Stimulation of spermiation and induction of ovulation in pike (Esox lucius)

Mature northern pike were given various hormonal treatments in March or April in order to stimulate spermiation or to induce ovulation. In males the total amount of sperm collected after treatment increased, in comparison with saline-injected males, by 3–11 times with partially purified salmon gonadotropin (PPSG-activity: half of the highly purified s-GTH; injected at doses of between 5 and 100 μg/kg body weight); 3–6 times with crude carp pituitary extract (0.5–3 mg/kg body weight); and 3–7 times with fresh pike pituitaries (14 and 1.2 mg wet weight/kg body weight). The sperm obtained after hormonal treatment was of good quality. Intracardiac injection of superactive LRH analogue had no effect. In females, PPSG induced 90 and 100% ovulation at the doses of 50 and 25 μg/kg body weight. Dried salmon pituitaries (2.5 mg/kg, equivalent to 50 μg of PPSG) gave 25% ovulation; at 10 mg/kg, 25% complete ovulation was again recorded, but in addition 70% of the females showed oocyte maturation and partial ovulation. Similarly, dried carp pituitary (3 mg/kg) induced only oocyte maturation but no ovulation. The oocytes obtained after hormonal treatment were in general fertile. Intraperitoneal injection of LRH in an emulsified form induced neither oocyte maturation nor ovulation. The lack of effect of LRH analogue is discussed and shows that the use of this compound as a substitute for pituitary preparation is not very promising.     

缺帘鱼人工繁殖初探

2007-2008年对39尾,4～5龄,雌鱼体长36～41 cm,体质量 2.5～2.9 kg,雄鱼体长 32～35 cm,体质量 1.5～1.6 kg的缺帘鱼亲鱼用 HCG、PG、LHR-A_2、DOM 4种催产药物,按5种组合(设置每千克体质量:HCG 300 IU + LHR-A_2 2.5 μg + DOM 2 mg、 HCG 3500 IU +PG 2 mg + LHR-A_2 3 μg + DOM 3 mg、PG 4 mg + LHR-A_2 6 μg + DOM 2 mg、HCG 700 IU + DOM 2 mg、LHR-A_2 5 μg + DOM 4 mg)进行催产试验,催产水温27～28 ℃,采用两针注射,效应时间 9～10h.5种组合的平均催产率分别为75.2%、75.4%、75.5%、60%、60.3%;平均受精率为76.6%;平均孵化率为68.5%;平均出苗率为72.2%;出膜时间为17～18 h;孵化水温27～28 ℃,20尾雌鱼共产卵59 560粒;共获苗种23 469尾.     

异齿裂腹鱼人工规模化繁殖技术研究

2010年4～6月,对野生异齿裂腹鱼(Schizothorax o' connori)人工规模化繁殖技术进行研究,并初步进行产后亲鱼恢复培养技术研究.对108尾雌鱼进行干法人工授精,共采卵104万多粒,孵出仔鱼62万多尾.其中45尾雌亲鱼自然成熟,共采卵46.8万多粒,平均受精率和孵化率低于人工催产雌鱼卵.人工催产83...     

Concentration of Fe, Fe-binding capacity, Cu and Zn in the plasma of piglets before and after oral administration of iron sulfate solution]

In piglets, the influence of the ingestion of Fe-enriched faeces, of the oral application of Fe-dextran (containing 150, 200 or 250 mg Fe) up to the 8th hour as well as the intramuscular injection of Fe-dextran (150 mg Fe) on the 2nd and 3rd day after birth on Fe-resorption was analysed. On the 5th to the 7th and on the 12th to the 14th day after birth the highest increase in the Fe-concentration and the highest values of the Fe-binding capacity of the plasma after the oral application of a solution of Fe-sulphate (containing 20 mg Fe/kg body weight) were confirmed in the piglets with the ingestion of Fe-enriched faeces and in the control piglets without Fe-supplementation. The increase of the iron concentration in the plasma induced a decrease in the concentration of Cu in some cases and of Zn in the plasma in most cases. The biggest increase in body weight was established in the piglets that ingested Fe-enriched faeces.     

Stimulation of gonadotropin secretion and spermiation in carp by pimozide-LRH-A treatment: Effects of dose and time of day

To define the optimal combination time and LRH-A (luteinizing releasing hormone analogue) administration route for inducing spermiation in carp, two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, carp kept in raceways in running recycled water in August (at a water temperature of 15–20°C) were injected intraperitoneally with pimozide (PIM) at 1 or 10 mg/kg body weight as well as with Des-Gly¹⁰ [D-Tryp⁶] LH-RH-ethylamide (LRH-A) at 0.1, 1 or 10 μg/kg; these products were given 6 h apart. The response was evaluated by the volume of milt and the number of spermatozoa emitted and by the gonadotropin (GTH) concentration in the plasma. At doses of 0.1, 1 and 10 μg/kg LRH-A, the total milt production was increased 2, 4 and 6-fold respectively when these treatments were combined with 1 mg PIM. In the second experiment, adult male carp, held in cages in a pond in a natural environment (at a water temperature of 11–14°C) at the beginning of May, received an intraperitoneal injection of PIM (1 mg/kg body weight) and a silicone rubber implant of LRH-A (Des-Gly¹⁰ [D-Ala⁶] - LH-RH-ethylamide) at dose of 10 μg/kg body weight simultaneously. Other groups of fish received PIM plus a blank implant. All of the treatments were given at either 6 a.m. or 8 p.m. When given at 6 a.m., the treatment induced a similar rise in plasma GTH (12–15 ng/ml) 24 h later in the groups treated with PIM and LRH-A implant alone or in combination. When the same treatment was given at 8 p.m., no response was observed 24 or 48 h later. Spermiation was not stimulated in any of the groups.     

诺氟沙星在金鳟体内的药物代谢动力学研究

实验水温为15±2℃,金鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）（平均体质量100±10g）单剂量肌肉注射30.0 mg/kg诺氟沙星后,应用高效液相色谱（HPCL）法于0.15,0.25,0.5,0.75,1,1.5,2,4,6,8,12,24,48,72 h测定了鱼血浆、肝脏和肾脏组织中药物的浓度,研究了诺氟沙星在金鳟组织中的分布及药物动力学规律。结果表明,诺氟沙星在金鳟体内吸收分布迅速,符合药物动力学一级吸收二室开放模型,但消除缓慢。诺氟沙星在金鳟血浆、肝脏和肾脏中的主要动力学参数如下：分布半衰期（T1/2α）分别为0.866、1.985、0.388h;消除半衰期（T1/2β）分别为31.369、36.402、30.975h;药时曲线下面积（AUC）分别为：308.005μg/mL.h、622.721μg/g.h、794.362μg/g.h。     

诺氟沙星在金鳟体内的药物代谢动力学研究

实验水温为15±2℃,金鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）（平均体质量100±10g）单剂量肌肉注射30.0 mg/kg诺氟沙星后,应用高效液相色谱（HPCL）法于0.15,0.25,0.5,0.75,1,1.5,2,4,6,8,12,24,48,72 h测定了鱼血浆、肝脏和肾脏组织中药物的浓度,研究了诺氟沙...     

The pharmacokinetics of dihydrostreptomycin sulfate in domestic pigeons (Columba livia Gmel., 1789 var. domestica)]

A 20% aqueous solution of dihydrostreptomycin sulfate in a dosage of 100 mg/kg b.w. is non-toxic for pigeons, although renal accumulation occurs. 12 hours after a single subcutaneous injection of 100 mg/kg b.w. the plasma concentration decreases to 3.64 micrograms/ml and therefore below the therapeutically effective concentration, while in birds suffering from salmonella infections plasma levels decrease to comparative concentrations (3.84 micrograms/ml) after only 8 hours. Contrary to the directions for use in pigeons of the preparation CX 60, the subsequent dosage should be given no later than 10 hours after the first application.     

Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of flumequine and oxolinic acid after various routes of administration to Atlantic salmon in seawater

The present preclinical study was performed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of flumequine in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in seawater after administration of different doses and dosage formulations. Flumequine was administered intravenously (dose 4.9 mg/kg fish) and orally from the drug delivery system Aqualets as Apoquin 5 g/kg (dose 25 mg/kg) and 10 g/kg (dose 50 mg/kg), respectively. Experiments were carried out with oxolinic acid administered in the same way for the purpose of comparing the two compounds. The seawater temperature was 5±0.2°C in all experiments.

The pharmacokinetic calculations showed that the distribution half-life for flumequine was and for oxolinic acid . The drugs were absorbed rapidly, and flumequine reached a plasma concentration of C_max = 2.26 μg/ml after a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg, whereas oxolinic acid reached C_max = 0.99 μg/ml. The apparent bioavailability of flumequine was found to be 40–45%, whereas the apparent bioavailability of oxolinic acid varied from 25% at a dose of 50 mg to 40% at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight of fish. The distribution profile of flumequine in the various compartment of fish appeared to be different from that of oxolinic acid. After a single oral dose (25 mg/kg) the areas under the concentration-time curves showed that flumequine was 2.3 times more concentrated in plasma and 2.6 times more concentrated in liver compared to oxolinic acid. In muscle the difference was less pronounced, flumequine being 1.4 times more concentrated than oxolinic acid.     

Cortisol is responsible for positive and negative effects in the ovarian maturation induced by the exposure to acute stressors in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of acute stress and cortisol injection on oocyte final maturation process in female Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Handling followed by a prophylactic treatment (0.3?mL?L^?1 H₂O₂, 5?g?L^?1 NaCl solution during 30?min) and an environmental change (transfer from a 2?m³ fibreglass square tank to 50?L aquaria) were used as acute stressors and compared to a single cortisol injection (0.5 or 5?mg?kg^?1 body weight). For both acute stress and cortisol injection (0.5?mg?kg^?1 body weight), serum cortisol level was significantly increased from 2.3 to 134.1?ng?mL^?1 1?h post-stress/injection and returned to a resting basal value 24?h after the stress/injection. In fish injected with 5?mg?kg^?1 body weight cortisol, mean serum cortisol level reached a peak up to 2500?ng?mL^?1 1?h after injection. 63?% of the females (mean body weight: 242?±?4?g) submitted to the acute stress ovulated within 72?h after the stress. In the same way, cortisol injection (5?mg?kg^?1 body weight) at the 10th day of the maturation cycle led to a twofold reduction of the time before ovulation compared to vehicle injected control fish. Relative and total fecundity were significantly decreased in females submitted to an acute stress or cortisol injected at 5?mg?kg^?1 body weight, but not fertilization or hatching rates. In conclusion, acute stress and cortisol induction exert both positive and negative effects on the final reproductive process in O. niloticus, and cortisol is the endocrine mediator causing these changes.     

恶喹酸与诺氟沙星对异育银鲫体内嗜水气单胞菌的抑菌效果比较

在水温(25±2)℃下,给体质量150~200g的异育银鲫分别口灌3种剂量(20、30、40mg/kg)的诺氟沙星和恶喹酸,结合这两种药物对嗜水气单胞菌AH10的体外药效学研究和对异育银鲫单次口灌不同剂量的诺氟沙星、恶喹酸的体内药代动力学,研究诺氟沙星、恶喹酸对异育银鲫体内嗜水气单胞菌AH10的抑菌效果。试验结果表明,恶喹酸和诺氟沙星对嗜水气单胞菌AH10的最小抑菌质量浓度分别为1μg/mL和0.5μg/mL。口灌上述3种剂量恶喹酸、诺氟沙星后,异育银鲫血浆中恶喹酸的最大药物质量浓度分别为4.1μg/mL、6.0μg/mL和8.89μg/mL;诺氟沙星的最大药物质量浓度分别为11.5μg/mL、15.1μg/mL和18.9μg/mL;恶喹酸的最大药物质量浓度/最小抑菌质量浓度分别为4.1、6.0和8.89;诺氟沙星的最大药物质量浓度/最小抑菌质量浓度分别为23、30.2和37.8;恶喹酸0~24h内药—时曲线下面积/最小抑菌质量浓度分别为21.6214、33.1449、39.1846;诺氟沙星0~24h内药—时曲线下面积/最小抑菌质量浓度分别为274.75、451.55、578.35。综合0~24h内药—时曲线下面积/最小抑菌质量浓度、最大药物质量浓度/最小抑菌质量浓度这两个指标可知,诺氟沙星对异育银鲫体内的嗜水气单胞菌AH10抑制效果强于恶喹酸。     

The effectiveness of the combined treatment of thrombocytic hemorrhagic diathesis of dogs with prednisolone and blood transfusion in the model of an aspirin-produced thrombocytopathy

The administration of 20 mg/kg of acetylsalicylic acid in 18 clinically healthy dogs resulted in a thrombocytopathy with lengthened capillary bleeding time and irreversible aggregation inhibition. Through the set up of individual dilution series, one could conclude the proportional percentage of aggregation functional transfused thrombocytes. The capillary bleeding time was shortened after the intravenous injection of prednisolone (5 mg/kg) without measurable influence on the thrombocytes. Compared to the singular use of cortisone or blood transfusion alone, the effect on capillary bleeding time became magnified when one combined transfusion and corticosteroids. The fresh blood conserves (12 hours) were, with respect to the haemostyptical properties, superior to blood stored for 5 days. The component of aggregation-functional thrombocytes was, due to the prophylactic cortisone application prior to transfusion, not increased.     

Stress inhibits insulin release induced by feeding and arginine injection in barfin flounder Verasper moseri

We evaluated the effect of stress and adrenaline injection on insulin release in barfin flounder Verasper moseri. Flounders were fed to satiation and then exposed to 30 min of stress (chasing using a blunt stick), beginning 15 min after feeding. Plasma insulin concentrations were measured using a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for barfin flounder insulin. Peak insulin concentrations in the stressed flounders (3.4 ± 1.0 ng/ml, mean ± SEM) were lower than in the control group (8.3 ± 1.7 ng/ml). Similarly, in flounders injected with l-arginine (Arg; 3.5 mmol/kg body weight), the most potent insulinotropic factor for flounders, insulin levels were lower for up to 5 h in individuals exposed to chasing stress. Furthermore, plasma insulin levels did not increase after injection with Arg followed by exposure to 10 min of stress. This was also true for flounders co-injected with Arg (20 nmol/kg body weight) and adrenalin instead of the chasing stress. We conclude that stress induces a powerful and extended inhibition of insulin release in flounders, even when the stress is acute. We hypothesize that this effect is mediated partly by adrenaline release. Our results provide insight into the deleterious effects of stress on growth.     

注射L-精氨酸和环磷酰胺对杂色鲍血清NO水平、NOS活性及免疫指标的影响

对杂色鲍(Haliotis diversicolor)分别按每kg体质量注射250mg、500mg和1000mg的L-精氨酸和5mg、10mg、20mg的环磷酰胺。每隔5d足部肌肉注射1次,共注射3次。第16天检测其血清中NO含量以及NOS活性的变化情况。同时采用注射环磷酰胺的方法(剂量为10mg/kg体质量),对杂色鲍血清中NOS活性进行负调控,分别在注射后3h、6h、12h、24h、48h、96h对血清NO水平和血清NOS、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)以及溶菌酶(LZM)活性进行测定,并探讨它们之间的相关性。结果显示,注射500mg/kg的L-精氨酸可以显著提高实验鲍血清中NO水平和NOS活性,而注射10mg/kg的环磷酰胺则可以显著降低实验鲍血清中NO水平和NOS活性。血清中NOS活性与ACP、AKP以及LZM等活性的相关系数分别为0.8074、0.8292和0.7408,相关显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01),NO与SOD及LZM的相关系数分别为0.9302和0.9413,相关极显著(P<0.01)。实验结果为人工调控鲍体内的NO含量、增强其自身的非特异性免疫功能,从而提高鲍的抵抗疾病的能力提供了科学依据,同时也证明NO和NOS可以作为评价鲍免疫功能强弱的指标。     

饲料中添加蛋氨酸锌对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长和抗氧化功能的影响

以奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus×Oreochromis niloticus)幼鱼为试验对象,以蛋氨酸锌为饲料锌源,研究了在饲料中添加6种浓度的锌(0、5、10、20、40和80 mg/kg)对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长和肌肉抗氧化功能的影响。试验周期56d。试验结果显示:饲料转化率、全鱼脂肪含量、肝脏中水分和脂肪含量随锌添加浓度的升高而降低;增重率、特定生长率、脊椎骨中锌离子含量和血液红细胞数量在锌添加浓度为10 mg/kg时达到最大值;肌肉中硫代巴比妥酸底物(TBARS)值在锌添加浓度为5 mg/kg时达到最小值。饲料中锌添加浓度为5~10 mg/kg时,奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长迅速,鱼体抗氧化功能增强。     

Dietary rutin has limited synergistic effects on vitamin C nutrition of fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

A study was conducted to determine the possible synergistic effects between dietary rutin (a bioflavonoid) and vitamin C, and to evaluate their antioxidant effects in fingerling channel catfish. Purified casein/gelatin diets containing two levels of rutin (0 and 1000 mg/kg diet) and three levels of L-ascorbic acid (0, 1500 and 3000 mg/kg diet) in a factorial arrangement were fed to fingerling channel catfish for 16 weeks. Fish fed the diets without supplemental vitamin C showed deformed spinal columns, external hemorrhages and fin erosion after 10 to 12 weeks. Also these fish had significantly (p < 0.05) depressed body weight gain, feed efficiency, hematocrit, hepatosomatic index (% liver weight), as well as reduced liver, fillet and plasma vitamin concentrations after 16 weeks. Liver, fillet and plasma vitamin C concentrations were correlated with dietary vitamin C levels. Forced oxidation of fillet samples significantly (p < 0.05) increased 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values of fillets from fish fed diets without vitamin C and rutin. However, results from the present study indicated only limited synergistic effects of dietary rutin on vitamin C nutrition of channel catfish.     

The use of fenbendazole for controlling helminths in small zoo ruminants

By means of coproscopical examination the anthelmintic efficacy of 5.0 mg fenbendazole/kg body weight and 0.714 mg/kg body weight, administered for seven consecutive days, was determined in three series of trials on small ruminants in the zoological gardens of Munich. Both doses proved to be highly effective against trichostrongylids; the egg output was reduced to an average of 100% and 80-100%, respectively. Despite of a partly lower efficiency after the multiple administration of a low level doses (7 x 0.714 mg fenbendazole/kg body weight) this is a sufficient and economical treatment for the control of the infestation with endoparasites in the - in this respect - difficult housing systems of zoological gardens.     

Biological efficacy of ROVIMIX STAY-C as a source of vitamin C for Salmonids

Abstract. L-ascorbate-2-polyphosphate (brand name: ROVIMIX STAY-C) is a vitamin C derivative which is highly stable during feed processing and storage. Trials were run to determine the biological efficacy of L-ascorbate-2-polyphosphate (AAPP) in comparison to a coated ascorbic acid form (AASC).
Bioavailability was studied by force-feeding rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Wal- baum), a single dose of both ascorbate forms and evaluating the kinetics of plasma ascorbic acid (AA).
Growth performance and tissue concentrations of ascorbic acid in liver, anterior kidney and plasma were compared in rainbow trout (initial body weight: 9g) fed a practical diet containing AAPP at 60, 200 or 1000 mg AA equivalent/kg feed. Two other groups were fed either no vitamin C or AASC at 200 mg/kg. Liver AA contents were monitored after 0, 10, 20, 30, 60 and 157 days of experimental feeding, while head kidney and plasma AA contents were measured at day 157.
Atlantic salmon of the start-feeding stage received a practical diet containing AAPP at 0,60 or 200 mg A A equivalent/kg. AAPP was compared to AASC at the equimolar dose of 200mg/kg. Liver AA contents were measured after 14, 47, 124 and 205 days of feeding. Head kidney and plasma AA levels were also analysed at the end of the trial.
Results showed that AAPP and AASC were equally bioavailable, thus suggesting that ascorbate-2-polyphosphate is absorbed in the blood as free ascorbic acid. In both Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and rainbow trout, liver AA levels reflected well the dietary dose of ascorbate. At the 200mg/kg dose, ROVIMIX STAY-C supported higher vitamin C hepatic levels than did coated ascorbic acid.     

Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of oxytetracycline in carp, Cyprinus carpio L., following different routes of administration

Abstract. The objective of this pharmacokinetic study was to investigate absorption, distribution, elimination and bioavailability of oxytetracycline (OTC) in carp, Cyprinus carpio L ., after different routes of administration, OTC was administered intravenously (i.v.), intramuscularly (i.m.) and orally at 60 mg/kg body weight. OTC levels were determined in plasma and several tissues. Analysis of the plasma drug concentration-time curves following i.v. OTC injection revealed three distinct phases. A three-compartment open model was used to derive pharmacokinetic parameters. Compared to mammals, a very extended final elimination half-life was observed (139.8±38.1 h). Following i.m. OTC administration, C_max was 56.8±10.9μg OTC/ml at 14 h post-injection. The Vd area was 2.1 ± 0.66 1/kg. Extreme differences were observed with respect to bioavailability following i.m. and oral administration; approximately 80 and 0.6%, respectively. Following i.m. injection tissue OTC determinations revealed that the drug was accumulating in pronephros, bone tissue and scales. After 21 days the OTC concentrations were 2.9±0.8, 5.2±0.3 and 4.7±3.1 μg/ ml, respectively. In tissue samples from the dorsal region (muscle), including the injection site, OTC could not be demonstrated at that time. The pharmacokinetic data are discussed in relation to the susceptibility of the immune system of fish for modulation.     

三种糖代谢调控剂对异育银鲫生长、血液生化指标和糖原代谢的影响

在高糖基础日粮中分别添加10 mg/kg罗格列酮、10 mg/kg格列本脲、4 g/kg 1,6-二磷酸果糖,饲喂初始重量为(4.87±0.12)g的异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio),对照组喂基础日粮,饲喂56 d后测定了这三种糖代谢调控剂对异育银鲫生长、血液生化指标和糖原代谢的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,饲料中添加罗格列酮后饵料系数显著降低(P<0.05),添加罗格列酮和格列本脲后,肝体比显著增大(P<0.01);与对照组相比,罗格列酮能提高血清总蛋白含量(P<0.05)、球蛋白含量(P<0.01),降低血糖的浓度(P<0.01);1,6-二磷酸果糖能提高血清谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性(P<0.05),提高血清总蛋白、白蛋白和球蛋白的含量(P<0.01);格列本脲能提高血清谷丙转氨酶活性(P<0.05),提高总蛋白、白蛋白和球蛋白的含量(P<0.01)、降低血糖的浓度(P<0.01);③与对照组相比,罗格列酮能提高肌糖原的含量(P<0.05),格列本脲组肌糖原也有提高的趋势。