Efficacy of insecticides against major insect pests of potatoes in hot climates of Peru

Soil-incorporated and foliar-applied insecticides, alone and in combination, were tested in two different tropical sites of Peru. At San Ramon (altitude 800 m) major pests during the wet season were Diabrotica spp. and Myzus persicae. Soil-incorporated insecticides gave protection against Diabrotica but not M. persicae, and yields were significantly lower with these compared with the foliar-applied insecticide, carbofuran. Mean yield was inversely and significantly correlated with mean number of Diabrotica individuals per plant (r=0·989; 0·01 <P<0·05). The foliar-applied insecticide, season, major pests were Phthorimaea operculella, M. persicae and Feltia spp. Mean yield was inversely correlated with mean number of larval mines by P. operculella on foliage (r=0·976;0·02 <P<0·05). The foliar-applied insecticide methomyl, reduced pest damage and increased yields significantly. The major pests during the dry season at Yurimagus (altitude 180m) were Diabrotica spp. Foliar application of carbaryl alone, or in combination with soil-incorporated insecticides, was equally effective in reducing damage and yield loss. An inverse significant correlation (r=0·985; 0·01<P<0·02) for yield vs. damage from Diabrotica spp. was observed.     

桃蚜取食对抗、感蚜辣椒品种水杨酸、茉莉酸信号途径的影响

为了明确水杨酸及茉莉酸信号途径在辣椒抗蚜性中的重要作用,本研究在获得遗传稳定的抗、感蚜参照辣椒品种的基础上,系统开展了桃蚜为害前后抗、感蚜参照辣椒品种叶组织中水杨酸、茉莉酸含量及相关基因表达量的差异分析。结果表明,桃蚜为害后,水杨酸含量在抗蚜辣椒品种‘猪大肠’（ZDC）和感蚜辣椒品种‘大羊角椒’（DYJJ）中均比为害前显著提高,而茉莉酸含量在ZDC中显著提高,在DYJJ中则先显著降低之后又恢复到为害前水平。水杨酸信号途径相关基因PR1、EDS5、PAD4的表达量在ZDC、DYJJ被桃蚜为害后均能够显著诱导,并且桃蚜为害早期PR1和EDS5基因在ZDC中的表达量显著高于DYJJ。ZDC被桃蚜为害后,茉莉酸信号途径基因LOX2、AOC的表达量比为害前先显著提高,之后又逐渐降低至为害前水平,而这2个基因在DYJJ中的表达被显著抑制,并且也显著低于ZDC中的表达水平。研究结果表明,抗蚜辣椒品种可以同时激活水杨酸、茉莉酸信号途径抵御桃蚜为害,而感蚜辣椒品种激活水杨酸途径、显著抑制茉莉酸途径则有利于桃蚜为害。本研究从以上2个防御信号途径初步揭示了辣椒的抗蚜性分子机理。     

基于SRAP的辣木种质资源遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析

为探讨辣木（Moringa spp.）种质资源间的遗传关系,采用相关序列扩增多态性（sequence-related amplified polymorphism, SRAP）分子标记方法对18份辣木种质资源的遗传多样性和亲缘关系进行分析。结果表明,从170对引物中筛选出13对多态性较高的引物组合,共扩增出104条清晰稳定的条带,平均多态性条带百分率达62.50%。遗传多样性参数分别为等位基因数（Na）为1.6250,有效等位基因数（Ne）为1.4777,基因多样性指数（H）为0.2632,香农信息指数（I）为0.3797,说明18份辣木种质资源间有较高的遗传多样性。UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,18份辣木种质资在遗传相似系数0.732水平上,可分了3个群,来自非洲卢旺达的狭瓣辣木[M. stenopetala (Baker f.) Cufod.]具有较远的亲缘关系,单独聚类为一个类群Ⅲ;其余样品则分别聚类为类群Ⅰ和类群Ⅱ,类群Ⅰ共11份材料,主要为来源于印度的多油辣木（M. oleifera Lam.）及其改良种‘PKM1’和‘PKM2’,类群Ⅱ共6份材料,主要为来源于我国云南和海南的多油辣木及其改良种‘PKM1’和’PKM2’。SRAP标记反映了辣木种质资源间的遗传关系,本研究结果为辣木杂交育种的亲本选择提供了科学基础。     

Screening for resistance to big-vein disease of lettuce (Lactuca sativa)

A methods was developed for screening of breeding populations and evaluation of genotypes of lettuce for resistance to big vein. First and rapid screening of plant populations or large numbers of genotypes was in greenhouse trials by inoculation of the substrate in which the seedlings to be tested were grown with viruliferous zoospores of Olpidium brassicae. Further testing with limited numbers of genotypes was in container tests, using dry soil with viruliferous resting spores as inoculum. No single criterion or simple and early parameter was found to represent fully the final effect of the disease on yield and quality at the time of harvest. Effect on head weight was not correlated with disease incidence or sympton severity. The final effect on promising lines and cultivars could only be studied in field experiments after zoospore inoculation of seedlings in the greenhouse or on naturally infested soil. All 55 lettuce genotypes tested, including American ‘resistant’ crisphead cultivars and breeding lines, developed symptoms of big vein in either test, but there were considerable differences in length of incubation time, sensitivity, and capacity to recover from disease. Loss of head weight was considerable in all nine genotypes tested for yield reduction after early inoculation, and for the crisphead cultivars also after late inoculation. Cos lettuce ‘Lobjoit's Green’ and ‘grasse’ lettuce ‘Little Gem’ are promising parental genotypes for breeding for resistance, as are two entries of Lactuca virosa.     

海南野生鹧鸪茶资源调查与鉴定评价

鹧鸪茶是具有海南地方和民族特色的代茶饮料植物和药用植物,已开发成为广受欢迎的特色旅游产品,但大规模的人为无序开发对野生资源造成了极大的破坏。通过对海南野生鹧鸪茶进行资源调查、收集保存和保护利用等研究,结果表明：在海南全省10个市县共13个调查地点中,仅2个地点的野生鹧鸪茶基本未受到人工影响,其余地点的野生植株长势较弱,人为破坏较严重,部分生境已受到人工开垦的影响;先后收集保存285份鹧鸪茶种质资源,并在异地建设种质资源圃安全保存;对收集保存的285份资源进行5个描述性状和6个数值性状的植物学鉴定评价,其中描述性状的多样性指数的变化范围为0.69~1.74,数值性状的多样性指数的变化范围为1.93~2.11,说明收集保存的鹧鸪茶种质具有丰富的遗传多样性。本研究可为人工培育优良鹧鸪茶无性品系提供了资源基础和评价数据。     

中国辣椒(Capsicum chinense)对象耳豆根结线虫的抗性鉴定及机理研究

根结线虫(Meloidogyne spp.)是一类高度专化性的杂食性植物病原线虫.目前,世界上已报道的根结线虫种类有98种,我国危害农作物最为严重的根结线虫有6种,包括南方根结线虫(M.incognita)、北方根结线虫(M.hapla)、爪哇根结线虫(M.javanica)、花生根结线虫(M.arenaria)、拟禾...     

优质抗病高配合力中籼两用核不育系隆科638S的选育及应用

利用传统育种技术与分子标记辅助选择技术有机结合,成功培育出了株型理想、不育转换起点温度低于23.5℃、育性稳定、异交性好、配合力强的两用核不育系隆科638S,于2014年通过湖南省品种审定。全基因组重测序分析结果表明,隆科638S含有约56.0%的早籼稻遗传背景,以及约8.7%的粳稻遗传背景,为充分利用“早晚生态型间和籼粳亚种间”双重杂种优势奠定了遗传基础。依据分子设计和杂种优势群理论,按“双亲抗性基因互补”和“双亲品质基因一致性”配组原则,高效培育出一批绿色、优质、广适、高产的隆两优系列品种,迅速成为我国南方杂交水稻主栽品种,推动了长江流域杂交中籼品种的更新换代。     

Effects of sulfosulfuron soil residues on barley (Hordeum vulgare), sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and common vetch (vicia sativa)

The phytotoxicity and sensitivity of succeeding crops to the new sulfonylurea, sulfosulfuron, have been reported although there is insufficient data on the phytotoxic effect of field soil residues. Growth chamber bioassays were conducted to detect the presence of residues in soil samples previously treated with sulfosulfuron at the recommended rate and double rate (20 and 40 g a.i./ha) that could affect the succeeding crop. Soil samples were collected between 7 and 9 months after sulfosulfuron application in field selectivity assays at nine different locations in Northern and Central Spain. The bioassay test species were barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) ‘Graphic’, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) ‘Albasol’ and common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) ‘Neska’, typical crops grown in rotation with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in this area. Sulfosulfuron residues did not affect barley and common vetch, but inhibited shoot length, root length and root dry weight of sunflower seeded into some soils treated with the 2× rate (40 g a.i/ha) 9 months earlier.     

Comparison of application methods for aphicides on sugar beet and swedes

Different designs of electrostatic sprayer (based on hydraulic, rotary atomizer or electrodynamic principles) were compared with uncharged hydraulic sprayers for application of aphicides to sugar beet and swedes. On small plants, the underleaf cover given by low-volume electrostatic systems, ‘APE 80’ and ‘Electrodyn’, enabled effective use of contact-active pyrethroid insecticides. On large plants, electrostatic systems gave no advantage over hydraulic systems and all the systems required the use of aphicides with systemic or fumigant properties to give effective control.     

OsLOX10正调控水稻对稻瘟病和白叶枯病的抗性

【目的】由稻瘟病菌（Magnaporthe oryzae）引起的稻瘟病和由水稻黄单胞菌（Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae，Xoo）引起的白叶枯病严重影响水稻的产量和品质。创制转OsLOX10基因水稻材料，进行稻瘟菌和白叶枯菌的抗病性分析，有助于揭示其调控水稻对稻瘟病和白叶枯病的抗性机制。【方法】采用CRISPR/Cas9系统构建OsLOX10的敲除载体，利用限制性内切酶XcmⅠ线性化pCXUN-HA，TA连接构建OsLOX10的过表达载体，遗传转化获得OsLOX10转基因水稻，筛选过表达株系和纯合敲除株系进行真菌和细菌的抗病性分析。在稻瘟菌（Guy11）侵染水稻后，对水杨酸（salicylic acid，SA）、茉莉酸（jasmonic acid，JA）途径的标志基因进行qRT-PCR分析;在几丁质（chitin）和flg22诱导下，观测水稻活性氧（reactive oxygen species，ROS）的暴发情况。【结果】 qRT-PCR分析表明，接种稻瘟菌和白叶枯菌24 h后，OsLOX10表达量上调;OsLOX10的纯合敲除和过表达水稻转基因株系接种稻瘟病菌Guy11孢子悬浮液，与野生型（日本晴）相比，OsLOX10敲除株系更易感病，过表达株系则无典型的病斑症状;接种 6、12、24和36 h时，3个病程相关蛋白基因OsPBZ1、OsPR1a、OsPR1b和SA通路基因OsPAL1，以及JA合成通路上的2个基因OsAOS2、OsLOX5的转录水平在敲除转基因株系中显著下调，而在过表达转基因株系中显著上调。对转OsLOX10基因水稻接种白叶枯菌（PXO99A），发现敲除OsLOX10的转基因水稻对白叶枯菌更易感病。qRT-PCR分析OsPR1b和OsPAL1以及JA合成通路上的3个基因OsAOS2、OsAOC和OsJAZ在OsLOX10过表达基因水稻中表达量明显上调，而在敲除OsLOX10的转基因水稻中却保持在较低水平，在接种7 d后表现出显著性差异。在几丁质和flg22诱导下，OsLOX10敲除株系的ROS水平显著性降低，而且在几丁质诱导下，ROS的起峰时间推迟。【结论】稻瘟病菌和白叶枯病菌能够诱导OsLOX10的表达，OsLOX10通过病原菌分子模式触发的免疫途径（PTI）参与抗病反应，其在水稻抵御稻瘟病和白叶枯病中起着正调控作用。同时，OsLOX10可能通过调节SA和JA介导的信号通路来正调控水稻对稻瘟病和白叶枯病的抗性。     

Long-term dry preservation of viable mycelia of two mycoherbicidal organisms

The production of large amounts of fungal spores for preservation and formulation are considered constraints to effective use of fungal biocontrol agents. Few successful attempts have been made to store fungal mycelia alone. Late log-phase liquid fermenter cultured isolated mycelia of two Fusarium spp. specific to the parasitic broomrapes (Orobanche spp.) from fermenters were formulated in alginate beads or in ‘Stabileze’ (starch, sucrose, corn oil, and silica) and air-dried. ‘Stabileze’ formulations exhibited <30% loss of mycelial viability for >9 months and retained pathogenicity to the weed for over a year, while mycelia harvested earlier, and conidia from liquid culture exhibited >40% loss of viability. Mycelia from liquid culture yielded >20 times more colony forming units (cfu) of F. arthrosporioides and >2 times more cfu of F. oxysporum than spores at late log phase. Efficient formulation of mycelia should significantly change the economics of biocontrol.     

Bph36介导的抗性机制及相关信号通路的研究

褐飞虱（Nilaparvata lugens Stål., BPH）是水稻最主要的害虫之一,给水稻生产造成严重的危害。携带不同抗性基因的抗褐飞虱水稻材料抗性机制不同,挖掘普通野生稻抗褐飞虱基因并研究其介导的抗性机制及相关信号通路对水稻育种具有重要的意义。本研究基于课题组前期从广西普通野生稻‘W2183'挖掘出的位于4号染色体InDel标记S13和X48之间38 kb处新基因Bph36,以‘9311'和‘抗蚊青占'为感性对照,05RBPH16和NIL-Bph36为抗性对照,通过褐飞虱宿主选择性、蜜露量测定、褐飞虱存活率及褐飞虱生长速率等方法分析Bph36介导的抗褐飞虱机制;同时,以‘抗蚊青占'为感性对照,NIL-Bph36为抗性对照,通过qRT-PCR分析植物防御昆虫侵害的三大信号途径：水杨酸、茉莉酸和乙烯相关基因表达量的差异。抗性机制研究结果表明：褐飞虱在抗性材料植株上的虫口密度显著低于感性材料植株,抗性材料上的褐飞虱存活率、群体生长率及取食后排泄的蜜露量均比感性对照显著降低。Bph36介导的抗性机制是寄主抗生性和害虫趋避性相互作用的结果。qRT-PCR结果表明：褐飞虱取食后,各个时间段抗性材料NIL-Bph36植株中水杨酸合成相关基因EDS1、PAD4、PAL和水杨酸途径病程相关蛋白基因PR10的表达量显著高于感性材料‘抗蚊青占'植株中的表达量;抗性材料NIL-Bph36植株中,茉莉酸合成基因LOX2和茉莉酸积累基因AOS2的表达量比褐飞虱取食前显著提升,但是比同时段感性材料植株中表达量显著降低;褐飞虱取食后,抗、感性材料植株中乙烯信号途径基因EIN2的表达量都受到抑制,基因ACO3表达量都提高,但2种材料间的差异不显著。茉莉酸途径和乙烯途径参与了NIL-Bph36植株抗褐飞虱的基础防御反应,但Bph36激活的抗性不是茉莉酸和乙烯依赖的信号防御途径而是激活水杨酸依赖的系统获得性抗性。研究结果为进一步研究Bph36与其他抗性基因聚合,培育兼有多种抗性机制和防御信号途径的优良品种奠定基础。     

2008—2019年安徽省审定的水稻品种主要性状分析

分析了2008—2019年通过安徽省审定水稻品种的生育期、产量、抗性、米质等性状。结果表明,2008—2019年共有314个水稻品种通过安徽省审定,其中,籼稻257个、占比81.8%,粳稻57个、占比18.2%;种业企业是选育单位的主体,其参与选育的品种占比高达75.2%;随着年代的推进,除中粳稻品种外,通过审定品种的生育期总体呈延长趋势,晚籼稻和晚粳稻生育期表现更加明显;随着年代的推进,产量水平总体呈现上升趋势,晚粳稻增幅更加显著;对稻瘟病抗性的表现总体较为理想,大部分品种处于“中感”至“中抗”水平,但“抗”级以上品种占比仅为3.8%;对稻曲病抗性的表现同样较为理想,大部分品种处于“感”至“中抗”水平,“抗”级以上品种占比38.7%;米质达部颁标准3级及以上的品种占比83.1%,但达2级及以上的品种仅占36.3%。因此,要围绕“抗性更强、米质更优”进行安徽省的水稻育种。     

A comparison of the biochemical and physiological effects of the systemic fungicide cyprofuram with those of the related compounds metalaxyl and metolachlor

Strains of Phytophthora megasperma insensitive to the fungicide metalaxyl showed limited cross-resistance to the structurally related fungicide cyprofuram and to metolachlor, a herbicide with antifungal properties. The three compounds each inhibited nucleic acid synthesis, but the wide variation in resistance factors and in the degree of nucleic acid inhibition at the concentrations inhibiting mycelial growth by 50% indicated that cyprofuram and metolachlor possess alternative mechanisms of toxicity. Studies with protoplasts suggested that cyprofuram has a direct effect on the plasma membrane which may be important against those resistant strains where nucleic acid synthesis is least affected. Metolachlor also was extremely effective in causing protoplast lysis. Sporangia production by P. palmivora was stimulated by low concentrations of cyprofuram, and germination was delayed. As with other ‘acylalanine-type’ fungicides, inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis is considered to be the main mode of action. Some degree of cross-resistance between cyprofuram and other acylalanines is likely to occur in the field but the dual mode of action of cyprofuram might delay its onset. The effect of increased sporogenesis on the development of resistance is more difficult to assess.     

不同遗传背景香蕉品种间轮作控制香蕉枯萎病的效果分析

香蕉种质资源丰富,不同香蕉品种对各个枯萎病生理小种的耐受性不同,利用遗传背景差异大、抗性不同的香蕉品种进行轮作可能达到防控香蕉枯萎病的效果.本研究选取华南地区常见的香牙蕉、粉蕉、龙牙蕉、贡蕉等栽培蕉类型作为研究材料,通过对24个香蕉品种的遗传多样性进行分析,结合生产应用,筛选遗传背景不同并且具有一定抗枯萎病的品种,进行...     

Effect of pythium root rot on yield of white bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L.

The effects of Pythium paroecandrum and P. ‘spherical’ on seed yield of white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were determined under field conditions. Fenaminosulf (Lesan) applied as a soil drench selectively suppressed Pythium populations in soil and increased seed yields by 47% in 1976 and by 33% in 1977. Fumigation of soil with DD-MIT (Vorlex), a commercial mixture of methyl isothiocyanate, dichloropropenes and dichloropropanes, reduced populations of Pythium and Fusarium in soil and increased seed yields by 79% in 1976 and by 29% in 1977. The combination of fenaminosulf and DD-MIT produced the greatest reductions in soil populations of Pythium and Fusarium and increased seed yields by 65%. Pythium paroecandrum and P. ‘spherical’ were associated with feeder-root necrosis and were the only bean-root pathogens detected at the experimental site. In this study, losses in seed yield of white bean due to Pythium root rot were estimated to be 44% in 1976 and 39% in 1977.     

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术创制抗稻瘟病香型早籼温敏核不育系

【目的】创制新型抗稻瘟病香型早籼温敏核不育系，为高产优质杂交水稻选育提供资源。【方法】利用CRISPP/Cas9技术在水稻稻瘟病基因Pi21、温敏不育基因TMS5和香味基因Badh2的第1外显子处设计靶位点，构建多基因表达载体pC1300-2×35S::g^TMS5-g^Badh2-g^Pi21，转化优质常规籼稻品种中早70，测序鉴定分析获得纯合阳性稳定株系。利用稻瘟病喷雾接种和打孔接种方法对稻瘟病基因Pi21的纯合突变株系进行稻瘟病抗性鉴定，利用GC-MS技术对Badh2纯合突变株系的香味物质2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉（2-AP）含量进行测定。【结果】在T₀转基因株系中，Pi21、TMS5和Badh2突变频率分别为87.5%、80.0%和87.5%，突变类型多为双等位突变。从T₁代中筛选不含载体骨架的纯合突变株系，获得两种三突变纯合株系。稻瘟病接种结果表明，与野生型相比，T₂代Pi21纯合变异株系的抗性显著提高。同时，接种后纯合突变体株系内相关防卫基因的表达量显著上调，ROS积累量也显著增加。tms5纯合变异株系表现出典型的温敏不育特性，TMS5基因的表达水平与野生型相比显著降低，高温下Ub_L404基因的表达水平明显高于野生型。与野生型相比，在Badh2纯合突变体植株中Badh2的表达水平显著下调，并且香味物质2-AP含量极显著增加。【结论】利用CRISPR/Cas9技术成功对Pi21、TMS5和Badh2基因同时进行定向编辑，获得了具有高抗稻瘟病的香型温敏不育系，为高抗、香型不育系材料的选育提供参考，加快高产优质杂交水稻的选育。     

橡胶树种质资源对白粉病和炭疽病的田间抗病性评价

白粉病和炭疽病是我国橡胶树的主要病害,严重影响胶乳产量,给天然橡胶产业带来了很大的经济损失。挖掘培育抗病性种质资源是最经济、有效的防治措施。本研究通过分析2018、2019、2021年白粉病和炭疽病田间自然发病数据,评价192份橡胶树种质的抗病性,旨在为橡胶树抗病育种提供数据支撑。结果表明,白粉病2019年发病严重,种质群体的病情指数平均值达34.37,最大值为94.07;2018年和2021年则发病较轻,病情指数平均值分别为10.68和9.70。炭疽病2021年发病严重,种质群体的病情指数平均值达29.12,最大值为65.31;2018年和2019年则发病较轻,病情指数平均值分别为18.64和18.15。利用重病年数据鉴定出白粉病高抗品种24个、中抗品种9个,炭疽病抗性品种35个。这33份和35份抗性种质在3 a内对白粉病和炭疽病均达到抗性水平,分别占供试种质的22%和19%。利用隶属函数和聚类分析对这些候选抗病种质进行抗性水平排序,对白粉病抗性排名前10的种质隶属函数平均值为0.86~1.00,标准偏差值为0.003~0.073。在白粉病抗性聚类树遗传距离2.5处,排序第1的‘湛试5025’单独聚为一类,排序前2~6位的种质聚为一类,与其他类区分明显;对炭疽病抗性排名前10的种质隶属函数平均值为0.83~0.90,标准偏差值为0.020~0.102。在炭疽病抗性聚类树遗传距离2.5处,排序前5的种质单独聚集为一类,与其他类区分明显。初步筛选出抗白粉病优异的种质‘湛试5025’‘湛试12-3’‘湛试5005’‘天任31-45’‘湛试5026’,筛选出抗炭疽病优异的种质‘湛试477-6’‘湛试366-2’‘湛试485-114’‘湛试41-3’‘RO42’。本研究建立的抗性鉴定、隶属函数和聚类分析相结合的分析方法为橡胶树种质抗病性综合评价提供了重要的技术参考。     

Marker-Assisted Pyramiding of Genes Conferring Resistance Against Bacterial Blight and Blast Diseases into Indian Rice Variety MTU1010

Two major bacterial blight(BB) resistance genes(Xa21 and xa13) and a major gene for blast resistance(Pi54) were introgressed into an Indian rice variety MTU1010 through marker-assisted backcross breeding. Improved Samba Mahsuri(possessing Xa21 and xa13) and NLR145(possessing Pi54) were used as donor parents. Marker-assisted backcrossing was continued till BC2 generation wherein PCR based functional markers specific for the resistance genes were used for foreground selection and a set of parental polymorphic microsatellite markers were used for background selection at each stage of backcrossing. Selected BC2F1 plants from both crosses, having the highest recoveries of MTU1010 genome(90% and 92%, respectively), were intercrossed to obtain intercross F1(ICF1) plants, which were then selfed to generate 880 ICF2 plants possessing different combinations of the BB and blast resistance genes. Among the ICF2 plants, seven triple homozygous plants(xa13xa13Xa21Xa21Pi54Pi54) with recurrent parent genome recovery ranging from 82% to 92% were identified. All the seven ICF2 plants showed high resistance against the bacterial blight disease with a lesion lengths of only 0.53–2.28 cm, 1%–5% disease leaf areas and disease scoring values of ‘1' or ‘3'. The seven ICF2 plants were selfed to generate ICF3, which were then screened for blast resistance, and all were observed to be highly resistant to the diseases. Several ICF3 lines possessing high level of resistance against BB and blast, coupled with yield, grain quality and plant type on par with MTU1010 were identified and advanced for further selection and evaluation.