thus giving no opportunity for a trend to occur in the trunk-derived cuttings from the micropropagated source where virtually all cuttings rooted.     

不同砧木对温州蜜柑光合特性的影响

 以体细胞杂种红橘+枳、Troyer枳橙、Swingle枳柚和枳作砧木的‘国庆4号’温州蜜柑幼树为试材, 通过大棚盆栽研究了4种砧木对幼树光合特性的影响。结果表明: 嫁接在不同砧木上的温州蜜柑幼树的净光合速率( Pn) 日变化相似, 均表现出双峰曲线, 首峰出现在10: 00时, 次峰小于首峰, 出现在13: 00时以后; 综合净光合速率、蒸腾速率( Tr) 、水分利用效率(WUE) 、羧化效率(CE) 和表观光量子效率(AQY) 等可以看出Troyer枳橙幼树光合性能最弱, 枳最强, 红橘+枳和Swingle枳柚介于两者之间; 可溶性蛋白、比叶重和色素含量等生理指标结果显示, 枳表现最优光合特性, 另外3种砧木差异不明显; 在设施条件下Pn与气孔导度(Gs) 、相对湿度(RH) 和Tr呈正相关, 与胞间CO₂浓度(Ci) 呈负相关, 与温度( Tair) 、叶面水气压亏缺(VpdL) 和光照强度( PAR) 相关性复杂。     

Stockplant factors affecting root initiation in cuttings of Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum., an indigenous hardwood of west africa

The ability of auxin-treated T. scleroxylon cuttings to root was affected by the prior management of potted stockplants. In undecapitated single-stem stockplants more cuttings from upper rather than lower mainstem nodes rooted; a difference paralleled by leaf water potential immediately after severance, although there was also a positive relationship with internode length. The rooting percentage of mainstem cuttings from unpruned stockplants ranged from 15% to 43% whereas that of cuttings from the lateral shoots of pruned stockplants ranged from 40% to 83%. Considerably more cuttings rooted from stockplants which were severely pruned than from those where decapitation removed only the top node; there seemed to be an inverse relationship with the number of shoots per plant and the carbohydrate: nitrogen ratio. However, in tall pruned stock- plants, more cuttings from lower lateral (basal) than from upper (apical) shoots rooted, although the differences between cuttings from basal and apical lateral shoots were less when the stockplants’ mainstems were orientated at 45° or kept horizontal, instead of vertically. Adding NPK 16 weeks before harvesting cuttings from 10-node vertical stockplants increased the rooting ability of cuttings from basal shoots without affecting the rooting of those from apical shoots. More lateral shoot cuttings rooted when two, instead of one or four lateral shoots were allowed to develop per stockplant, this being associated with less cutting mortality than occurred in pruned stockplants. In stock- plants with two shoots, cuttings from basal lateral shoots rooted better than those from apical shoots, although without competition from basal shoots. The rooting of apical shoots was enhanced by application of a complete fertilizer. The presence of basal shoots reduced the rooting ability of apical shoots even with the fertilizer application. Many of the effects of lateral branch position on rooting may be related to light intensity, for greater rooting percentages occurred among cuttings from lower, more shaded, than from upper less shaded branches. This positional effect was eliminated when branches were uniformly illuminated.     

Differentiation of the dynamic variables affecting rooting ability in juvenile and mature cuttings of cherry (Prunus avium)

Summary

The rooting potential of four types or origins of Prunus avium cuttings from the same mature trees (over 20 years-old) was compared using a mist propagation bed during early Summer (June). The cuttings originated from juvenile sucker shoots of the current and previous year, and mature crown shoots (current year’s lateral ‘long-shoots’ and multi-year terminal ‘short shoots’). The morphological differences in inter-node length, stem diameter and leaf area between the four cutting types were highly significant (P = 0.05), leading to large differences in cutting volume and, so it is argued, to assimilate reserves. Juvenile cuttings rooted well (65% and 77% rooting for hardwood and softwood shoots, respectively), while mature cuttings rooted poorly (4% and 7% for mature hardwood and softwood cuttings, respectively). Leaf abscission was significantly more frequent in mature hardwood cuttings (16 – 78%) than in the other cutting types (1.6 – 9%) at the end of the propagation period. Leaf loss resulted from two processes: abscission and leaf rotting. Physiologically (i.e., in carbon assimilation, leaf transpiration and stomatal conductance), the four cutting types were not significantly different early in the post-severance period (day-4); but, by day-22, stomatal conductance was lowest in mature hardwood cuttings that still had leaves. At this time, the most physiologically-active unrooted cuttings were from juvenile hardwood and mature softwood shoots. The extent of physiological and morphological variability between cutting types and their probable impact on processes affecting rooting ability is complex and highly interactive. Consequently, it is not possible to explain the causes of the variation in rooting ability between juvenile and mature cuttings, although this study suggests that the constraints to rooting are likely to reflect physiological differences between the different cutting types. It is concluded that, to resolve the debate about factors that affect the rooting ability of juvenile and mature cuttings (i.e., ontogenetic vs. physiological ageing), there is a need to achieve morphological and physiological comparability in the tissues.     

Production of high quality Ardisia plants by stem tip cuttings

To produce commercially acceptable Ardisia plants, stem tip cuttings from mature plants were rooted and forced in greenhouses. Ten centimeter long cuttings were either treated with 200 ppm 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) for 2 h, 2000 ppm indole-3-yl-butyric acid (IBA) for 10 s, or 0.5 and 1.0% IBA powder prior to sticking them in the rooting medium. Rooting percentage at 45 days exceeded 76% with 2000 ppm IBA treatment which was a significant increase over non-treated control. Rooted cuttings developed into three types of plants: those forming only vegetative shoots without flowers, those forming reproductive shoots with flowers, and those forming both vegetative and reproductive shoots. The ideal plant produced only vegetative shoots when rooted cuttings were transplanted into pots. About 50% rooted cuttings were forced to finish, producing 31 or 40% of high quality plants when rooted cuttings with vegetative shoots were grown in a greenhouse (GH) at temperatures higher than 21/19 °C (day/night) in 1995 or 21/18 °C GH in 1997, respectively. This method shortened the total production time to less than 2 years as compared to 4 years when starting from seeds.     

山桃茎尖培养研究

本文对原产我国的优良桃砧木—山桃[Prunus davidiana(Carr.)Franch]进行了茎尖培养的研究。山桃茎尖在G培养基上增殖与生长最好。适宜的激素浓度为(毫克/升)BA1.0、IBA0.5,若再加入GA0.1,可明显促进新梢的生长。附加BA、IBA各0.1的G和1/2G大量元素培养基适于继代培养。培养出的新梢在1/2MS培养基中附加0.1毫克/升NAA生根率高,在新梢基部削伤和暗培养可提高生根率。小植株已成功移栽入土。     

Factors affecting the rooting of plum hardwood cuttings

Optimum conditions for rooting hardwood cuttings of several plum rootstocks have been determined with respect to season of cutting collection, the thickness of shoot and the part of the shoot used as the cutting, the concentration of rooting hormone applied to the base of the cutting and the basal temperature in the rooting medium.

Rooting occurred most readily during autumn and again in late winter and spring. Cuttings made from “thin” shoots generally rooted more readily than those from “thick” ones but the position along the shoot from which the cutting was made was usually unimportant.

Some clones, including Myrobalan B and St. Julien A, responded to increasing concentrations of 4(indolyl-3) butyric acid (IBA) to an optimum at 5,000 p.p.m. and to increasing bottom heat to about 20° C. Others, including Brompton and Pershore, were relatively unresponsive to both of these factors under the conditions of these experiments.     

Contributions of the leaves and axillary shoots to rooting in Eucalyptus granáis Hill ex Maid,stem cuttings

In one-node stem cuttings of Eucalyptus granáis the absence of leaves was fatal. The optimum leaf area per leaf for rooting was 2-5 cm2, and in this range rooting was higher in one-leaf than in two-leaf cuttings. Axillary shoots started to develop soon after the cuttings were set and their growth was promoted by the presence of the subtending leaf. Thus, in one-leaf cuttings the shoot in the leafy axil grew, at the expense of the shoot in the defoliated axil, while in two-leaf cuttings the shoot in the upper (sub-opposite) axil tended to grow more quickly. Axillary shoots were also vigorous in cuttings from decapitated and disbudded mother plants. Rapid shoot growth was associated with low rates of abscission of the subtending leaf and relatively high rooting ability. Removing axillary shoots from cuttings accelerated leaf abscission and reduced rooting. The stem of the cutting often swelled and discoloured from the base, apparently due to the demand of the cutting for water. Additional leaf wounds had no effect on rooting (but increased mortality), while immersing cuttings in water before setting, or leaving them in a loose heap on the propagation bench, promoted rooting.     

The effectof daylength and supplementary lighting on the growth of Begonia × hiemalis leaf cuttings

No consistent differences in growth were observed between leaf cuttings of Rieger begonia ‘Schwabenland Red’ taken from stock plants grown under different daylengths.The effects of supplementary illumination, daylength and polythene-covering treatments applied during the 5-week propagation period were also small. Leaf size did not affect the subsequent development of the cutting, but large leaves trimmed to a size comparable to the smaller leaves rooted poorly and produced few shoots.After rooting, the young plants were very responsive to daylength. Under long days growth was rapid, but under short days a large percentage of the plants failed to regenerate. When shoots did appear on these plants, they were few in number and flowered precociously.