Feline pyothorax - new insights into an old problem: part 2. Treatment recommendations and prophylaxis

Until recently, pyothorax in the cat has been generally considered to have a poor prognosis. However, it has become clear that most cats that survive the first 48 h following presentation can be successfully treated with aggressive medical management. In this second part of a two-part review, logical guidelines for the management of the disease are discussed, with particular emphasis on antimicrobial selection. Patient stabilisation and supportive care, techniques for pleural space drainage and lavage and indications for surgery are reviewed.     

The problem mare part 2: treatment

In this article different possible treatments for problem mares are discussed. The therapeutic possibilities vary and can be classified into anatomical correction, anti-infectious therapy, and treatment to enhance the uterine defence mechanisms. Anatomical correction and treatment with antibiotics are valuable therapies and have been used for many years. In recent years, stimulation of the mechanical defence mechanism of the uterus, by flushing it with physiological solution combined with parenteral oxytocin, has been shown to increase the chance of getting problem mares in foal.     

过氧化氢对盐酸解除家蚕滞育的促进作用研究

产后置于温度为25℃条件下保护16天的家蚕滞育卵，用盐酸和过氧化氢处理，研究了过氧化氢对盐酸解除家蚕滞育的作用。结果表明，48℃、18．4％的盐酸处理能一定程度解除蚕卵滞育性，1mol／L和2mol／L过氧化氢处理，不能解除滞育性而获得孵化能力，但对盐酸的解除作用有显著的促进作用；促进作用大小与盐酸处理时间、过氧化氢浓度、两种处理之间的时间间隔有关。     

生产经营使用“瘦肉精”将遭严惩

[本刊讯 ]针对广东省河源市发生含“瘦肉精”(盐酸克伦特罗 )猪肉导致群众中毒事件 ,农业部1 1月 1 3日发出紧急通知 ,要求各地采取更加严厉的措施 ,加大对违规企业的处罚力度。据介绍 ,1 1月 7日 ,广东省河源市发生含“瘦肉精”(盐酸克伦特罗 )猪肉导致群众中毒事件。经查 ,此次事件是由于“瘦肉精”生产经营厂家非法出售这种药品 ,广东省台山市中洋饲料有限公司非法生产含“瘦肉精”的饲料 ,河源市两名个体养猪户非法使用含“瘦肉精”的饲料饲喂育肥猪而引发的中毒事件。“瘦肉精”是危害饲料业和畜牧业发展的毒品 ,严重影响了我国饲料业…     

150th anniversary of veterinary education and the veterinary profession in North America: part 2, 1940-1970

This article is the second in a series of four to be published in the Journal of Veterinary Medical Education (JVME). These articles are abridged versions of six lectures that make up an elective course on the history of the veterinary profession in North America offered at Cornell University's College of Veterinary Medicine to students in all four years of the program. The course is built in part on a series of biographies and interviews captured in a collection at http://www.vet.cornell.edu/legacy, and complemented by a growing collection of historical and public policy blogs at http://www.veterinarylegacy.blogsite.com. This article describes the development of the veterinary profession from 1940 to 1970, with particular emphasis on World War II, the Land Grant colleges established in the mid- and late 1940s, women in veterinary medicine (1910-1970), and African-Americans (ca. 1890-1945). Though the article is somewhat Cornell-centric because the lectures were presented to Cornell students at their home institution, many events are representative of the broader American experience.     

Canine immune-mediated polyarthritis: part 2: diagnosis and treatment

Canine immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA) is a diagnosis of exclusion based predominantly on clinical signs, characteristic joint fluid analysis, and elimination of potential joint infection. Ultimately, an appropriate and sustained response to immunosuppressive therapy may become the final diagnostic criterion used. Identifying associated disease processes, including breed-specific syndromes, remote infection, inflammation, drug exposure, vaccine exposure, or neoplasia, as well as initial response to therapy, is often an important contributor to prognosis. This review article is the second of a two part series and focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of immune-mediated polyarthritis. The first article in this series, published in the January/February 2012 issue, concentrated on the pathophysiology of IMPA.     

Use of prostaglandin F2 alpha for early pregnancy termination in the mismated bitch

Natural PGF administered at a dose of at least 250 micrograms/kg twice daily subcutaneously for at least 4 days starting no earlier than day 5 of cytologic diestrus induces luteolysis and pregnancy termination in the mated bitch. The resulting shortening of the luteal phase is associated with a shortening of the interestrous interval from 1 to 4 months. Bitches treated with PGF show emesis, diarrhea, and panting within 5 minutes and transient hypothermia which lasts 2 to 3 hours but generally have no further reaction. Bitches with cardiac or respiratory dysfunctions are not considered safe patients for early pregnancy termination with PGF because of the cardiovascular effects of this drug. Bitches treated with this regime early in diestrus resorb their conceptuses; those treated after days 35 to 40 show clinical abortion of viable fetuses.     

Successful drug development despite adverse preclinical findings part 2: examples

To illustrate the process of addressing adverse preclinical findings (APFs) as outlined in the first part of this review, a number of cases with unexpected APF in toxicity studies with drug candidates is discussed in this second part. The emphasis is on risk characterization, especially regarding the mode of action (MoA), and risk evaluation regarding relevance for man. While severe APFs such as retinal toxicity may turn out to be of little human relevance, minor findings particularly in early toxicity studies, such as vasculitis, may later pose a real problem. Rodents are imperfect models for endocrine APFs, non-rodents for human cardiac effects. Liver and kidney toxicities are frequent, but they can often be monitored in man and do not necessarily result in early termination of drug candidates. Novel findings such as the unusual lesions in the gastrointestinal tract and the bones presented in this review can be difficult to explain. It will be shown that well known issues such as phospholipidosis and carcinogenicity by agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) need to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The latter is of particular interest because the new PPAR α and dual α/γ agonists resulted in a change of the safety paradigm established with the older PPAR α agonists. General toxicologists and pathologists need some understanding of the principles of genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity testing. Both types of preclinical toxicities are major APF and clinical monitoring is difficult, generally leading to permanent use restrictions.