猪育种的几点再思考：特点、挑战与展望

文章在对猪育种成就作简要回顾的基础上，对当前猪育种领域呈现的发展趋势和特点、以及部分现实存在和未来可能面临的挑战进行了粗浅的思考和总结，并对未来猪育种作了简单展望。百年猪育种取得了巨大的成就，包括育种技术、育种组织模式、以及主流商业化品种/品系等。当前猪育种已整体进入基因组育种时代，表现出大数据化、国际化、精细化等多个特点。新时期，猪育种也面临着诸多挑战，包括解决以往育种难以改良的性状，如何满足细分市场和消费者的个性化需求，如何在育种实践中综合考虑更多非传统的育种元素，以及如何面对育种伦理学、人工肉生产技术等带来的新冲击。在更久的未来，提高猪肉生产效率可能不再是猪育种的核心目标，猪育种将拓展育种目标的范围，包括通过育种手段培育医学动物模型、宠物猪、工作猪等。文章从不同的视角为学界和业界再认识猪育种提供了一种参考。     

行业动态

2008年全国猪联合育种协作组会议12月12日在京召开为充分发挥全国猪联合育种协作组的带动作用,研究新形势下全国猪联合育种工作思路,推动全国猪联合育种工作有序开展。2008年全国猪联合育种协作组会于12月12日在北京顺义区召开。主要内容     

猪育种目标性状的确定

整个猪育种环节中最重要和最基础的一步便是确定目标性状，它是通过育种工作获得最大经济效益的导向，直接体现了整个育种工作期望达到的目的。因此，确定育种中的目标性状是整个育种过程的重心，所有育种工作都要始终围绕合理的育种目标而开展。笔者就猪的主要性状、影响目标性状选择的因素进行了阐述，以期为在猪的遗传育种工作中确定育种的目标性状有所帮助。     

种猪育种与养猪产业化

我国猪育种中存在的关键问题是缺乏有效的育种组织。在养猪业发达国家,猪育种组织主要包括育种者协会及育种企业。育种者协会由个体育种场联合成立,得到政府的认证。在育种企业出现以前,猪育种工作是由政府组织通过育种者协会来进行的。制约我国养猪业持续发展的首要因素是良种     

2009年政府将加大猪联合育种工作力度

为充分发挥全国猪联合育种协作组的带动作用,研究新形势下全国猪联合育种工作思路,推动全国猪联合育种工作有序开展,2008年12月12～14日, "2008年全国猪联合育种协作组会议"在北京召开.     

猪抗病育种的研究进展

抗病育种是从遗传本质上增强猪的体质,意义重大,本文在综述了几个猪抗病育种候选基因研究进展的基础上,针对当前猪抗病育种面临的问题提出了相应的解决措施,以期为猪的抗病育种工作起到一定的参考作用。     

优质黑猪育种30年工作体会

品种是影响养猪生产中的最重要因素,猪育种是一项复杂且系统的工程,文章从育种素材筛选、育种方案设计、育种方法选择、品种审定以及扩群产业化推广等方面进行详细的阐述,并结合育种经验提出相应猪育种建议。     

种猪育种与养猪产业化

我国猪育种中存在的关键问题是缺乏有效的育种组织。在养猪业发达国家，猪育种组织主要包括育种者协会及育种企业。育种者协会由个体育种场联合成立，得到政府的认证。在育种企业出现以前，猪育种工作是由政府组织通过育种者协会来进行的。     

转基因动物技术及其在动物育种中的应用

本文简单介绍了转基因猪育种技术的研究意义、基本概念、研究方法以及在转基因猪育种中的应用,并对转基因猪育种的前景进行了展望。     

我国猪育种研究现状、存在问题与发展趋势

通过对我国猪育种工作现状的回顾,讨论当前我国育种工作存在的问题,介绍了联合育种．现代分子育种、网络信息技术育种一些新的育种方法以及未来猪育种的发展趋势,为建立我国瘦肉型猪改良繁育体系育种目标提供理论参考。     

非洲猪瘟背景下猪育种策略探讨

非洲猪瘟给我国养猪业造成巨大损失,也沉重地打击了我国的猪育种工作,虽然目前非洲猪瘟已大大缓解,各核心育种场也逐渐恢复了育种工作,但非洲猪瘟并未消除,未来的育种工作将面临非洲猪瘟常态的挑战。在这样的背景下,我国的猪育种工作应做出针对性的改变,主要体现在：（1）建立严格的永久性的生物安全体系;（2）调整育种目标;（3）自动化、智能化、物联网技术的应用;（4）加快基因组选择技术应用;（5）建设高质量、高度生物安全的种公猪站;（6）利用冷冻精液技术。     

Application of ultrasound for genetic improvement.

Genetic improvement programs for livestock would be enhanced by the ability to accurately and easily measure body composition of live animals or to make measurements at anatomical reference points that can be used to accurately predict body composition. Advances in ultrasonic technology, such as real-time imagery and portable ultrasound units, have renewed interest among animal scientists working with genetic improvement programs and the livestock industry groups they serve. Ultrasound has been used for more than 30 yr and, for swine, has been demonstrated to improve significantly the accuracy of predicting body composition. However, many studies have shown less success in improving prediction of body composition from the use of ultrasonics to measure live beef cattle and sheep. The swine industry probably will be the first to benefit measurably from use of ultrasound technology in large-scale genetic improvement programs for carcass merit. Considerable research and development is needed before ultrasound technology can be effectively used in similar large-scale programs in the beef cattle and sheep industries.     

间接ELISA在猪瘟抗体检测上的应用

间接ELISA以其灵敏、特异、简单、快速、稳定、高通量及易于操作等优点,在猪瘟免疫猪群抗体水平监测、猪瘟的快速诊断与流行病学调查中得到了广泛应用,显示出了良好的应用前景。论文就间接ELISA方法及其在猪瘟诊断上的应用概况做一综述,以期为我国猪瘟的综合防控提供参考。     

Eperythrozoonosis in swine--an overlooked disease?

In the present work a review is given on the aetiology, clinical symptoms, prevalence and significance of the disease eperythrozoonosis in swine. Clinical outbreaks are characterized by fever, anemia and icterus. Clinical signs are most likely to be observed in young suckling piglets and in sows at the time of farrowing. In most cases infection with Eperythrozoon suis leads to a carrier state of symptomless, subclinical infection which, however, may be activated under conditions of stress. Eperythrozoonosis in swine has been reported from the USA, England, Federal Republic of Germany, Belgium and a few other countries. Due to the latent nature and the non-specific clinical symptoms of the disease it seems likely that the prevalence of E. suis in swine populations may be considerably greater than the number of clinical cases might lead one to suppose. So far, E. suis has not been diagnosed in Scandinavia, but it should not be excluded that eperythrozoonosis may exist as a neglected disease in Nordic swine herds as well.     

猪场生物安全系统要点

建立生物安全体系是猪场防控疾病的前提,也是最经济有效的疫病防治措施。2018年我国发生非洲猪瘟以来,疫情对我国生猪养殖业带来深刻影响,在未来很长一段时间内该病都将是我国猪场的常态化疾病。非洲猪瘟疫情发生后,我国养猪业创新性地提出了系列生物安全防控技术,建立了能够有效应对疫情常态威胁的生物安全技术体系,两年多来的防控实践证明了这些生物安全防控手段的有效性。文章总结了猪场生物安全体系建设和管理中的关键环节及注意事项,希望可以为猪场非洲猪瘟防控提供参考。     

非洲猪瘟危害及防控方法

非洲猪瘟是一种急性传染病,不仅发病率较高,死亡率也高,已被列为法定报告动物疾病,是我国重点防控的动物疫病之一。非洲猪瘟的危害性较强,一旦出现会大面积扩散,病情控制的难度较大,会带来难以估量的损失。在养猪中,做好非洲猪瘟的预防工作,充分认识非洲猪瘟的危害性,保障养殖业的发展和消费者的健康。     

Application of ultrasound for feeding and finishing animals: a review.

The ability to evaluate carcass traits in live animals is of value to research, educational, and industry personnel. Ultrasonic technology has been tested since the early 1950s and continues to be under investigation as a means of accomplishing this task. The accuracy of ultrasound in predicting carcass traits is variable and is dependent on species, ultrasonic instrumentation, and(or) the skill of the technician. Based on this review, the ranges of correlation coefficients (r) for carcass traits as predicted by ultrasound to the respective carcass measurement are as follows: swine (fat .20 to .94; longissimus muscle .27 to .93), sheep (fat .42 to .95; longissimus muscle .36 to .79) and beef (fat .45 to .96; longissimus muscle .20 to .94; marbling .20 to .91). Although these correlation coefficients give an indication of the accuracy of ultrasound, it should be noted that these statistics do not reflect population variation or bias. Applications of ultrasound in swine finishing programs include the successful prediction of market weight carcass characteristics and the prediction of percentage of lean cuts before slaughter. In contrast, the application of ultrasound in lamb finishing programs has met with limited success. Most data indicate that weight and(or) visual estimations of fat are at least as accurate as ultrasound predictions of carcass composition. In beef finishing programs, ultrasound has, at times, been used successfully to predict fat and muscle traits before slaughter and beef carcass chemical composition. The ability to predict marbling, however, remains unclear and requires further investigation. Ultrasound has also been used in beef finishing programs to predict days on feed to a constant body compositional end point. When summarized, these data indicate that a single ultrasonic measurement of fat can be helpful in predicting days on feed in yearling cattle. When used alone, however, a single backfat measurement does not provide adequate accuracy. Therefore, factors such as age, sex, breed type, weight, and hip height are needed to help predict days on feed more accurately.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征诊断与疫苗研究进展

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征是危害世界养猪业的最严重的传染病之一,自出现以来迅速在世界范围内大面积流行,对养猪业造成不可估量的损失,因此对于该病的研究具有重要的意义.近几年来,随着各国对该病的研究日益深入,在疫病的防控机制、诊断方法等方面也取得了重要进展.文章就近年来猪繁殖与呼吸综合征诊断方法和疫苗的发展概况进行了综述,诊断方法...     

猪瘟疫苗研究进展

猪瘟是猪的一种高度接触性传染病 ,由于其造成巨大的经济损失 ,故而为清除本病作了很多工作。猪瘟疫苗的接种是控制猪瘟的重要手段。猪瘟疫苗包括灭活苗、弱毒苗及基因工程疫苗。猪瘟兔化弱毒苗因其优良的免疫原性是目前猪瘟防治应用最为广泛的疫苗之一。基因工程疫苗是目前猪瘟疫苗研究的热点领域 ,其包括亚单位疫苗、合成肽苗、活载体苗、核酸疫苗等。值得一提的是猪瘟病毒标记疫苗研究近年来发展迅速 ,目前已出现商品化的亚单位标记疫苗 ,可使猪瘟疫苗接种和自然感染区别更为简单、快捷。本文就猪瘟疫苗的发展及应用作了简要介绍     

2019年养猪科技新技术盘点

2019年,我国的养猪业虽然受到重创,但部分养猪科技新技术仍得到了一定的发展。如:养猪“智能+”、“铁桶”楼房养猪技术、无人养猪技术、非洲猪瘟感染猪场复养技术和数字PCR检测技术等。防控非洲猪瘟疫情告诉我们:在充满不确定的世界,杀不死你的,必使你更加强大。面对突如其来的意外,与其逃避,不如正面面对,把意外当做锻炼自己的机会,主动拥抱变化,适应变化,反而能茁壮成长和壮大。