枣高密度遗传图谱的构建与树干直径的QTL分析

以冬枣×临猗梨枣杂交F1代的150株个体为作图群体,利用AFLP标记和RAPD标记,对已有的枣遗传连锁图谱进行加密,构建1张包含388个AFLP标记和35个RAPD标记、由15个连锁群组成的高密度枣遗传连锁图谱,覆盖基因组总长度1309.4 cM,标记间平均距离3.1 cM.与原图谱相比,总图距增加72 cM,标记间平均距离缩短0.8 cM,大于10 cM的标记间隔减少7个,图谱饱和度显著提高.在新构建图谱的基础上,利用JionmapQTL4.0软件,首次对控制枣树干直径性状的QTL进行分析.共检测到控制枣树干直径的QTL 6个,分布在5个连锁群上,分别可解释38.1%,10.0%,14.4%,10.1%,13.4%和31.0%的表型变异值.     

RAPD标记在桉属种间杂交一代的分离方式研究

以 1个尾叶桉×细叶桉全同胞家系的 2个亲本和 2 12个子代为材料 ,利用 RAPD分子标记技术进行了 RAPD标记在桉树中的分离方式研究。结果表明 :7个随机引物共扩增出 4 0个标记 ,标记在 F1代的分离方式可以分为两类 :符合孟德尔方式和偏离孟德尔方式。符合孟德尔方式的标记包括 :亲本均有而在子代中不分离的 9个 (在这类位点上代表的杂交组合为 AA× AA、AA× Aa或 Aa× AA) ,亲本间呈多态性而在子代中不分离的 7个 (aa× AA或 AA× aa) ,亲本间均有而在子代中 3∶ 1分离的 2个 (Aa× Aa) ,亲本间呈多态性且在子代中 1∶ 1分离的 9个 (Aa× aa或 aa×Aa)。偏分离的标记包括 :亲本间呈多态性而在子代中偏离 1∶ 1分离的 12个 ,两亲本均有而在子代中偏离 3∶ 1分离的 1个。亲本间呈多态性且在子代中 1∶ 1分离的位点在拟测交策略中可以用于遗传连锁图谱构建 ,这为利用 RAPD标记构建桉树遗传连锁图谱提供了理论支持。     

毛新杨×毛白杨叶片表型和春季萌芽时间QTL分析

以毛新杨无性系TB0 1×毛白杨无性系LM5 0的回交子代 12 0株个体为作图群体 ,对控制叶片表型性状如叶长、叶宽、叶面积和叶柄长以及春季萌芽时间共 5个性状的数量性状位点 (quantitativetraitloci,QTLs)进行分析。运用AFLP标记技术结合拟测交作图策略构建了含有 393个AFLP标记的毛白杨及毛新杨的遗传连锁框架图。毛白杨遗传图上共含有 2 4 7个AFLP标记位点 ,连锁位点覆盖毛白杨基因组总长约 32 6 5 1cM ,而毛新杨遗传连锁图上共含有 14 6个标记位点 ,连锁位点覆盖毛新杨基因组总长约 1992cM ,这些连锁图的每一连锁群上含有的标记数为 4～ 30个。在此基础上 ,利用区间作图软件共检测到控制叶片表型性状的QTLs14个 ,位于 9个连锁群上 ;而对于春季萌芽时间共检测到 3个QTLs,分别位于 3个不同的连锁群上。在检测到的 17个QTLs中 ,每一QTL可解释表型变异的 7 6 %～ 15 8%。此外 ,发现控制叶长、叶宽和叶面积等相关性状的QTLs位于相同的基因组区域 ,这些QTLs主要位于毛白杨遗传连锁图的TLG2和TLG11以及毛新杨连锁图的TBLG1连锁群上。据控制叶片表型和春季萌芽时间的QTLs所处的基因组区域 ,可推测叶片表型和春季萌芽时间这两类性状是由各自相应的基因控制。     

利用AFLP和SSR标记构建美洲黑杨×青杨遗传图谱

以美洲黑杨×青杨F2代为作图群体,利用AFLP和SSR标记技术构建分子连锁图谱。连锁图共有19个较大的连锁群,16个二联体(Doublets),7个三联体(Triplets)和5个较小的连锁群。19个较大的连锁群上包括356个AFLP标记和12个SSR标记,总图距为3382 4cM,标记间的平均间距为9 69cM。估计基因组长度为2607～3319cM,平均为3042cM,同时采用Lander和Bishop的方法计算期望基因组覆盖度,平均值分别为96 7%和98 4%。     

7个桉树杂交亲本RAPD位点多态性和杂合性的研究

利用RAPD分子标记技术对桉树杂交亲本的RAPD位点多态性和杂合性进行了比较研究.研究材料包括不同起源的3个尾叶桉母本和4个细叶桉父本及其杂交产生的5个全同胞家系,每家系10株子代.RAPD为显性标记,其检测一个杂交群体中分离位点的概率可以用分离位点至少在一个个体中出现的概率来表示,即1-(1/2)n-1(Aa×aa或aa×Aa)或1-(3/4)n-1(Aa×Aa)(n为群体内个体数),则利用10个个体的杂交群体,其概率分别为99.8%和92.5%,检测的有效性较高.各样品RAPD扩增结果统计中,以1代表一条谱带出现,以0代表不出现.9个随机引物共扩增出58条谱带,亲本间呈多态性的谱带42条,占72.4%,多态性较高.利用亲本的RAPD数据矩阵,计算了亲本间的遗传距离.根据亲本出现的谱带在子代中是否分离判断该位点是否为杂合位点,如果某谱带出现于亲本且在子代中分离,则亲本在该位点上的基因型为Aa,即杂合位点,从而统计出不同亲本的杂合位点数.以亲本的杂合位点数占其总位点数的百分比表示亲本的杂合性,检测各亲本的杂合性水平.7个亲本的杂合性平均为28.0%,杂合性较高.但不同亲本的杂合性有差异,介于16.2%和39.5%之间.并且,同一无性系在不同的家系中检测到的杂合位点数和计算的杂合性有差异,这主要是由于以下两个原因;一是RAPD为显性标记技术,不能有效探测样品本身的杂合位点,因此当另一亲本在该位点上基因型为AA时,则亲本的基因型即使为Aa,子代在该位点上的RAPD谱带也没有分离;二是10个个体的群体偏小,有些实际分离的位点需要更大的群体才能检测到(尤其是偏分离的位点).林木中,常用F1谱系和显性标记进行遗传连锁图谱构建,相应的作图策略为拟测交策略(Pseudo-testcross strategy),即可用于图谱构建的标记为只出现于一个亲本、而在子代中按1∶1分离的标记,类似于测交的分离方式.因此,亲本的较高杂合性表明其杂交时有大量的拟测交位点出现,这种位点在子代中的分离可以用显性标记有效检测.所以,本研究中亲本杂合性均较高的家系可以用作遗传图谱构建的材料(合适大小的群体,如100个以上的子代),这对增加图谱的标记数量和提高作图的效率具有重要意义.     

泡桐高密度分子遗传图谱的构建

以毛泡桐Paulownia tomentosa为母本、白花泡桐Paulownia fortunei为父本进行正反交,以杂交获得的子一代(F1)构建泡桐连锁图谱的作图群体,选取限制性内切酶EcoRI对185个样品的基因组进行酶切,利用Illumina Hiseq2000测序平台进行RAD测序建库,以白花泡桐基因组为参考,采用SOAP2软件进行序列比对,利用筛选到的单核苷酸多态性SNP(Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms,SNP)位点对该群体进行基因型分析,使用Joinmap version 4.0软件构建泡桐连锁遗传图谱。结果表明:利用RAD测序技术共获得551 894个SNP标记,构建了含20个连锁群的泡桐遗传连锁图谱,该图谱的总图距为2 050.77 cM,标记间平均图距为0.58 cM,图谱预期长度为2 064.29 cM,图谱基因覆盖度为99.35%。本研究构建的泡桐连锁遗传图谱具有高精度和覆盖泡桐基因组完整(构建连锁群数目等于泡桐单倍体基因组染色体的数目)的优点,为泡桐分子育种学研究奠定了基础。     

美洲黑杨(Populus deltoides Marsh)×青杨(P.cathayana Rehd.)分子连锁图谱的构建

利用随机扩增ＤＮＡ多态性ＲＡＰＤ方法，在美洲黑杨（Ｐ．ｄｅｌｔｏｉｄｅｓＭａｒｓｈ）×青杨（Ｐ．ｃａｔｈａｙａｎａＲｅｈｄ．）３代谱系中分析分子标记，构建出第１张美洲黑杨×青杨分子连锁图谱。共从３００个１０ｍｅｒ随机引物中筛选出７９个适合引物，检测出可供构图的分离标记１８０个。该图谱由２０个连锁群，１１０个ＲＡＰＤ标记组成。总图距为覆盖基因组总长度的７０３５％，标记间的平均间距为１７２７ｃＭ．连锁群长度在３７１～１８９８，相应标记分别在３～１０。本图谱为杨树抗病、虫和其它性状基因定位提供了框架结构，为实现杨树分子遗传育种迈进了最重要的一步。     

毛新杨×毛白杨AFLP分子遗传图谱

利用毛新杨×毛白杨的杂交群体构建了毛新杨×毛白杨的AFLP分子遗传图谱,这个群体对杨树溃疡病的抗性是正态分布。本实验使用AFLP分子标记技术对这一构图群体进行了分析,共选用了19对PstI/MseI引物和4对EcoRI/MseI引物,得到标记662个,其中3∶1标记占43 2%,异倍标记占14 5%,偏分离标记(P<0 05)占48 8%。在双亲整合的图谱中,239个标记形成22个含4个以上标记的连锁群,总图距4418cM,标记间的平均图距是18 5cM。图中还有8个重复位点和7个只与连锁群中的某一个标记连锁,但却无法加入这一连锁群的标记,这可能是由染色体的同源性造成的。此外还得到15个属于双亲共有的只有2～3个标记的小连锁群,13个父本独有的连锁群和21个母本独有的连锁群。     

光皮树SNP高密度遗传图谱构建

本研究采用F1代群体简化基因组测序(RAD-seq)技术，构建了光皮树亲本的遗传图谱。统计结果显示，SNP基因分型共57 089个，校正后为57 071个，基因型为hk×hk、nn×np和lm×ll。过滤与筛选后统计占比，hk×hk为28.59%,nn×np为14.52%,lm×ll为12.92%。通过对F1代进行连锁遗传图谱标记，9个连锁群综合遗传距离从93.26到241.02 cM不等，综合覆盖图距为1 260.94 cM,平均每个连锁群1 091个标记，标记数最大的连锁群是Lg1,标记数为1 744个；标记数最小的连锁群是Lg9,只有579个。通过对SNP标记数、标记距离和覆盖图距3个参数指标进行相关性分析，SNP标记数与覆盖图距呈极显著正相关，相关系数0.907。本研究构建了光皮树高密度遗传图谱，为其农艺性状定位与基因挖掘奠定了良好的基础。     

基于SSR和SRAP标记的簸箕柳×绵毛柳遗传框架图

以簸箕柳×绵毛柳的F1代为作图群体,构建1份柳树遗传连锁框架图,该图谱包含117个标记(56个SSR,54个SRAP,5个SCAR和2个性别标记),图谱总图距为1 631.4 cM,标记间平均图距为14.1 cM.估算柳树基因组的大小为2 261.39 cM,总的图谱覆盖率为72.14%.2个性别标记Sex-F和Sex-M被定位于该图谱第1和第17连锁群上,在第1连锁群上存在与雌性性别共分离的标记位点SCAR_AE08-780-5.通过基因组图谱初步比较研究发现,柳树框架图与毛果杨全基因组之间共有46个同源标记、15个同源连锁群,80.95%的同源标记具有共线性,这说明杨柳科基因组在进化过程中具有较高的保守性.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.