根分泌物对活化土壤中难溶性磷的作用

土壤大部分磷以难溶性磷形式存在,是影响作物生产的重要限制因素之一。作物根分泌物活化难溶性磷的能力对改善其磷素营养具有重要意义。采用室内培养方法,研究3种土壤不同磷(KH2PO4)处理后有效磷动态变化情况;同时将不同玉米基因型分别置于全磷和低磷的营养液中生长15 d后,收集根系分泌物,然后加入预先采用磷酸钙和磷酸铝处理并已培养95 d的土壤样品中进行试验。不同磷处理研究结果表明,所有施磷处理短期内速效磷含量急剧上升,并随培养时间推移不断下降,60 d后趋于稳定。酸性土对磷的吸附和固定作用较强,磷处理后有效磷增加量显著小于中性土、碱性土。土壤加根系分泌物的试验表明,磷酸钙和磷酸铝有效磷的含量较对照有所提高,其中加入耐低磷基因型M02低磷根系分泌物浸提的土壤有效磷含量显著高于去离子水的浸提量,且根系分泌物对磷酸铝的活化能力大于磷酸钙。     

不同作物对低磷胁迫的适应机理研究

溶液培养和砂培试验研究表明 ,低磷条件下 ,作物主要通过减小根半径、提高根冠比、增加根系比表面积、提高体内有机酸总量及酸性磷酸酶活性等来实现对低磷胁迫的适应。不同作物对低磷胁迫的适应能力不同。不同作物根分泌物对难溶性磷的活化量及作物对难溶性磷的吸收量为象草 肥田萝卜 猪屎豆。难溶性磷对作物有效性大小为铝磷 铁磷 磷矿粉。难溶性磷的有效性越低 ,作物的根冠比越大 ,养分从作物根部转移到地上部的比例越小。缺磷胁迫明显诱导作物体内有机酸总量的增加和酸性磷酸酶活性的上升。作物不同部位有机酸总量与酸性磷酸酶活性大小为叶片 茎部 根系     

不同水稻品种对难溶性磷利用能力的初步研究

采用子母盆栽水平分根试验,研究了水稻耐低磷品种莲塘早3号和低磷敏感品种新三百粒对Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P3种难溶性磷的利用能力。结果表明,与母盆营养液中含正常磷的处理相比,子盆和母盆均不含磷的处理两品种的生物量、根系氧化力下降、MDA含量上升,以难溶性磷为唯一磷源加入子盆石英砂的处理其变化幅度更小,磷含量也比完全缺磷的明显要高,说明根系对难溶性磷的主动活化在起作用;耐低磷品种较高的生物量、磷含量和根系氧化力以及较低的MDA含量表明其活化利用难溶性磷的能力比低磷敏感品种强;不同难溶性磷处理间,各指标的差异与不同形态难溶性磷对水稻有效性的差异有关。另外,缺磷或低磷条件下根冠比增加;磷的有效性越低,其根冠比越高。     

低分子量有机酸对土壤磷活化影响的研究

研究两种低分子量有机酸（柠檬酸和苹果酸）对土壤磷活化影响,并用修正的Hedley法测定土壤磷活化前后磷组分的变化。结果表明,低分子量有机酸能持续活化土壤磷,活化强度随低分子量有机酸浓度的增大而增强,并且柠檬酸活化土壤磷的能力强于苹果酸。低分子量有机酸能促进作物有效态无机磷组分（H2O-P和NaHCO3-Pi）的释放;同时还促进有机磷组分（NaHCO3-Po和NaOH-Po）的矿化。在低分子量有机酸浓度达到0.5 mmol/L以上时,其对土壤磷组分的活化量的顺序为:NaOH-Pi HCl-P NaHCO3-Pi H2O-P,即铁铝结合态磷 钙结合态磷 作物有效态磷。低分子量有机酸活化土壤磷的过程中伴有大量铁、铝释放,且铁或铝的释放量与磷活化量之间显著正相关（P0.05）。说明铁、铝结合态磷是低分子量有机酸活化土壤磷的主要磷源,并且其活化机制可能与铁、铝结合态磷的螯合溶解有关。     

土壤—植物根际磷的生物有效性研究进展

探讨土壤－植物根际磷素养分状况及利用机理，提高土壤磷的生物有效性，使土壤中潜在的难溶性磷库活化，提高磷肥利用率，对促进农业生产的持续发展和陆地生态系统的良性循环具有重大的现实意义。文章从这一角度出发，论述了根际土壤中根际微生物，根际pH值，根系分泌物，菌根，根际土壤磷酸酶等各种因素对提高土壤磷素利用率的机理。     

不同菜豆基因型根系对难溶性磷的活化吸收

通过溶液培养和砂培试验,研究了不同菜豆基因型根系对难溶性P化合物(Al-P和Fe-P)的活化、吸收及根系分泌的有机酸对难溶性Al-P和Fe-P的活化能力。结果表明,菜豆在Al-P处理中生长要好于Fe-P处理。菜豆在耐低P方面存在着一定的基因型差异。来源于安第斯基因库的大粒种基因型的生物量和吸P量明显大于来源于中美基因库的中、小粒种基因型,其中来源于安第斯基因库的菜豆基因型G19839有较明显的耐低P和适应Fe-P的能力。菜豆根系分泌物对难溶性P有一定的活化能力,P胁迫下菜豆根系分泌物对难溶性Fe-P和Al-P的活化能力都较正常供P时高;菜豆根系分泌物中有柠檬酸、甲酸和乙酸,柠檬酸对难溶性Fe-P和Al-P的活化能力远远高于甲酸和乙酸。     

石灰性潮土长期定位施肥对小麦根际无机磷组分及其有效性的影响

在长期定位施肥的基础上，采用网室盆栽试验，研究了石灰性潮土中不同施肥处理对冬小麦根际土壤与非根际土壤中无机磷组分及其有效性的影响。结果表明，不同施肥处理的供试土壤无机磷组分均以磷酸钙盐为主，平均占无机磷总量的73．9％，其它组分占26．1％。不施磷肥的各处理（CK、N、NK）中，小麦生物量和吸磷量均较低，小麦根际土壤与非根际土壤中无机磷总量变化不大，Ca2-P和Ca8—P在各处理的根际土壤中含量均很低。在施用磷肥的各处理（NP、PK、NPK）中，NP和NPK处理小麦的生物量和吸磷量均显著高于PK处理，而PK处理根际与非根际土壤中无机磷各组分的增幅明显高于NP和NPK处理。磷肥和有机肥处理，均显著提高小麦的吸磷量和生物学产量，各处理根际与非根际土壤中无机磷组分含量和总量增加的幅度以1．5（M＋NPK）处理最高。对不同施肥处理的小麦根际各无机磷形态及其与土壤速效磷间的相关分析表明，Ca2-P与土壤速效磷间的相关性达极显著水平，Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe—P达显著水平，O-P、Ca10—P不显著。     

中低品位磷矿资源高效利用机制与途径研究进展

磷矿是生产磷肥的原料,是不可再生的重要战略资源。高品位磷矿开采过度,面临枯竭。充分利用中低品位磷矿,是磷资源可持续高效利用的关键。中低品位磷矿有效磷含量低,提高磷的活化利用效率是综合利用中低品位磷矿的核心。然而,对中低品位磷矿的利用大多重视物理和化学方法的活化效应,忽视了植物自身根际效应的活化作用。植物通过调控根系形态与生理,以及根际互作效应,促进对中低品位磷矿养分的活化与吸收。这种基于根际过程的生物活化是磷资源高效利用的重要途径。本文在总结中低品位磷矿中磷的活化方法的基础上,提出了通过强化作物根际效应,挖掘植物的生物学潜力,提高作物对中低品位磷矿的综合利用效率,为磷资源的可持续利用提供科学依据。本文主要从根际效应层面剖析了中低品位磷矿高效利用的技术原理与途径。充分发挥作物高效利用磷的生物学潜力,有效利用作物的根际特性,实现土壤–作物–磷肥的匹配,开发“绿色”新型磷肥将是未来实现磷资源可持续利用的有效途径。加强磷矿中全量养分的综合利用也是未来研究的重点方向。     

石灰性土壤中油菜根际磷的化学动态及生物有效性

采用网膜分隔三室栽培系统研究了供磷水平不同的石灰性土壤中,油菜根际磷的各种化学组分的动态分布特征。发现在正常供磷水平下油菜根际范围内Olsen-P,Ca2-P均处于亏缺状态,表明这两种形态的磷是油菜吸磷的主要给源。而在土壤磷极度缺乏条件下,根际Ca8-P和Al-P呈现亏缺状态,该二种磷成为油菜吸磷的给源,这时Olsen-P和Ca2-P反而呈现均匀分布。这一结果表明,在严重缺磷胁迫条件下,油菜根际的难溶性磷(Ca8-P和Al-P)可以被活化而为植物利用,成为生物有效磷。这是油菜抗低磷胁迫根系适应反应的间接证明。     

磷胁迫条件下油菜、肥田萝卜对难溶性磷的活化与利用

通过砂培试验研究了北方食用油菜和南方绿肥作物肥田萝卜两种植物在缺磷胁迫条件下对难溶性磷酸盐Ca₃(PO₄)₂和AlPO₄的活化利用情况。试验结果表明,在仅供应一种难浴性磷酸盐时,油菜和肥田萝卜对磷酸铝和磷酸三钙都有较大程度的活化与利用。在施用AlPO₄时肥田萝卜地上部吸磷量达到供应等磷量水溶性磷酸盐时的90％;在施用Ca₂(PO₄)₂时油菜地上部吸磷量达到供应等磷量水溶性磷酸盐时的49％。植物干物重的测定结果说明,在缺磷时,难溶性的Ca₃(PO₄)₂及AlPO₄对油菜和肥田萝卜均有促进生长的作用。但是,油菜与肥田萝卜对Ca₃(PO₄)₂和AlPO₄的活化利用程度却存在着一定差异。表现为油菜对Ca₃(PO₄)₂的利用能力强,而肥田萝卜对AlPO₄的利用能力强。     

大豆和小麦对矿物钾的活化作用研究

大豆、春小麦均能有效地活化利用白云母、钾长石中的结构性钾,结构钾释放量为19.53mg kg-1~45.46mg kg-1。春小麦和大豆根系分泌的有机酸主要为草酸、酒石酸和柠檬酸,其次为乳酸、乙酸和苹果酸。草酸溶液酸性较强,络合能力也强,其活化钾的能力最强。苹果酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、乙酸和乳酸亦可有效地促进白云母和钾长石的分解,但活化土壤钾的能力比较低。低分子量有机酸作用下矿物钾的释放是酸性水解和络合溶解双重作用的结果。草酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸是影响大豆、春小麦吸收利用矿物钾的主要低分子量有机酸。     

Root Exudates of Rice Cultivars Affect Rhizospheric Phosphorus Dynamics in Soils with Different Phosphorus Statuses

Exudation of organic acids by the roots of three rice cultivars grown in three soils of different phosphorus (P) statuses, and their impacts on the rhizospheric P dynamics and P uptake by the rice plants, were investigated. Quantum root exudates from all the rice cultivars were significantly greater at 21 days after transplantation than at panicle initiation or flowering stages. Malic acid was the most predominant organic acid present in the rice root exudates (10.3 to 89.5 μmol plant^?1 d^?1), followed by tartaric, citric, and acetic acids. Greater exudation of organic acids from rice grown in P-deficient soil by all the rice cultivars suggested response of rice plant to P stress. Results indicate that the release of organic acids in the root exudates of rice plants can extract P from strongly adsorbed soil P fraction, thereby increasing native soil P utilization efficiency and ensuring adequate P nutrition for the growing rice plants.     

一种新型根系分泌物收集装置与收集方法的介绍

根系分泌物在养分活化、改善环境胁迫方面具有重要作用,很多科技工作者对根系分泌物的研究表现出极大兴趣,取得了一系列进展。但土壤栽培条件下,根系分泌物收集是一个难点。本文介绍了一种新型根系分泌物的收集装置与收集方法。该装置由根系生长箱和分泌物收集箱组成,植物在生长箱土壤中生长,通过定向引导作用,根系从生长箱穿过琼脂层进入收集箱中生长,待收集箱内积累一定根系后,通过淋洗收集箱内的介质,实现根系分泌物收集。研究发现,利用该装置收集分泌物,植物总根尖数的90%分布在收集箱。外源有机酸加样回收率可达70%以上。土壤栽培条件下,随生长时期延长,大豆有机酸分泌量逐渐增加,苹果酸分泌量高于柠檬酸。而且土壤栽培条件下大豆柠檬酸和苹果酸分泌量是溶液栽培时的11.4倍和6.7倍。上述研究表明,该装置可以用于土壤栽培条件下根系有机酸的分泌研究。     

小麦的铝毒及耐性

为探明Al的毒性和忍耐机理 ,比较了Scout 66和Atlas 66Al敏感和抗性的 2个小麦品种的根对Al的积累模式、根细胞壁对Al的吸附以及Al诱导的有机酸的分泌。结果表明 ,Al对Scout 6 6根伸长的抑制作用较Atlas 66明显。根系吸收的Al主要积累于 0至 5mm根尖处。Scout 6 6的根尖及Al处理后分离的根尖细胞壁对Al的积累量大于Atlas 6 6。但是 ,Al处理前分离根尖细胞壁 ,Al处理后细胞壁对Al的吸附量两品种间无显著差异。Al可诱导Atlas 6 6的根系分泌苹果酸 ,而Scout 6 6的分泌物中未发现Al诱导的有机酸。这些结果表明 ,Atlas 6 6的根尖及其细胞壁较Scout 66积累较少的Al,这种差异与Al诱导的有机酸分泌有关 ,而与根尖细胞壁固有的吸附Al的能力无关     

Variation of wheat root exudates under aluminum stress

The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Yangzhou 158 was used as a reference. The wheat root exudates were collected using a hydroponic mode. The changes of the electrolytes, H+, sugar, organic acids, amino acids, and secondary metabolites in wheat root exudates induced by aluminum (Al) were studied. The research results show that Al stress affects wheat root exudation. The secreted electrolytes and sugar increase with the increasing of the external Al3+ concentration. The total amount of secreted amino acids has a specific correlation with the external Al3+ concentration. At first, the amino acids secrete normally, but when Al3+ concentration is over 10 mg.L-1, the amino acid constitution varies obviously. Under Al stress, some original secondary metabolites disappear gradually, and other new secondary metabolites release simultaneously. Increasing the external Al3+ concentration gradually stimulates the exudation of organic acids. The organic acid levels in the wheat root zone increase in response to Al treatments. Active Al ions are accumulated in wheat roots. This Al-dependent variation in wheat root exudates suggests a specific Al-induced response of the wheat.     

Effects of phosphorus and potassium deficiency treatment on roots secretion of wheat and rice seedlings

Abstract

Firstly, the secretion of sugars, protein and acid phosphatase from wheat and rice roots into surrounding medium under conditions of P and K deficiency stresses were studied. Secondly, Sephadex elution patterns of wheat root exudates labeled with ¹⁴C under N, P and K deficiency treatments were compared.

P deficiency treatment induced acid phosphatase activity in medium, in spite of the decrease in the secretion of total sugars and pro tein from roots into medium, whereas no such increase was observed in K deficiency stress.

Secretion of high molecular fraction of ¹⁴C compounds from roots was accelerated by P deficiency stress, probably being associated with the presence of phosphatase activity in the medium.

Activity of acid phosphatase secreted from P-deficient roots corresponded to nearly one half of the rate of P absorption by normal plant.     

Positive correlation between the number of root nodule primordia and seed sugar secretion in soybean (Glycine max L.) seedlings inoculated with a low density of Bradyrhizobium japonicum

Sufficient rhizobium population in the rhizosphere of legume seedlings is required for early and enough setting of root nodules. Potential of seed and seedling root exudates for proliferation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum PNT119 was evaluated in the soybean cvs. Enrei and Tachinagaha. In both cultivars, seed exudates showed a higher potential than root exudates. In the seed exudates, a low-molecular high-polarity fraction including sugars and amino acids showed a higher potential than both high-molecular fraction and low-molecular low-polarity fraction. The correlations between the sugar or amino acid contents of seed exudates and the number of root nodule primordia at 7 d after sowing were investigated among 12 soybean cultivars. When seeds were inoculated with a low rhizobium density, a high correlation coefficient was detected between them. However, there was no positive correlation in the plants inoculated with a high rhizobium density. These results suggest that the amount of low molecular substances in the seed exudates determines the number of root nodule primordia through rhizobium proliferation around seed and young roots when the rhizobium density is the limiting factor. The genetic trait relating to seed coat secretion should be considered as a possible key factor contributing to adequate root nodulation in soybean seedlings cultivated in fields with a low rhizobium density.     

根系分隔方式对玉米/大豆根际土壤碳含量及磷有效性的影响

【目的】豆科与禾本科间作体系中对磷有效性的影响主要集中在根系分泌物的活化作用,由根际沉淀引起的土壤碳含量与磷酸酶活性变化及其对红壤磷有效性的影响机制尚不清楚。【方法】本研究以间作玉米大豆为研究对象,设置根系完全分隔、尼龙网分隔、不分隔3种方式,在0、21.83、43.67、65.50和87.34 P mg kg-1（分别记为P0、P1、P2、P3和P4）磷肥施用水平下进行盆栽试验,研究根系分隔方式对间作玉米大豆根际土壤微生物量碳（MBC）、溶解性有机碳（DOC）、根际土壤有机碳（ROC）、酸性磷酸酶活性（ACP）、碱性磷酸酶活性（ALP）、速效磷和Hedley磷组分的影响。【结果】相比完全分隔,根系不分隔可提高玉米和大豆根际土壤MBC含量,显著降低玉米根际土壤DOC含量,低磷水平（P0、P1）时显著提高大豆DOC含量,显著提高玉米（仅在低磷时）和大豆根际土壤ACP活性,低磷时显著提高大豆根际土壤ALP活性。除玉米活性磷组分外,根系分隔方式对间作玉米大豆根际土壤速效磷、磷组分有显著或极显著影响。根系不分隔较完全分隔可通过降低大豆根际活性无机磷（Pi）(P0除外)和中活性Pi从而提高玉米根...     

Root exudation of sugars,amino acids,and organic acids by maize as affected by nitrogen,phosphorus, potassium,and iron deficiency

Root exudates play a major role in the mobilization of sparingly soluble nutrients in the rhizosphere. Since the amount and composition of major metabolites in root exudates from one plant species have not yet been systematically compared under different nutrient deficiencies, relations between exudation patterns and the type of nutrient being deficient remain poorly understood. Comparing root exudates from axenically grown maize plants exposed to N, K, P, or Fe deficiency showed a higher release of glutamate, glucose, ribitol, and citrate from Fe‐deficient plants, while P deficiency stimulated the release of γ‐aminobutyric acid and carbohydrates. Potassium‐starved plants released less sugars, in particular glycerol, ribitol, fructose, and maltose, while under N deficiency lower amounts of amino acids were found in root exudates. Principal‐component analysis revealed a clear separation in the variation of the root‐exudate composition between Fe or P deficiency versus N or K deficiency in the first principal component, which explained 46% of the variation in the data. In addition, a negative correlation was found between the amounts of sugars, organic and amino acids released under deficiency of a certain nutrient and the diffusion coefficient of the respective nutrient in soils. We thus hypothesize that the release of dominant root exudates such as sugars, amino acids, and organic acids by roots may reflect an ancient strategy to cope with limiting nutrient supply.