海南胡椒种植基地土壤重金属评价及来源分析

在对海南省主要胡椒种植区-文昌、琼海两市种植地土壤重金属含量调查的基础上,采用单项污染指数法和综合污染指数法,结合绿色食品产地环境技术条件及土壤环境质量二级标准,对其重金属含量现状进行了评价;然后结合深层土壤、母质岩石样品及海南岛1:25万多目标区域地球化学调查成果,对其土壤重金属来源进行了综合分析。结果表明,相对所选标准,沉积砂岩区(F11~F13)、第四系松散沉积物区(F7、F14)和花岗岩区一种植地(F9)均符合绿色食品产地要求。玄武岩区(F1~F6)土壤Cu、Cr、Ni超标,花岗岩区另一种植地(F8)和变质岩区(F10)土壤Pb、As超标。综合分析结果显示,胡椒基地土壤环境质量整体良好,成土母质是土壤中重金属元素的主要控制因素,但部分种植地浅层土壤中Cd、Pb、As等重金属元素已受到人类活动的影响。     

湘东地区典型土壤团聚体稳定性的影响因素

[目的]揭示湘东地区土壤团聚体的分布规律及其影响稳定性因素,为研究南方土壤团聚体胶结机制提供一定的理论依据。[方法]在湘东地区选择3种常见成土母质(第四纪红土、花岗岩风化物、板岩风化物)上发育的典型自然林地、水田与旱地,采集表层土壤(0—20cm)与底层土壤(40—60cm),利用湿筛法测定土壤水稳性团聚体组成。[结果]土地利用方式、母质类型及土层部位显著影响土壤团聚体的组成及稳定性,且它们的交互作用也非常明显。不同利用方式下土壤团聚体稳定性总体表现为:水田林地旱地;但利用方式对团聚体稳定性的影响仅局限于表层土壤,同时在花岗岩风化物发育质地较砂的土壤上表现不明显。不同母质间土壤团聚体稳定性呈现出如下规律:第四纪红土板岩风化物花岗岩风化物,但表层土壤或旱地、林地利用下该规律不甚明显。同时,表层土壤团聚体稳定性一般要显著高于底层土壤,但对于第四纪红土发育质地较为黏重的土壤或水田利用方式下并非如此。[结论]成土母质、利用方式、土层部位通过对土壤质地、有机质、氧化物等的影响间接影响着湘东地区土壤团聚体的分布。     

Genesis and dynamics of an oxic dystrochrept and a typic haploperox from ultrabasic rock in the tropical rain forest climate of south-east Brazil

Oxisols are a product of long and intense weathering. Their actual characteristics can neither be traced back to a certain climatic period, nor do they reveal the present soil-forming factors. In this paper, therefore, a reconstruction of the soil genesis of a strongly weathered Oxisol is attempted by comparing the present mineralogical status and the recent dynamics of selected elements with a nearby Inceptisol from the same catena. The parent rock of both soils is serpentinized dunite with nepheline-syenitic veins; the soil moisture regime is udic. Chemical and mineralogical parameters, as well as the concentration of elements in the soil solution of a Typic Haploperox and an Oxic Dystrochrept from the same catena were analyzed for one year. The dynamics of Si and Mg strongly depended on the state of weathering. In the saprolite of the Dystrochrept, Si is partially removed and partially fixed by the formation of quartz and mixed layer minerals. Mg is first fixed in mixed layer minerals, but is during consecutive weathering leached from the transition zone from saprolite to the oxic horizon. Due to the high redox potential, Fe is not soluble, forming goethite in the upper part of the saprolite. Al is also not removed and is finally fixed in kaolinite. In the weathered upper part of both profiles the concentration of Al, Si, Mg and Fe in the soil solution is too low to perceive a further weathering. The present dynamics of Fe, Al, Mg and Si and the mineralogical status of the Dystrochrept indicate that these processes are similar to those that have led to the formation of the Haploperox. The soils, therefore, developed exclusively by the relative enrichment of Al and Fe, the partial loss of Si and the almost complete loss of Mg. Desilification and ‘laterisation’ are hence processes occurring also presently under a tropical rain forest climate.     

我国北亚热带白浆化土壤矿物学特性的研究

本文对北亚热带地区七个白浆化土壤的原生矿物和次生矿物的特性进行了研究。重，轻矿物含量表明土壤继承了母质的特性，粘淀层与漂白层的母质沉积是间断的，前者风化强度大于后者。石英颗粒表现特征显示漂白层物来来源于黄土物质再堆积，粘土矿物以水云母为主，其结晶度较差，氧化铁类型以针铁矿和赤铁矿为主，也有非晶质氧化铁和硅酸盐中的Ｆｅ＾２＋，其形成条件与现代化成土条件一致。     

广东省不同母质发育土壤颗粒分布的分形维数特征

采集广东省主要成土母质(玄武岩、砂页岩、第四纪红土和花岗岩)发育的林地、耕地和园地土壤剖面各发生层土壤,测定了土壤颗粒组成、有机质、CEC等理化性质,探讨了不同母质发育土壤颗粒分布的分形维数特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明,玄武岩、第四纪红土、花岗岩和砂页岩发育土壤分形维数变幅分别为2.923 9~2.981 2,2.858 8~2.937 7,2.769 3~2.923 1和2.544 6~2.885 6;玄武岩和第四纪红土发育土壤颗粒分布分形维数与砂页岩发育土壤存在显著差异。土壤颗粒分布的分形维数随土壤深度增加呈增大的趋势,相同母质发育土壤的深层土壤颗粒分布的分形维数接近一致。玄武岩和第四纪红土发育土壤颗粒分布的分形维数在不同深度土壤之间变幅较小,砂页岩和花岗岩发育土壤变幅较大。土壤颗粒分布的分形维数与砂粒含量呈极显负相关,与黏粒含量呈极显著正相关,与土壤全磷、速效钾、全铁、CEC、有机质、全氮、碱解氮呈极显著或显著正相关;土壤颗粒分布的分形维数可以作为表征土壤肥力状况指标。     

The solonetzic process in surface soils and buried paleosols and its reflection in the mineralogical soil memory

The development of the solonetzic process in paleosols buried under kurgans and in the modern surface soils has been studied on the basis of the analysis of the clay (<1 μm) fraction. The revealed changes in the textural differentiation of the soils and the mineralogical composition of the clay fraction during 4500 years are assessed from the viewpoint of the “memory“ of the solid-phase soil components. The mineralogical characteristics show that the solonetzic process in the modern background soil is more developed. The mineralogical approach allows us to reveal the long-term changes in the soil status; it is less useful for studying the effect of short-term bioclimatic fluctuations. In the latter case, more labile soil characteristics should be used. The mineralogical method, combined with other methods, becomes more informative upon the study of soil chronosequences. Our studies have shown that the data on the clay minerals in the buried paleosols may contain specific information useful for paleoreconstructions that is not provided by other methods.     

中国土壤胶体研究—Ⅶ.内蒙暗栗钙土的粘土矿物

内蒙栗钙土区属半干旱而温和的大陆性气候,年平均温度-2.4-6.5℃,冬夏温差很大,约差30-49℃,夏季平均温度为20-25℃,比黑钙土地区高,年降水量200-350毫米,多集中夏季。由于气候干旱,相对湿度很低,蒸发量大于降水量数倍,大陆性气候十分明显。植被以禾本科草及篙属的短草为主。地形主要为高平原,包括一部分丘陵岗地。     

Mineral magnetic properties of a weathering sequence of soils derived from basalt in Eastern China

The magnetic properties and magnetic mineralogy of a weathering sequence of soils developed on basalt parent material from eastern China, were studied by rock magnetism, X-ray diffraction and soil chemical analyses to establish the connection between mineral magnetic properties and pedogenic development in a subtropical region. The magnetic susceptibility of soils formed on basalt varied greatly and did not increase with the degree of pedogenic development. The frequency-dependent susceptibility (χfd) values of soils ranged from 1.0 to 11.1% and increased with the pedogenic development. Highly significant linear relationship was found between the frequency-dependent susceptibility and the Fe_d content (R² = 0.683) and Fe_d/Fe_t ratio (R² = 0.780) in soils, indicating that pedogenic SP ferrimagnetic grains were associated with enrichment of the secondary iron oxide minerals in the weathering process of soil. Rock magnetism analysis showed that the major magnetic carriers in the weakly weathered soil profiles are magnetite and/or maghemite, and the highly developed soil profiles are generally enriched in magnetite/maghemite grains of pedogenic origin and the magnetically hard haematite, indicating that the magnetic component was transformed from a ferrimagnetic phase (magnetite) to antiferromagnetic phase (hematite) during pedogenic development. Results indicated that some of the magnetic parameters of soils, in this case χfd, can be useful for pedogenic comparisons and age correlations in the weathering sequence of soil. It is thus suggested that multiparameter rock magnetic investigations represent a more powerful approach for pedogenesis.     

Weathered pumice influence on selected alluvial soil properties in west Nayarit, Mexico

Parent material and pumiceous alluvial soils, located in a tropical region of Mexico, were studied to supply information on soil suitability for agricultural production in the context of sustainable agriculture. In recent alluvial soils, an understanding of how soil characteristics vary with parent material and topography provides a basis for determining land utilization type, land suitability as well as land quality. The main objective of this study was to establish the relationship of soil properties to parent material in west Nayarit, Mexico. Field studies were initiated in 1993 by a request for technical assistance from the Comision Federal de Electricidad. The studied soils were derived from pumice that has been reworked and mixed with detrital material from other sources. We found that such soils have unique physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics that are rarely found in soils derived from other parent materials. Data for two selected alluvial soil profiles are presented. These soils were developed on Holocene volcanogenic pumiceous alluvial river terraces and river floodplains, under current udic-isohyperthermic soil-climate conditions. The agronomic properties, tillage influences and fertilizer requirements of these soils have been studied extensively. To maximize their productivity and minimize deterioration, proper management must be based on an understanding of the unique physical, chemical and mineralogical properties. Results indicate that such soils have physical properties that provide a good environment for deep rooting and can supply the water necessary for vigorous plant growth. In both soils, water retention at 33 and 1500 kPa, particle surface area, calculated clay, cation exchange capacity, Al exchangeable percentage and P retention, and the occurrence of isotropic coatings on rock fragments and peds tend to increase in the presence of the large amounts of hydrolyzed pumice that are found in the 0.02–2.0 mm fraction. Scanning electron microscope–energy dispersive X-ray analyses demonstrate that the coatings dominantly consist of noncrystalline material, probably allophanic-like material as suggested by the Si/Al molar ratio of 1.0. Selective dissolution analysis reveals that these abundant noncrystalline materials consist of ferrihydrite and allophane with an atomic ratio (Al_o−Al_p)/Si_o of approximately 1.4. Both ferrihydrite and allophane have very large specific surface area and absorptive capacity that make a significant contribution to the overall properties of these soils. X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscope observation show that the major group of crystalline clay minerals in the upper section of studied soils are tubular and spheroidal halloysite. These soils were classified as Vitrandic Udifluvents according to Soil Taxonomy.     

不同茶园土壤中外源铅的形态转化及其生物有效性

为了明确外源铅进入不同茶园土壤后其形态的转化及其生物有效性,采用盆栽试验及连续浸提形态分级方法,研究了外源铅在不同茶园土壤中的形态分布规律及其在茶树体内的累积分布规律。结果表明,不同母质茶园土壤中铅总量及各形态的含量有明显差异,无外源铅污染的情况下,临安凝灰岩与金华红壤母质茶园土壤以残渣态占主导地位,嵊州玄武岩和梅家坞鞍山母质茶园土壤则以铁锰态铅占主导地位,4种土壤的交换态含量均较低,均在总量的10%以内。当受外源铅污染后,4种茶园土壤中各形态铅均有不同程度的增加,转变为以铁锰态为主,碳酸盐态及可交换态含量在总量中所占比例明显增加,但不同母质土壤类型差异较大。在小于500mg·kg-1土的外源铅污染下,交换态以嵊州玄武岩、临安凝灰岩增幅最大,金华红壤最小;但外源铅达到2500mg·kg-1土时,金华红壤中的交换态铅急剧增加。低浓度外源铅对金华红壤、梅家坞鞍山斑岩茶园土中的茶树生长发育有促进作用,但对嵊州玄武岩和临安凝灰岩茶园土壤中的茶树生长刺激作用并不明显。高浓度的外源铅则对4种土壤中的茶树生长均产生明显的抑制作用,且碳酸盐态与交换态对茶树生长的抑制作用最大。对新梢中的铅而言,金华红壤茶园土壤以有机态铅对其贡献最大,其余3种母质茶园土壤均以碳酸盐态贡献最大;对老叶与茎杆中的铅而言,嵊州玄武岩母质茶园土壤以有机态贡献最大,其余3种土壤均以铁锰态贡献最大;对须根中的铅而言,梅家坞鞍山斑岩茶园土以有机态贡献最大,其他3种土壤均以铁锰态贡献最大。     

火山岩海岛土壤硒元素空间分异及富集机制研究——以广西涠洲岛为例

选择广西北海涠洲岛作为研究区，网格化采集涠洲岛表层土壤样品106件、成土母岩16件，对亚热带环境下火山岩海岛土壤硒元素空间分布特征及赋存形态进行研究，并探讨其影响机制。结果表明，涠洲岛表层土壤中全硒自然变化范围为0.005~0.567 mg/kg，平均为0.287 mg/kg，足硒和富硒土壤占全岛总面积的70.87%。涠洲岛表层土壤中硒赋存形态的分布规律为：残渣态（78.06%）>有机结合态（10.58%）>酸溶态（7.76%）>可交换态（2.86%）>水溶态（0.74%）。不同成土母岩的全硒含量有显著差异，全硒含量最高的是火山碎屑岩，其次是玄武岩和含生物碎屑海滩沉积物。成土母岩与其相应土壤中全硒含量变化具有很好的套合性，全硒含量由火山碎屑岩、玄武岩和含生物碎屑海滩沉积物发育的土壤中依次递减。火山岩风化土壤中硒元素的富集主要归因于对火山岩高背景硒含量的继承，同时硒元素在表生演化过程中容易被火山岩土壤中的铁、铝氧化物和有机质（OM）吸附。这种由火山岩风化形成的富硒土壤对海岛土地资源农业开发利用具有积极意义。     

MINERALOGY AND RADIOISOTOPE RETENTION PROPERTIES OF A CHRONOSEQUENCE OF SOILS DEVELOPED IN BASALTS OF VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA

The mineralogical composition and retention properties for radioisotopes (²⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs) of soils developed in five basalt flows of age varying from 6000 years to about four million years occurring in western Victoria were investigated. The trend of mineral weathering has been almost exclusively to amorphous material, kaolinite-plus-halloysite, and chlorite, the more soluble products of weathering having been removed. The most significant changes in clay mineralogical composition with time are the progressive decrease in the Si0₂/Al₂O₃ molar ratio of the amorphous material in the clay fraction of the surface horizons, from an initial value of approximately 4 to values of approximately 2, and the progressive increase in the amount of kaolinite-plus-halloysite, both in the topsoil and at depth, with age of the basalt flow. The amount of kaolinite plus halloysite increases from approximately 20 per cent of the clay of soil developed in the basalt flow 6000 years old to approximately 50 per cent of that of soil in basalt about four million years old. Evidence for the presence of halloysite was obtained by electron microscopy studies. The amorphous material and chlorite contents, each of which constitutes between 20 and 50 per cent of the clay fractions, decrease concurrently with the increase in kaolinite-plushalloysite content. Fixation of Sr by whole soil samples was controlled by the organic matter and free iron oxide contents rather than by the mineralogy of the samples. A high proportion of the added Cs was sorbed by whole soil samples. Much of the sorbed Cs was not readily replaced by CaCl, washings but was replaced in part by subsequent washing with NaCl of pH 5.3 and almost entirely by subsequent NH₄Cl washings. Much of the Sr and Cs deposited on these soils by rainfall and dry fall-out would be sorbed; the ease of replacement suggests that these elements would be available for further movement through the food chain.     

Major stages of the development of soil micromorphology in Russia

The roots of soil micromorphology in Russia are inseparably connected with mineralogical studies. The development of soil micromorphology as a specific field of soil science was greatly affected by the works of W. Kubiena and R. Brewer. In the 1970s, centers for micromorphological studies appeared in many research and educational organizations. They gathered a wealth of information on the micromorphology of different soil types in the Soviet Union. The major tendencies in the development of soil micromorphology and its practical applications are considered: from the general problems of the genesis of modern soils and paleosols and methodological grounds of soil micromorphology to the diagnostics of anthropogenic changes of soils on the basis of data on their microfabric with quantitative assessments of soil morphology at different levels (from the macrolevel to the micro- and submicrolevels). Data on the contribution of Russian micro- morphologists to the study of certain soils and on the major scientific events and organizational efforts in this field are also considered.     

典型热带土壤时间序列的电荷零点变化特征及其土壤发生意义

本研究选取海南岛北部玄武岩上不同发育时间的土壤进行研究,通过电位滴定法测定土壤的电荷零点,并结合XRD衍射测定土壤中的黏土矿物,探讨热带地区电荷零点随土壤发育程度的变化及其指示意义。结果表明:热带地区土壤电荷零点随土壤发育时间延长而升高,土壤中黏土矿物含量的变化和金属氧化物的增加是导致这一现象的主要原因,另外黏土矿物的种类和结晶程度也会影响到电荷零点的大小。电位滴定曲线的数据表明,随着土壤发育程度的加深,土壤永久负电荷减少,土壤的缓冲性能和保肥能力下降。对比其他指示土壤发育程度的指标,电荷零点大小能更好地表征热带地区土壤发育时间的长短,评估土壤发育程度强弱。     

Chemical and mineralogical changes in a polygenetic soil of Galicia,NW Spain

The soils of Galicia, NW Spain, developed on gabbro often include one or more buried profiles. In the modern overlying soil, gibbsite is common and the Fe oxyhydroxides include maghemite. In the buried soil interstratified kaolinite–smectite is abundant, gibbsite is present in traces and the Fe oxyhydroxides are mostly formed by goethite. Chemical and mineralogical data show that the modern soil has developed under strongly leaching conditions that contrast with those in which the buried soil formed. We suggest that the interstratified kaolinite–smectite is a relict mineral that helps reconstruction of the pedogenetic history of these soils.     

Comparative micromorphology of soddy-podzolic soils derived from loamy moraine and non-calcareous loesslike loam

Soddy-podzolic soils developed on different loamy parent materials possess several common fabric features which can be regarded as characteristic of this soil type. These features are: poor aggregation, considerable amounts of coarse plant residues in different (mainly weak and medium) stages of decomposition, predominance of brown-coloured peptized humus mainly bound up with sesquioxides, abundant clayey and silty illuviation cutans appearing in the A₂ or A₂ horizons where they show the strongest disruption and incorporation into the s-matrix, and different forms of biological segregations of iron and manganese hydroxides. Some differences in fabric of these soils are connected with mineralogical and physical properties of parent material.     

南方侵蚀治理区土壤碳分布及主控因素研究

研究侵蚀治理区土壤碳区域分布影响因素对揭示退化土壤有机碳恢复有重要的意义。本文以江西省兴国县侵蚀治理恢复区林地土壤有机碳为研究对象,评价了土壤类型和成土母质对土壤有机碳的影响及其主控作用。结果表明：兴国县侵蚀治理恢复区林地土壤有机碳受土壤类型和成土母质影响显著,其中黄红壤各土层土壤有机碳含量均显著高于红壤;千枚岩发育的土壤有机碳显著高于红砂岩和花岗岩。对比土壤类型和成土母质对土壤有机碳的影响作用大小发现,在表层0 ~ 20 cm土壤类型对土壤有机碳变异解释能力大于30%,成土母质的解释能力约为17%,土壤类型是影响表层土壤有机碳的主控因素;表下层20 ~ 30 cm 土壤有机碳变异的解释能力则表现为成土母质(28.8%)与土壤类型(27.5%)基本相当,同为主控因素。因此,兴国县侵蚀治理恢复区土壤类型和成土母质对土壤有机碳的影响作用不容忽视,合理地分区展开水土保持工作有利于退化土壤的碳恢复。     

ABSTRACT of the Articles Printed in Journal of the Science of Soil and Manure,Japan

A contrasting occurrence of clay minerals was found within a soil profile which was derived from volcanic materials in the suburbs of Fukuoka-city, Northern Kyushu. The soil profile is located on an isolated terrace, and the morphological characteristics of the soil correspond exactly to Andosols, so-called Kuroboku soils or Humic Allophane soils.

The clay fraction of upper horizons of the soil consists largely of alumina-rich gel-like materials, gibbsite, and layer silicates such as chlorite and chloritevermiculite intergrades, while that of lower horizons is composed of allophane and gibbsite or halloysite. There was no positive indication of allophane in the upper horizons. Corresponding with the clay mineralogical composition, quartz is abundant in the fine sand fraction of the upper horizons, while the mineral is very scarce or none in the lower horizons, suggesting a close relation between the petrological nature of parent volcanic materials and the mineralogical composition of weathering products. The dominant clay mineral in the volcanic 1.10il might be dependent on the petrological nature of parent materials, and allophane is mostly formed from andesitic materials, and alumina-rich gel-like materials and layer silicates have come from quartz andesitic materials. Allophane would transform to gibbsite or halloysite according to weathering conditions, and aluminarich gel-like materials change to gibbsite under a well-drained condition.

The soil materials have been so greatly weathered that some horizons contain gibbsite of even more than 40 per cent or halloysite over 70 per cent. The morphology and mineralogy are quite similar to so-cailed “non-volcanic Kuroboku soils.”     

Differential response of mineral-associated organic matter in tropical soils formed in volcanic ashes and marine Tertiary sediment to treatment with HCl,NaOCl, and Na4P2O7

Quantitative knowledge of the amount and stability of soil organic matter (SOM) is necessary to understand and predict the role of soils in the global carbon cycle. At present little is known about the influence of soil type on the storage and stability of SOM, especially in the tropics. We compared the amount of mineral-associated SOM resistant to different chemical treatments in soils of different parent material and mineralogical composition (volcanic ashes – dominated by short-range-order aluminosilicates and marine Tertiary sediments – dominated by smectite) in the humid tropics of Northwest Ecuador. Using ¹³C isotope analyses we traced the origin of soil organic carbon (SOC) in mineral-associated soil fractions resistant to treatment with HCl, NaOCl, and Na₄P₂O₇ under pasture (C₄) and secondary forest (C₃). Prior to chemical treatments, particulate organic matter was removed by density fractionation (cut-off: 1.6 g cm^?3). Our results show that: (1) independent of soil mineralogical composition, about 45% of mineral-associated SOC was resistant to acid hydrolysis, suggesting a comparable SOM composition for the investigated soils; (2) oxidation by NaOCl isolated a SOM fraction with enhanced stability of mineral-bound SOM in soils developed from volcanic ashes; while Na₄P₂O₇ extracted more SOC, indicating the importance of Al-humus complexes in these soils; and (3) recently incorporated SOM was not stabilized after land use change in soils developed from volcanic ashes but was partly stabilized in soils rich in smectites. Together these results show that the employed methods were not able to isolate a SOM fraction which is protected against microbial decay under field conditions and that the outcome of these methods is sensitive to soil type which makes interpretation challenging and generalisations to other soils types or climates impossible.     

四种不同母质发育的红壤水分状况研究

在相同的地形和气候条件下,研究了我国东南部地区红砂岩、花岗岩、玄武岩和第四纪红粘土发育的4种典型红壤水分状况及其透水性能。结果表明,4种红壤的持水和透水性能存在不同程度差异,其原因是不同成土母质的土壤机械组成、土壤结构的变化造成的。除玄武岩和红砂岩发育红壤的某些层外,其他土壤各层的土壤渗漏量不随时间变化而变化。4种土壤含水量的年动态变化一般可划分为3个时期:土壤湿润期、土壤水分耗竭期和土壤水分恢复期,但不同年份的时间划分也不尽相同。