生态伦理视域下的野生动物保护

党的十八大以来,以习近平同志为核心的党中央高度重视生态文明建设,包括对野生动物的保护工作。但是,对野生动物的保护过程中依然存在一些问题,比如栖息地受到破坏和侵犯,野生动物资源被过度利用,环境污染影响到它们的生存繁衍等,由此也阻碍了人类社会的可持续发展。人们在探讨其背后的原因时,应该从生态伦理的视域进一步思考人与野生动物的关系以及人与自然的关系,坚持基于生态平等的生态和谐原则,基于生态自由的生态公正原则,基于生态良知的生态制度化原则,研究野生动物保护的策略,以道德的软约束和法律的硬制约共同指导人们的行为,更好地实现人与自然和谐共生。     

发挥林业在建设生态文明中的重要作用

一是要统筹兼顾治理与保护。这里所说的保护是，保护森林资源、保护山区沙区植被、保护自然湿地、保护野生动物、保护生态治理的威果。概括起来说，就是保护自然、爱护自然。建设生态文明的核心就是确立人与自然和谐、平等的关系．倡导保护自然，以大自然为友、为师的理念。保护与治理相比，保护是全局性的，而治理是局部的；保护是永久性的，治理是阶段性的。保护是生态建设的永恒主题，任何时候都不能放松。     

历山自然保护区普通刺猬生态研究

历山自然保护区普通刺猬生态研究樊龙锁，王兰（历山自然保护区）（山西省生物研究所）普通刺猬（Ｅｒｉｎａｃｅｕｓｅｕｒｏｐａｅｕｓ）是山西省人民政府于１９９１年宣布重点保护的野生动物之一，俗名刺猬。为了科学保护和合理开发利用这一野生动物资源，我们于１９９...     

积极开展未成年人生态道德教育

持续深入地开展保护野生动物宣传活动,是生态建设的重要内容,也是对未成年人进行生态道德教育的一项重要载体。野生动物是地球上人类以外的另一种生灵,由于它们在自然界的特殊地位和与人类的密切关系,所以对它们的关爱和保护必然会影响到人们尤其是未成年人的思想观念和行为。例如爱心的培养、文明习惯的形成、完美人格的建立、科学理念的升华等等,都可以通过关爱生灵、保护动物得到陶冶。有鉴于此,我们在保护野生动物的宣传教育中,加大了对未成年人进行生态道德教育的关注程度。四川省协会主要抓了以下五个方面的工作:一、加大以未成年人为…     

防范野猪危害竹笋“有几招”

近年来，随着人们生态保护意识不断增强，造林管护措施得当，森林生态植被逐步恢复，野生动物也逐渐增多；野猪常成群结队进入林地，其对竹笋的危害严重。野猪系我省二级保护野生动物，严禁乱捕乱猎。为有效防范野猪危害，保护林木和竹笋不受或少受损失，笔者根据多年生活实践经验和借鉴外地他人的做法，介绍防范几招：     

禁猎是保护野生动物行之有效的措施

禁猎是保护野生动物行之有效的措施高锦涛（柳河县林业局）野生动物是人类宝贵的财富之一，它具有不可估量的经济价值和生态价值。保护野生动物，才能保护生态平衡，使人们有良好的赖以生存的生活环境。保护野生动物是一。顶全人类参与的长期的艰巨的工作。保护野生动物的...     

辽金元时期生态保护举措初探

辽金元时期是我国历史上第三次民族大融合时期。作为少数民族政权,当时的统治阶层为了巩固自己的统治和阶级利益,颁布了一系列法令政策,其中许多涉及保护森林树木、野生动物以及植树造林的内容,客观上对当时生态环境产生了积极作用。考察当时的生态保护思想和实践,能够对当前的生态保护提供历史借鉴。     

白石砬子地区野猪生态习性观察与食性分析

经过多年对白石砬子地区野猪进行实地调查研究，并走访当地猎人，基本摸清了野猪的生活习性和食性，对野生动物持续利用和保护生物多样性及人工饲养驯化野生动物、保护野生动物物种提供依据。     

认识森林生态经济管理

森林是陆地生态系统的主体，是生态环境问题的核心，森林生态经济问题是经济社会发展中一个比较突出的问题，已日益引起人们的关注。因此，正确认识森林生态经济，加强森林生态经济研究、管理和发展，用科学理论指导森林的保护和培育，是发展林业的根本出路所在。所谓森林生态经济管理就是管理者为了实现林业生态的良性循环和提供其效益，而对林业生态经济的运行过程进行决策、计划、组织调节、监督等多种实践活动的总称。 １．发展林业，必须加强森林生态经济的管理，注重森林生态经济的发展 长期以来，人们重经济、轻生态，进行违背自然规…     

围绕生态文明和民生需求推进现代林业建设

建设生态林业。森林是陆地生态系统的主体，林业的首要功能是满足人们的生态需求，维护闰家的生态安全。要认真实施党中央、同务院确立的以生态建设为主的林业发展战略，把生态建设和保护作为林业的第一任务，切实保护和发展好林业生态资源，努力为科学发展提供峰实的生态保障。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.