基于DPM模型的离心泵非定常固液两相流及磨损计算

运用离散相模型(DPM)结合半经验的磨损模型,模拟计算离心泵内非定常固液两相流动,探索固相颗粒运动以及对泵材料磨损的规律。计算中将液相视为连续介质,求解欧拉坐标系下的流体控制方程;把固体颗粒相视为离散介质,在拉格朗日坐标系下求解颗粒运动方程,采用迭代计算方法实现固液两相耦合。选取常用的IS型离心泵作为研究对象,清水作为连续相,石英沙粒作为离散相,粒径为0.05~0.2mm,泵进口颗粒体积率为0.5%~3%。计算得到了离心泵内固液两相流场特性,得到了泵内固体颗粒群的运动轨迹和材料磨损率分布等有价值的结果。     

离心泵内流场PIV测试中示踪粒子跟随性的计算

示踪粒子的选取依据不同的流场而不同,对于离心泵内流场合适的示踪粒子是保证PIV试验精度的关键.基于固液两相流理论,重点考虑黏性阻力和旋转因素对粒子的影响,对离心泵内部湍流场中的示踪粒子进行了受力分析.然后在BBO方程基础上引入外部势力,建立了离心泵内流场中示踪粒子的拉格朗日运动方程,并采用Fourier积分变换的数学方法首次推导出适应于离心泵内流场的PIV测试用示踪粒子跟随性计算公式.利用离心泵内流场的PIV测试结果采用相平均处理的方法计算了试验所用的示踪粒子的跟随程度,计算结果表明：粒子径向的跟随性比周向差,选择示踪粒子时优先考虑径向的跟随性;而由于离心泵叶轮旋转和曲率的影响,即使采用相平均处理,粒子的速度也不代表水流速度,粒子跟随性最大偏差度为4.55%.计算结果可以检验所用示踪粒子的可靠性,为离心泵内流场选取合适的示踪粒子提供理论依据.     

离心泵出口角对能量性能影响的F

指出了目前离心泵叶片出口角研究存在的不足。采用FLUENT,在双参考坐标系下,利用有限体积法对雷诺时均Navier-Stokes方程进行数值离散,选用标准k-ε湍流模型,SIMPLEC方法求解,对一比转速为118的离心泵在不同叶片出口角下的内部流场进行了叶轮和蜗壳的耦合数值模拟和能量性能预测。分析了叶片出口角对离心泵内部流场的影响,指出叶片出口角的改变对叶轮内的射流-尾迹结构影响最为明显。能量性能预测结果表明,随着叶片出口角的改变泵效率存在极值点,结合流场模拟结果分析了泵效率存在极值点的原因。     

多级冲压泵三维流场的瞬态数值模拟

运用CFX流动软件的滑移网格和标准的λκ-ε湍流模型对工业中常用的DL型多级冲压离心泵整级进行了全三维瞬态流场的数值模拟,分析泵内叶轮与导叶间的动静干扰问题.滑移网格分别设置在多级离心泵叶轮出口、固定导叶入口与泵内流体之问的交互界面,对每个时间步求解流动方程.在任一个叶轮旋转周期内,分析叶轮入口和出口的总压值出现脉动信号频率与叶轮叶片数的关系.分析了叶轮入口和出口处总压波动的幅度.该三维非稳态模拟结果为多级冲压离心泵的水力优化设计提供了依据.     

中比转速离心泵实验分析及性能预测

为了研究中比转速离心泵性能及内部流场特性,以比转数102离心泵为研究对象,采用fluent,在双参考坐标系下,选用RNGk-ε模型,应用有限体积法对雷诺时均N-S方程离散计算,压力和耦合采用SIMPLEC算法求解。同时,为了提高预测精度,采用5套不同网格方案对模型泵的效率进行网格无关性检验。并且从小流量工况下计算结果分析对比,得到离心泵外特性及内部流场变化规律。研究表明:数值计算与实验结果相比,设计工况下,扬程的预测误差为2.02%,效率的预测误差为1.99%;随着流量的降低,计算效率的误差逐渐增大。在设计点,离心泵的内部速度流线比较光顺;而在小流量工况下,离心泵进口和叶轮均出现漩涡现象;随着流量的降低,漩涡面积增大,数量也在增加。     

转速对离心泵内部流动的影响

采用FLUENT,在双参考坐标系下,利用有限体积法对雷诺时均Navier-Stokes方程进行数值离散,选用标准k-ε湍流模型,SIMPLEC方法求解,对6台不同转速下离心泵的内部流场进行了叶轮和蜗壳的耦合数值模拟并进行了能量性能预测.同时,分析了转速对离心泵内部流场的影响,指出不同转速下泵内部流场是比较相似的;性能预测发现比例定律的扬程计算结果具有比较高的精度,轴功率的计算精度则相对较低.     

离心泵进口回流流场特性的数值模拟及试验

基于有限体积方法,采用标准k-ε湍流模型,应用ANSYS CFX软件对不同工况下低比转速离心泵进口处的三维湍流流场进行了数值模拟.通过在进口流场中设置大量监测点,采集速度变化数据,对回流发生和发展过程中进口处的回流旋涡形态和流场速度分布进行了分析.提出了采用有机玻璃进水管,利用注入的空气气泡作为示踪粒子的可视化试验方案.使用高速摄影仪拍摄气泡的运动轨迹,从而分析不同工况下进水管流场的速度分布.结果表明：模型泵回流发生的关键流量点为0.7Qd;回流发生后,随流量的减小,回流强度增大,回流旋涡的体积变大,旋涡中心向进水管内移动,堵塞部分流道;进口回流会同时在叶轮和进水管内造成与主流方向相反的轴向速度和预旋,随回流强度的增大,轴面回流速度、进水管内的预旋强度增大,预旋在进水管中的影响距离最远到达距叶轮进口10倍叶轮进口直径处;当离心泵关阀运行时,在进水管内将形成柱状涡带.     

离心泵压水室断面面积对内部流场影响

为了明确压水室断面面积对离心泵性能的影响,以IS100-65-200型离心泵为模型泵,采用Pro/E对该离心泵进行三维实体建模,基于RNG k-ε湍流模型,对离心泵内部流动状态进行数值模拟,研究压水室断面面积变化对离心泵扬程、效率及轴功率等外特性的影响,分析不同工况下离心泵内部流动规律。结果表明:8个端面面积均缩小10%的压水室结构能够改变离心泵的扬程和效率,对轴功率影响不明显;改型泵与模型泵相比,其压水室静压变化类似,叶轮出口与压水室入口边界处湍动能有增大趋势,压水室出口流体速度更为平稳,能够改变流体的流线分布。     

核主泵空化流动对能量转换的影响

为研究核主泵内部空化流动对能量转换的影响,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型和Rayleigh-Plesset空化模型对设计工况下核主泵模型泵进行了全流场空化模拟,得到核主泵发生空化时叶轮内气泡分布规律.选取叶片吸力面的前盖板流线和后盖板流线,通过分析不同空化工况下这两条流线上的动扬程与静扬程变化规律,研究核主泵发生空化时,空化流动对叶轮内能量转换的影响.结果表明:核主泵内流体的能量主要由叶轮中后段提供,且从前盖板到后盖板,叶片做功能力逐渐减弱;空化干扰叶轮内流体流动,导致空化区域相对速度增大,压力减小,在气泡密集区域,叶片做功能力几乎为0;随着空化程度加剧,无空化区动扬程增大,静扬程减小,且静扬程减小幅度大于动扬程增大幅度,从而引起泵扬程和效率下降;随着空化程度加剧,动、静扬程突变程度加剧,增大了叶轮内的流动损失,进而导致泵扬程及效率进一步下降.     

叶轮外径对离心泵内流影响的CFD分析

采用FLUENT,在双参考坐标系下,利用有限体积法对雷诺时均Navier-Stokes方程进行数值离散,选用标准k-ε湍流模型,SIMPLEC方法求解,对6台离心泵在不同叶轮外径下的内部流场进行了叶轮和蜗壳的耦合数值模拟.根据数值模拟结果对6台离心泵的能量性能进行了预测,并分析了叶轮外径变化对泵内部流场的影响.性能预测结果与切割定律计算结果的对比表明,随着叶轮外径的变化,泵扬程和轴功率的变化基本符合切割定律,但效率存在一定的波动.内部流场分析表明,叶轮外径变化对叶轮进口静压和总压分布的影响较小,对叶轮出口和蜗壳内静压及总压分布有着明显的影响;叶轮外径变化还对泵内尤其是蜗壳割舌附近的绝对速度分布有较大影响;当叶轮切割量大于4%后,蜗壳扩散段的流动分离现象就会逐渐消失.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。