放牧条件下苏尼特羔羊补偿生长的研究

选择经同期发情且同期受孕,在妊娠90d时健康的苏尼特母羊27只,以4种营养水平(ME0.2,0.33,0.44,0.86MJ/kgW0.75/d)分组饲养。分娩后,在原来四组的基础上又将各组分为补草补料组(Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ组)和补草组(Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ、Ⅷ组),共8组,对所生27只羔羊进行补偿生长实验。结果表明:Ⅰ、Ⅱ组羔羊初生质量低于Ⅶ、Ⅷ,差异极显著(P<0.01)。在16周龄时,补草补料的Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ组体质量分别高于补草的Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ、Ⅷ组。在26周龄时,Ⅲ、Ⅴ组体质量分别与对照组Ⅶ无显著差异(P>0.05),达到了完全补偿。6～16周,补饲精料及草的Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ组羔羊的生长速率都较补草的Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ、Ⅷ组快,并且限制组Ⅳ、Ⅵ的平均生长速率高于对照组Ⅷ,限制组Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ的代谢体质量日增高于对照组Ⅶ,但差异不显著(P>0.05),而Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ组的代谢体质量日增明显高于对照组Ⅷ(P<0.05)。16～26周,限制组Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ的平均生长速率高于对照组Ⅶ,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。总之,在6～16周龄期间额外补饲精料对羔羊的生长速率有一定影响。     

不同比例枯黄期骆驼刺与棉籽壳混贮对青贮品质的影响

本试验旨在研究不同比例枯黄期骆驼刺与棉籽壳混贮对青贮品质的影响.7个处理(处理Ⅰ～Ⅶ)分别采用枯黄期骆驼刺、棉籽壳及其二者不同比例(3:7、4:6、5:5、6:4和7:3)混合料为青贮原料,每个处理3个重复.评价感官指标,并分析青贮料的pH、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、乳酸及总酸的变化.结果表明:骆驼刺虽然是豆科牧草,却容易青贮成功,青贮发酵以单乳酸发酵为主.处理Ⅴ、Ⅵ和Ⅶ中的可溶性碳水化合物含量显著高于处理Ⅱ(P<0.05),处理Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ和Ⅶ的pH和氨态氮占总氮的百分比显著和极显著低于处理Ⅱ(P<0.05,P<0.01),处理Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ和Ⅶ的总酸含量极显著高于处理Ⅱ(P<0.01).混合青贮饲料中乳酸含量均极显著高于处理Ⅱ(P<0.01).由此得出,骆驼刺与棉籽壳混贮能改善棉籽壳青贮料的品质.     

玉米与花生秧混合青贮饲料发酵品质和营养成分评定

本试验以花生秧和全株玉米为原料,研究混合青贮饲料发酵品质及营养成分变化情况。将全株玉米与花生秧按10:0、4:1、3:2、1:1、2:3、1:4、0:10的重量比混合,即Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ和Ⅶ共7组,每组三个重复,贮藏60d进行感官评定及实验室检测。结果表明:Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组感官评分最优,Ⅴ和Ⅵ组次之,Ⅶ组最低。Ⅰ组中性洗涤纤维显著高于其他组(P0.05),酸性洗涤纤维Ⅶ组最高,并明显高于除Ⅵ组以外的其他组(P0.05),可溶性碳水化合物各组间差异不显著(P0.05)。随着玉米比例的减少,各组混合青贮饲料p H值、乙酸含量逐渐增高;乳酸含量Ⅰ组最高、Ⅶ组最低,各组间除Ⅲ、Ⅳ组外,差异显著(P0.05);Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ组未检测出丁酸,其余各组丁酸含量随着玉米比例的减少显著升高(P0.05)。Ⅵ、Ⅶ组氨态氮/总氮显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。本研究结果表明,花生秧与全株玉米以适宜比例混合青贮可以有效提高青贮饲料的质量。     

半胱胺盐酸盐对冬毛期雄性水貂毛皮品质、血清生化和激素指标及肝脏相关基因表达的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加半胱胺盐酸盐(CSH)对冬毛期雄性水貂毛皮品质、血清生化和激素指标及肝脏相关基因表达的影响。选择160日龄体重[(2.13±0.10) kg]相近的健康冬毛期雄性水貂56只,随机分为7组,每组8个重复,每个重复1只。各组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0(Ⅰ组,对照组)、60(Ⅱ组)、90(Ⅲ组)、120(Ⅳ组)、60(Ⅴ组)、90(Ⅵ组)、120 mg/kg(Ⅶ组) CSH的试验饲粮;其中,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组添加方式为连续添加,Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ组添加方式为间隔添加(连续添加1周,间隔1周)。预试期7 d,正试期51 d。结果表明:1)Ⅵ和Ⅶ组水貂皮长、针毛长度和绒毛长度显著或极显著高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01)。2)Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ组血清尿素氮含量显著或极显著低于对照组(P0.05或P0.01),Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ组血清甘油三酯含量显著或极显著低于对照组(P0.05或P0.01)。3)Ⅵ组血清生长激素含量显著高于对照组和Ⅳ组(P0.05),Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅵ组血清生长抑素含量显著低于对照组和Ⅳ组(P0.05),Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ组血清生长激素受体含量显著或极显著高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01),Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ组血清胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ含量显著高于Ⅳ组(P0.05)。4)Ⅵ组肝脏胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ基因表达量显著高于对照组和Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组(P0.05),Ⅵ组肝脏胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ受体基因表达量显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组(P0.05),Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ组肝脏生长激素受体基因表达量显著或极显著高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01)。由此可见,在本试验条件下,冬毛期雄性水貂饲粮中CSH的适宜添加水平为90 mg/kg,适宜添加方式为间隔添加。     

晋北盐碱化草地群落斑块的多样性

通过对晋北盐碱化草地8个不同的草地群落斑块的优势度、多样性、群落相似系数及土壤性质等特征进行研究,揭示草地群落斑块在演替过程中的结构特征与变化规律,为进一步对草地植被恢复与盐碱化草地治理奠定理论基础。结果表明,8个群落斑块的物种组成和优势度差异比较明显,Margalef物种丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在斑块Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅰ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ组之间差异极显著(P<0.01);Pielou均匀性系数和Simpson优势度指数在斑块Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ之间差异极显著(P<0.01);斑块Ⅶ和Ⅷ、Ⅵ和Ⅶ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ群落相似系数最大,分别为0.956 7,0.929 7,0.903 4。8个群落斑块分为2类,其中斑块Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ为一类,主要表现为土壤含水量、容重、pH值和碱化度比较小,植被特征主要是以较高大的赖草为优势物种,随着土壤的旱化,一些不耐旱的种群在群落中消退,比较耐旱的赖草在此类斑块中占据优势,形成以赖草为优势种的斑块;其他斑块为另一类,植被特征主要是以比较低矮的委陵菜和麻黄为主。     

污泥生产马尼拉无土草皮基质配方优化研究

利用污泥等废弃物生产无土草皮可以使废弃物循环利用,还可以降低生产成本,因此以马尼拉(Zoysia matrella)为材料,利用不同废弃物筛选出最优的基质配方,为无土草皮的生产提供依据。采用混料设计中的极端顶点设计,以污泥为主要基质,蘑菇渣、稻壳和沙子为配材,对12个不同配方基质的理化性质、无土草皮的坪用性状及综合品质进行评价,建立草皮综合品质与各配方因子之间显著相关的回归模型。结果表明:不同配方基质草皮的成卷时间、成坪时间、地上生物量、地下生物量、草皮重量、叶绿素、根系活力、密度等坪用性状差异均显著(P＜0.05),通过对回归模型的优化分析,筛选出优化配方方案为:污泥71.75％~72.85％,蘑菇渣9.7％~11.7％,稻壳3.13％~3.67％,沙子12.54％~14.66％。马尼拉草坪草可富集较多的重金属元素,收获草皮后的基质中重金属含量大幅降低。     

青藏高原东缘草地生态系统动态定位监测与可持续发展要素研究Ⅱ高寒草甸草地生态系统植物群落结构特征及物种多样性分析

通过对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸生态系统8个草地类型植物群落样地定位监测资料进行结构特征及物种多样性分析研究,结果表明,青藏高原东缘高寒草甸草地草群盖度大、物种丰富,但大多数草地多样性随退化程度的加重而降低,优良牧草所占比例不高,总的反映出退化演替的趋势,超载、鼠虫危害、人为干扰以及全球气候变化等因素是草地退化的主要原因.从群落结构特征来看,不同类型群落演替阶段依次为原生植被(Ⅵ、Ⅶ)、轻度退化(Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ)、重度退化(Ⅱ、Ⅷ);群落物种丰富度指数(S)依次为Ⅲ＞Ⅴ＞Ⅵ＞Ⅶ＞Ⅰ＞Ⅳ＞Ⅱ＞Ⅷ;物种多样性指数依次为Ⅵ＞Ⅴ＞Ⅶ＞Ⅲ＞Ⅰ＞Ⅱ＞Ⅷ＞Ⅳ,表现出原生植被的物种多样性指数明显高于不同退化程度的群落类型.因此,加大力度保护高原生态环境,尽快遏制草地退化趋势应为当务之急.     

兰州市屋顶绿化地被植物种植基质的筛选

为了筛选出适宜兰州市屋顶绿化地被植物种植基质配比的类型,以小花草玉梅(Anemone rivularis)和金娃娃萱草(Hemerocallis fulva ‘Golden Doll’)为供试材料,以田园土、泥炭、蛭石和椰糠为基质原材料,选用L₉(3⁴)正交表进行试验,并以田园土为对照,对4种基质原材料10种不同配比基质中小花草玉梅和金娃娃萱草的成活率、越夏率、越冬率、120 d植株的株高、冠幅以及生长速率等指标进行测定与分析。结果表明:Ⅱ号、Ⅲ号和Ⅵ号基质的持水性较长,Ⅲ号、Ⅳ号、Ⅴ号、Ⅵ号基质中的小花草玉梅和金娃娃萱草成活率均为100%;Ⅴ号和Ⅵ号基质中小花草玉梅和金娃娃萱草的越夏率和越冬率均为100%;Ⅲ号和Ⅵ号基质中小花草玉梅和金娃娃萱草的株高和冠幅均较其他基质高,生长势也较好。4个因素对小花草玉梅生长速率影响的主次顺序依次为泥炭、椰糠、田园土和蛭石,对金娃娃萱草影响的主次顺序依次为泥炭、田园土、椰糠和蛭石。小花草玉梅和金娃娃萱草生长表现最好的基质为Ⅵ号基质,即田园土∶泥炭∶蛭石∶椰糠=3∶6∶1∶2,建议在兰州市屋顶绿化地被植物种植...     

不同废弃物基质对狗牙根无土草皮生产的影响

以狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon )天堂草328为植物材料,比较了煤渣、锯木屑、污泥、垃圾土和蘑菇土这5种废弃物基质分别对无土草皮质量性状、生产成本和环境效益3个方面的影响.结果表明,狗牙根可以显著降低废弃物中的铜、锌含量(P<0.05);污泥处理的颜色、盖度和地上生物量显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),污泥...     

无土草卷的生产技术

无土草卷是利用农业设施栽培技术生产的一种商品性草皮新产品,其关键生产技术是建立隔离层和喷灌系统、选用适宜的草坪草种和培养基质、合理进行水肥管理等。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein