Monitoring derelict urban land: A review of problems and potentials of remote sensing techniques

The accelerating rate of change in urban areas calls for more rapid and cost-effective surveys of derelict land. A review of the use of remote sensing¹ for this task reveals that, although aerial photography has been used for urban analysis since the 1940s, it has not been widely adopted for surveys of derelict land, despite demonstrations of its utility. Other forms of remote sensing are similarly shown to have been little-used and to have had patchy success. The hitherto restricted utility of remote sensing is found to be due to a combination of limitations of the forms of imagery available and the methods of analysis employed. Recent changes in available remote sensing imagery, notably the higher resolution now provided by the SPOT satellite, coupled with advances in digital image-processing techniques point to improved opportunities for using remote sensing to monitor derelict land. As a demonstration of these developments, a texture image based on scene variance is derived from a SPOT image of part of north Staffordshire. All derelict and neglected land parcels larger than 1.25 ha are delimited on this image. Remote sensing techniques are not yet ready to supplant detailed ground surveys but they have a growing role to play in monitoring various aspects of land dereliction.     

Development of pollution-neutralizing properties in very young mine soils

Various properties capable of neutralizing environmental pollution (aggregate stability, buffer capacity and ion adsorption capacity) were determined in spoil from a lignite mine in Galicia (northwest Spain) and in mine soils of four and seven years age developed from this spoil. Buffer capacity and the adsorption of copper, cadmium and phosphate increased markedly with soil age, whereas the dispersion ratios of both macro- and micro-aggregates decreased sharply. These changes are attributed to the known increase in organic matter and extractable iron and aluminium. These components aid interparticle binding and create both exchange sites and specific adsorption sites. The ultimate causes are thought to be the successful establishment of an active field plant cover, the considerable colloid content of the parent material, the management of the mine soils and the climatic conditions of the area, which favour both the accumulation of soil organic matter and the weathering of the parent material.     

科尔沁沙地土地利用变化对大型土壤节肢动物群落影响

土地利用类型是地球表层系统最突出的景观标志,不仅可以客观地展示地球表面特征空间格局的活动,还反映着地球表面景观的时空动态过程[1-2].由于土地利用变化与人类活动和全球气候变化密切相关,对生物多样性消长、生态环境演变、生态安全水平以及人类可持续性发展有着重要影响,因而其研究已成为当今全球变化研究的前沿和热点课题[1,3].     

华南丘陵区村级景观下土地利用/土地覆盖对土壤质量的影响

利用IKONOS高分辨率（1m）卫星遥感图,根据Ellis提出的村级景观分类体系,研究华南丘陵区村级景观中的土壤容重、土壤有机质、土壤全氮和土壤全磷的含量和分布特征。结果表明：不同土地利用景观中,表层土壤（0～15cm）的土壤容重、有机质和全氮均有显著差异,最大值分别为：1．42gcm^-3（建设用地）、18．67g kg^-1（水田）和0．95g kg^-1（水田）,而全磷差异不显著。由于林地面积最大,其土壤养分储量也最大,表层土壤有机质、全氮、全磷储量分别占整个地区表层总储量的55．05％、53．88％、46．23％。不同土地覆盖景观中,表层土壤的土壤容重、有机质、全氮也都有显著差异,最大值分别为：1．42gcm^-3（硬化地面）、15．96g kg^-1（混合植被）和0．68g kg^-1（混合植被）,而全磷差异也不显著。多年生植被在土地覆盖景观中所占面积最大,其表层土壤有机质、全氮、全磷储量分别占整个地区表层总储量的55．01％、54．53％、59．02％。由于下层受人为干扰较小,不论是在不同土地利用方式还是在土地覆盖下,下层土壤（15～30cm）的土壤容重、有机质、全氮和全磷均无显著差异。人为强烈干扰下,植被覆盖度低的交通用地、房屋及其附近的干扰地和荒地与植被覆盖度高的林地、水田相比较,土壤容重高,而土壤有机质、土壤全氮和土壤全磷含量低。     

Effects of soil moisture and temperature on CO2 and CH4 soil-atmosphere exchange of various land use/cover types in a semi-arid grassland in Inner Mongolia, China

The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of soil moisture and temperature as well as drying/re-wetting and freezing/thawing on soil-atmosphere exchange of CO₂ and CH₄ of the four dominant land use/cover types (typical steppe, TS; sand dune, SD; mountain meadow, MM; marshland, ML) in the Xilin River catchment, China. For this purpose, intact soil cores were incubated in the laboratory under varying soil moisture and temperature levels according to field conditions in the Xilin River catchment. CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes were determined approximately daily, while soil CH₄ gas profile measurements at four soil depths (5 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm and 30 cm) were measured at least twice per week. Land use/cover generally had a substantial influence on CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes, with the order of CH₄ uptake and CO₂ emission rates of the different land use/cover types being TS ≥ MM ≥ SD > ML and MM > TS ≥ SD > ML, respectively. Significant negative soil moisture and positive temperature effects on CH₄ uptake were found for most soils, except for ML soils. As for CO₂ flux, both significant positive soil moisture and temperature effects were observed for all the soils. The combination of soil moisture and temperature could explain a large part of the variation in CO₂ (up to 87%) and CH₄ (up to 68%) fluxes for most soils. Drying/re-wetting showed a pronounced stimulation of CO₂ emissions for all the soils —with maximum fluxes of 28.4 ± 2.6, 50.0 ± 5.7, 81.9 ± 2.7 and 10.6 ± 1.2 mg C m⁻² h⁻¹ for TS, SD, MM and ML soils, respectively—but had a negligible effect on CH₄ fluxes (TS: −3.6 ± 0.2; SD: 1.0 ± 0.9; MM: −4.1 ± 1.3; ML: −5.6 ± 0.8; all fluxes in μg C m⁻² h⁻¹). Enhanced CO₂ emission and CH₄ oxidation were observed for all soils during thawing periods. In addition, a very distinct vertical gradient of soil air CH₄ concentrations was observed for all land use/cover types, with gradually decreasing CH₄ concentrations down to 30 cm soil depth. The changes in soil air CH₄ concentration gradients were in accordance with the changes of CH₄ fluxes during the entire incubation experiment for all soils.     

江西省土地利用变化及其对人类活动的响应

采用人机交互式判读解译2005年、2010年、2013年3期TM/ETM+遥感影像,提取获得江西省土地利用数据。从土地利用变化速度、土地利用转移空间特征与方向、土地利用程度等角度对江西省人类活动作用下的土地利用变化时空规律进行了深入分析。结果表明:(1)2005—2010年、2010—2013年两个时间段,江西土地利用变化速度呈现下降趋势,各地类增减变化较为显著;(2)2005年以来,耕地与建设用地、林地3种地类间的转移流在土地转移网络中占主导地位;地类间转移面积密度总体呈下降趋势,土地利用类型转移热点区呈片状及散点状分布;(3)总体来看,江西省土地利用程度整体水平普遍提升,土地利用程度综合变化指数区域差异逐步缩小;土地利用程度综合指数变化极值区受政策影响显著,在两个时期内促使了赣北环鄱区、赣南地区土地利用活跃区的形成。     

泉州土地利用变化与区域比较

近几十年,中国城市化取得了很大的进展。随着经济的快速发展和人口的增加,定量分析福建省东南沿海泉州城市空间结构演化,不仅可为评估区域未来环境提供理论基础,而且可为建设国家海峡西岸经济区和实施\"一带一路\"战略提供科学依据。本文采用地理信息系统(GIS)、遥感和区域比较方法,研究了泉州市1995—2010年15年间土地景观格局的变化。结果表明:2010年泉州土地利用面积以林地和耕地为主,分别约占总面积的60%和15%;近15年间,城市建设用地翻了两倍,但耕地、林地大量减少,转出的耕地中,约有57.4%转化为建设用地;建设用地的增加较多发生在泉州的沿海与沿河地区,并随时间推移而有减缓的趋势,土地利用综合动态度与土地利用程度也随之依次降低;土地利用综合动态度表现出从中国东部、中部向西部地区呈递减趋势。尽管15年间,泉州市城市扩张发生了显著的变化,但是,由于地理位置与人口的影响,它与中国沿海其他城市如深圳、东莞相比,仍处于落后水平。泉州土地景观呈现土地利用上的日益多样化、土地结构上日益破碎化以及形状上复杂化的趋势。人口数量与结构、经济发展水平及国家建设海峡西岸经济区的政策是影响该区土地利用变化的主要驱动力。     

The effect of land use/cover change on surface runoff in Shenzhen region,China

Shenzhen is one of the special economic zones in China. It has been growing rapidly from rural land to an industrial city since the mid-1980s. With the process of urbanization, flooding has become a threat to the security of the city area. In this study, Buji River basin in Shenzhen Region was selected to investigate the effect of urbanization on surface runoff and peak discharge. Land use data were obtained from LANDSAT images in 1980, 1988, 1994, and 2000, and surface runoff in the same period was simulated by SCS model. Results showed that urbanization played an important factor intensifying the flood process. Increase of urbanized land and decrease of farmland might be the main reasons for increasing runoff. At 10%, 50% and 90% rainfall probability (the rainfall probability of 10% means 10-year return period of moist year, 2-year return period of normal year and 10-year return period of dry year), the increase of runoff coefficient was 12.6%, 20.7% and 33.5% respectively under relatively dry soil moisture condition, however, and the value was 2.5%, 4.3% and 6.9% respectively under relatively wet soil moisture condition. Urbanization led to obvious increase in the maximum flood discharge and decrease in runoff confluence time. At 1%, 2% and 5% rainfall probability, the increase of the maximum flood discharge was 20.2%, 23.0% and 28.9% respectively, under relatively dry soil moisture condition. The corresponding value was 1.3%, 1.6% and 2.6% respectively under relatively wet soil moisture condition. Due to urbanization in the past 20 years, runoff coefficient increased 13.4% and the maximum flood discharge increased 12.9% on average.     

新疆艾比湖湿地LUCC对景观格局演变的影响

以新疆艾比湖湿地保护区为研究区,采用1990年10月5日、2000年9月25日和2015年9月13日TM/ETM+影像,以土壤实测数据为基础,建立适宜的土地利用分类体系,分析了25 a间研究区的土地利用动态变化,以及景观格局的时空演变,从而深入探讨了土地利用变化对景观格局演变的影响。结果表明:(1)25 a间,研究区综合土地利用动态度为0.97%,且呈现逐年降低趋势,土地利用类型随着时间的推移,变化由剧烈逐步驱于平衡状态。1990—2000年间,林地和水田的面积增加,中轻度盐渍地和极重度盐渍地面积依然呈现明显的上升趋势;2000—2015年间,水体面积明显减少,沙漠面积急剧增加,重度盐渍地和极重度盐渍地面积呈现增加趋势。(2)25 a间研究区景观格局发生了很大的变化。蔓延度持续减小,分散与并列指数显著增加,景观的延展性下降,导致景观破碎化加剧。Shannon多样性指数和Shannon均匀度指数均呈现稳步增加趋势,这说明景观的异质性程度呈现上升趋势。(3)土地利用变化改变了景观格局,导致景观分散与并列指数增加,蔓延度降低,均匀度增加,研究区景观整体先向破碎化发展,后略有所好转,逐步向稳定优化的趋势发展,但总体的盐渍化和荒漠化趋势依然严峻。该研究进一步提出了改良方案,对研究区土地资源的合理利用和可持续发展研究具有重要意义。     

土地利用方式对雅江中游土壤理化性质及 颗粒分形特征的影响

采取野外调查和室内试验相结合方法,分析了雅江中游4种土地利用方式基本理化性质,并运用土壤颗粒体积分形维数模型研究了不同土地利用方式土壤颗粒分形特征及与土壤粒径、性状关系。结果表明:(1)不同土地利用方式0~30 cm土壤理化性质差异显著(P0.05),土壤容重表现为稀疏灌丛农耕地荒草地人工林地,随着土壤层次增加,土壤容重呈增大趋势。总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、饱和持水率、毛管持水率均与容重规律相反;(2)4种土地利用方式主要以粉粒、砂粒为主,黏粒含量仅占到0.36%~4.27%,土壤质地偏砂性;(3)0~30 cm土壤颗粒体积分形维数平均值的顺序为:农耕地荒草地人工林地稀疏灌丛。人工林地具有较好的土壤结构,相对疏松、通透性好。而稀疏灌丛受到砾石影响,分形维数最小,但在保水保肥能力上最弱;(4)土壤颗粒体积分形维数与砂粒体积百分含量呈极显著负相关(r=–0.873,P0.01);与粉粒体积百分含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.860,P0.01);与黏粒体积百分含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.913,P0.01)。这表明,一定程度上,研究区分形维数可作为评估水土流失的指标;(5)土壤颗粒体积分形维数与各土壤单一物理性质具有不同程度相关性,其中与总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、饱和含水量、毛管含水量均为正相关关系,而与容重、有机质呈负相关关系。     

县市级尺度土地利用与土地覆盖变化初步研究——以江苏昆山市为例

在分析县市级尺度土地利用与土地覆盖变化(LUCC)研究的重要性的基础上,以江苏省昆山市为例,根据其1994~2000年土地利用详查及变更资料,从土地利用现状入手,分析其土地利用的现状特征。并采用土地利用程度、土地利用变化和景观学的空间格局的相关指数等具体指标,对昆山市的土地利用现状及其变化进行了定量分析。最后根据分析结果给出了相关的结论。     

县市级尺度土地利用与土地覆盖变化初步研究——以江苏昆山市为例

在分析县市级尺度土地利用与土地覆盖变化(LUCC)研究的重要性的基础上,以江苏省昆山市为例,根据其1994—2000年土地利用详查及变更资料,从土地利用现状入手,分析其土地利用的现状特征。并采用土地利用程度、土地利用变化和景观学的空间格局的相关指数等具体指标,对昆山市的土地利用现状及其变化进行了定量分析。最后根据分析结果给出了相关的结论。     

Future productivity of fallow systems in Sub-Saharan Africa: Is the effect of demographic pressure and fallow reduction more significant than climate change?

In this century climate change is assumed to be the major driver for changes in agricultural systems and crop productivity at the global scale. However, due to spatial differences in cropping systems and in the magnitude of climatic change regional variations of climate change impact are expected. Furthermore, the recent climate projections are highly uncertain for large parts of West Africa. In particular with respect to annual precipitation and variability the projections vary between trends with decreasing precipitation and trends with slightly increasing precipitation within the next decades. On the other hand, the extensive fallow systems in this region suffer from increasing population pressure, which compromises soil fertility restoration. In the Republic of Benin, the demographic projections for the first half of this century indicate a continuous growth of the population with a narrow interval of confidence. Thus, in the absence of an adequate soil fertility management with judicious use of mineral fertilizers, the soil degradation process with decreasing crop yields is expected to continue. The objective of this paper was, therefore, to quantify the regional effect of future population growth on crop yields in West Africa and to compare it with the potential effects of climate change scenarios. Three land use scenarios (L1, L2 and L3) for the Upper Ouémé catchment where derived from different demographic projections combined with assumptions regarding future road networks and legal frameworks for forest protection using the CLUE-S modeling approach. The fallow-cropland ratio decreased in the three scenarios from 0.87 in the year 2000 to 0.66, 0.48 and 0.68 for L1, L2 and L3, respectively in 2050. Based on the projected ratio of fallow and cropland, trends of maize yield for the three land use scenarios were calculated using the EPIC (Environmental Policy Integrated Climate) model coupled with a spatial database. Maize yields followed the decreasing trend of the fallow-cropland ratio and estimated yield reductions amounted to up to 24% in the period 2021-2050. This trend was compared with the impact of the SRES climate scenarios A1B and B1 based on the output of the GCM ECHAM5 downscaled with the REMO model and the A1B scenario output of the GCM HADC3Q0 downscaled with the RCMs SMHIRCA and HADRM3P. The yield reductions due to the projected climate change in the three models accounted for a yield decrease of up to 18% (REMO A1B scenario) in the same period. Taking into account the smaller uncertainties in the scenario assumptions and in the model output of the land use scenarios, it is concluded that, in low input fallow systems in West Africa, land use effects will be at least as important as climate effects within the next decades.     

福建省土地利用/覆被变化对区域生态环境影响研究

土地利用/覆被变化对区域生态环境的影响已成为国际土地科学研究中最为活跃的前沿领域之一,也是相关领域研究的重点。从气候、生物多样性、土地退化等几个方面分析了福建省土地利用/覆被变化对陆域生态环境的影响,土地利用变化对湿地的影响。结果表明:土地利用通过改变土地覆被将从正反两面影响区域的生物多样性;土地利用/覆被变化主要通过改变地表反射率和大气中气体含量影响气候质量;不同的土地利用类型和土地覆被程度引起土壤侵蚀的程度不同,土壤侵蚀过程加速了土壤养分的流失与土壤退化。     

近25年延河流域土地利用/覆盖变化的时空特征

基于1980年和2005年两期土地利用矢量数据,选取土地利用转移矩阵、土地利用动态度和重心转移3种方法对延河流域土地利用/覆盖时空变化特征进行了定量研究。结果表明:(1)在近25a,延河流域森林和农田面积在数量上发生了大幅度的变化,以农田流向森林为主,然而草地和农田始终是流域主要的土地利用类型,二者所占比重之和在两个时期均在87%以上,加上森林三者所占比重达99%以上;(2)25a内,延河流域仅有3.89%的土地资源发生了利用方式的变化,但聚落用地面积增加迅速,年均增加速率为4.10%,主要靠占用农田和草地来实现;(3)区域之间以及区域和整个流域之间的土地利用变化方向和变化速度不一致,其中安塞地区的各土地利用类型变化速度均大于全流域,这与安塞地区的社会经济活动比较活跃,土地利用变化总体较为剧烈息息相关;(4)25a内,各种土地利用类型在空间上分布比较均匀,其中森林在空间上不断向上游、高海拔方向转移,而流域内水体的重心向流域下游迁移。     

国内LUCC研究进展综述

土地利用／覆被变化(LUCC)是全球环境变化的重要组成部分和主要原因之一,本文综述了国内LUCC研究在动态信息获取、土地利用／覆被分类与制图、驱动力探讨与模型建立、LUCC环境效应及与可持续发展关系等方面研究所取得的进展,并针对当前国内LUCC研究中存在的一些问题,认为今后LUCC研究应加强RS信息与其他来源信息的结合、完善LUCC模型功能以及构建综合的LUCC理论体系。