土壤水分对棉花蕾铃脱落和纤维品质的影响

１９９１￣１９９５年在人工控制水分的条件下,研究不同生育阶段土壤对棉花蕾铃脱落与纤维品质的影响。研究发现,土壤水分不足或过大,均易造成雷铃脱落增加和品质下降。有利于增蕾保铃和提高纤维品质的土壤湿度,约相当于田间持水量的５５％￣７５％。不同生育阶段的棉花蕾铃脱落率和对水分的敏感系数不同。蕾铃脱落对水分的敏感系数以开花盛期－吐絮期最大,蕾期相对较小。脱落率以开花盛期－吐絮期最大,开花－开花盛期次之,吐     

棉花施用硫肥的产量、品质效应研究

1999—2001年在沿江地区灰潮土上研究了硫磺粉、硫肥95对棉花生长发育、皮棉产量和棉纤维品质的影响。试验结果表明：施用硫肥能提高棉花的株高、果枝数、蕾数、成桃数和茎基租，还能提高伏桃比例，促进棉花生育后期的生长发育，增加棉花产量，改善棉纤维长度、整齐度、比强度等品质指标。硫肥的适宜用量为45—60kg/hm^2。施用硫肥95的增产效果比硫磺粉的要好。     

棉花施用硫肥的产量、品质效应研究

1999～2001年在沿江地区灰潮土上研究了硫磺粉、硫肥95对棉花生长发育、皮棉产量和棉纤维品质的影响。试验结果表明:施用硫肥能提高棉花的株高、果枝数、蕾数、成桃数和茎基粗,还能提高伏桃比例,促进棉花生育后期的生长发育,增加棉花产量,改善棉纤维长度、整齐度、比强度等品质指标。硫肥的适宜用量为45～60kg/hm2。施用硫肥95的增产效果比硫磺粉的要好。     

棉花蕾铃脱落的原因及防治策略

豫南平原棉区地处黄淮平原南部．属暖温带向亚热带过渡地带的大陆性季风型气候,雨热同季,光照充足。该区生产的棉花品质优、产量高,是国家重要优质棉花生产基地．但是．多年来由于多种因素的影响存在着蕾铃脱落问题．棉花从蕾期到花铃期是营养生长与生殖生长并进重叠期．是生殖、生长旺盛期,需水需肥较多。     

施用硫肥对油菜生物产量及吸硫量的影响

盆栽试验表明，在一种轻度缺硫的加拿大土壤上施用废石膏、硫酸铵、硫磺、硫酸钙使油菜地上部干重增加１７．１％￣２１．６％，含硫量从０．１３％提高到０．３０％￣０．５２％，吸硫量从１１．８ｇ／盆提高到３３．７￣５６．０ｇ／盆。表明硫磺和废石膏均是有效的硫肥。     

氮素对棉花果枝、果节及蕾铃发生与脱落影响的模拟

为了探明氮素对棉花形态指标与蕾铃脱落的影响,该研究通过设置施氮量试验,以累积温光效应为驱动变量,以花铃期棉株下部果枝对位叶平均氮浓度为氮营养指标,模拟氮营养水平对棉花主要形态指标与蕾铃脱落率的动态影响。结果表明,棉花下部果枝对位叶氮浓度随花后天数呈幂函数下降趋势,其平均氮浓度出现的花后天数占花铃期总天数的比值较稳定,可作为植株N营养状态指标;棉株的果枝数、果节数、成铃数随累积温光效应（cumulative thermal and solar radiative effectiveness,TSE）呈logistic曲线变化,棉蕾数和幼铃数随TSE呈二次曲线变化,且各拟合方程中的参数响应N处理而变化,与花铃期棉株下部果枝对位叶平均氮浓度呈二次函数关系。利用独立的试验资料检验,在不同施氮水平下,棉株果枝数、果节数、棉蕾数、幼铃数、成铃数和脱落率的RMSE分别平均为1.1个/株、2.7个/株、2.4个/株、1.6个/株、1.4个/株和3.5%,模拟值与观测值具有较好的吻合度;在不同种植密度条件下,模拟值与观测值也具有较好的吻合度。本研究可为棉田施肥管理提供参考。     

打顶后涂抹生长素对长绒棉生长和蕾铃脱落的影响

与传统打顶处理相比,打顶后涂抹浓度为3×10-2mmol.L-1的α-萘乙酸(NAA),促进了上部植株的生长,植株上部生物量、成铃率分别比传统处理提高148.6%和96.6%,空果枝数降低52.6%,蕾铃脱落率降低43.1%;单株籽棉产量增加了26.4%。上述结果说明,生产中普遍存在的中后期“早衰”和“中空”现象与棉花打顶导致顶端优势丧失有关,打顶后涂抹NAA使植株的顶端优势得到一定恢复。     

硫肥对小麦蛋白质组分及产量的影响

试验在高肥力而硫素极缺的土壤上进行了试验,在施用常规氮磷钾肥料的基础上,比较不同小麦品种施硫肥与不施硫肥对小麦蛋白质组分及产量的影响。结果表明:在常规肥料措施下增施硫肥,提高了小麦营养体及籽粒中的含氮量,显著提高了籽粒中醇溶蛋白及总蛋白含量,而且不同蛋白质含量的小麦对硫肥的反应存在差异.施用硫肥极显著降低了千粒重和容重,产量也有所下降,但未达显著水平。     

硫肥对小麦产量及品质的影响

本文报道了施用硫肥对小麦产量及品质的影响 .结果表明 :施用硫肥可提高小麦植株含硫量和吸硫量 ;硫肥的适宜用量 (S)为 45kg/hm2 ,增产达 775kg/hm2 ,增幅为 1 4 3% ;硫肥施用时期以基施为好 ;施用硫肥能增加小麦籽粒蛋白质和面筋含量 .     

施用硫肥对冬小麦光合生理特性及产量的影响

在田间条件下,连续两年通过不同硫肥处理对多穗型小麦品种豫麦49和重穗型小麦品种豫麦66的光合特性和产量性状影响进行了系统研究。结果表明,施用硫肥对提高群体光合速率(CAP)、旗叶净光合速率(Pn)、叶绿素(Chl)含量以及硝酸还原酶(NR)活性等方面有重要作用,但不同硫肥处理之间,不同小麦品种之间存在差异。本研究结果还表明,不同的硫肥处理对提高两种穗型冬小麦产量有差异,且对产量构成因素也有不同的影响。比较硫肥不同处理对两种小麦品种光合生理特性及产量的调控作用以及投入成本来看,在目前高产田养分供应条件下,两品种均以基施S120 kg/hm2效果相对较优。     

INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN AND SULFUR ON YIELD AND SEED QUALITY OF THREE CANOLA CULTIVARS

In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) fertilizers on yield and seed quality of three canola cultivars, a factorial based on randomized complete block experiment was conducted during 2005–2006 in Iran. Treatments included four nitrogen rates (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha^?1 source of urea), four sulfur rates (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg S ha^?1), and three cultivars (‘Pf’, ‘Option-500’, and ‘Hyola-401’). Results indicated cultivar had a significant effect on all studied traits. ‘Option-500’ and ‘Hyola-401’ cultivars had the highest seed yield, protein content, and N:S ratio in seed. The levels of 150 and 220 kg N ha^?1 resulted in the maximum protein content. Increasing N levels resulted in N content and decreased the oil content. The interaction effect between S and N levels showed the highest N content in seed was obtained with 300 kg S ha^?1 and 225 kg N ha^?1.     

INTERACTIVE EFFECT OF SULFUR AND NITROGEN ON GROWTH AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF OILSEED CROPS (BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS L. AND ERUCA SATIVA MILL.) DIFFERING IN YIELD POTENTIAL

Field experiments were conducted to determine the interactive effect of sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) on growth and yield attributes of oilseed crops [Brassica campestris L. (V₁) and Eruca sativa Mill. (V₂)] differing in yield potential. Two combinations of S and N (in kg ha^?1): 0S + 100N (?S+N;T₁) and 40S + 100N (+S+N;T₂) were used. Biomass accumulation, leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), and photosynthetic rate in the leaves were determined at various phenological stages. The results showed that the combined application of S and N (+S+N) significantly (P<0.05) improved the growth and yield attributes of both the genotypes compared with N applied alone (?S+N). Genetic variability was observed between the two genotypes in response to combined application of S and N (T₂). Genotype V₁ had higher biomass accumulation, photosynthetic rate, seed yield, oil yield, biological yield, and harvest index when compared with genotype V₂. Treatment T₂ resulted in 142, 95, 56, and 349% enhancement in biomass accumulation, leaf-area index (LAI), leaf-area duration (LAD) and photosynthetic rate, respectively in comparison with treatment T₁ in genotype V₁. Seed yield, oil yield, biological yield, and harvest index were improved by 141, 171, 85, and 30%, respectively, by treatment T₂ in comparison with T₁. In the case of genotype V₂, increase in biomass accumulation, LAI, LAD, and photosynthetic rate due to application of treatment T₂ were 156, 137, 125 and 467%, respectively, over the results of T₁. Seed yield, oil yield, biological yield and harvest index improved by 193, 251, 98, and 48%, respectively, with this treatment. On the basis of results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that sulfur must be included in the nutrient management package for optimum growth and yield attributes of oilseed crops. Furthermore, the yield potential of oilseed crops with low seed and oil yield can be improved using this treatment as achieved in our study in case of taramira (Eruca sativa Mill.), a genotype with low seed and oil yield.     

EFFECT OF NITROGEN SOURCES AND RATES ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF SILAGE CORN

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of nitrogen (N) application source and rate on silage corn (Zea mays L.). Urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate were compared at 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha^?1. The application of ammonium sulfate produced the highest plant height, leaf area index (LAI), total yield, and stem, leaf, and ear dry matter, followed by ammonium nitrate and urea. However, nitrogen sources had no marked effects on the content of protein, ash, oil, soluble carbohydrates, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). As the rate of nitrogen increased plant height, LAI, total yield, and stem, leaf, tassel, and ear dry matters, and protein, ash and oil contents increased while soluble carbohydrates, ADF, and NDF contents decreased. Ammonium sulfate was the most effective N source on production and 200 kg N ha^?1 was the most effective N rate on corn yield and quality.     

微生物肥对水稻产量及氮肥利用的影响

以杂交稻中浙优1号和甬优9号为材料,研究微生物肥对水稻产量及氮肥利用的影响。结果表明,在相同施氮水平下,施用微生物肥后2个水稻品种分别增产41%和87%,其中主要增加了水稻有效穗,提高结实率和籽粒粒重;但分蘖成穗率有所下降;微生物肥能提高水稻叶片的光合速率,穗分化期和齐穗期的叶片光合速率均高于对照,也有利于增加齐穗期的物质生产量。研究表明微生物肥能提高氮素的农学利用率,实现减肥增产,且随着施氮量下降,氮素利用率呈升高趋势。     

EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND SULFUR FERTILIZATION ON YIELD COMPONENTS,SEED AND OIL YIELDS OF CANOLA

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) levels and their methods of application on canola. Branches plant^?1, pods plant^?1 and biological yield significantly increased with increase in nitrogen level and no significant increase in seed pod^?1 and seed and oil yields occurred beyond 120 kg N ha^?1. However, thousand seed weight consistently decreased with increasing level of nitrogen. Pods plant^?1 and biological yield continually increased with increase in sulfur level. Alternatively, significant increase in branches plant^?1, seed pod^?1, seed weight, seed and oil yields was noted with increase in sulfur level up to 40 kg ha^?1. Applications of sulfur and nitrogen in split significantly decreased seed yield as compared to sole applications. It is concluded that sulfur and nitrogen application as sole at the rate of 40 and 120 kg ha^?1, respectively performed better than the rest of their levels and method of application.     

EFFECTS OF VARIOUS CROP LOADS AND LEAF FERTILIZER ON GRAPEVINE YIELD AND QUALITY

Crop loads and leaf fertilizers are highly important for yield and quality of grapevine. This research was conducted in the Konya province of Turkey in 2008 and 2009. The effects of crop loads and leaf fertilizers were investigated on yield and quality of Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Gök üzüm’. The combined leaf fertilizer (TAR??-ZF) significantly increased quality parameters such as berry length, berry weight, maturity index, juice yield and drying index of grapevine. Increasing crop load values (16, 21, and 26 buds/vine) increased fresh grape yield and juice yield; however, maturity index and drying index decreased in comparison to the control. According to these results, it was suggested that to produce a high yield 26 buds/vine pruning and non-fertilization could be utilized or to increase quality parameters 16 buds/vine pruning, and fertilization may be applied on grapevine cultivation.     

INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF SALINITY AND N ON PEPPER (CAPSICUM ANNUUM L.) YIELD,WATER USE EFFICIENCY AND ROOT ZONE AND DRAINAGE SALINITY

The aim of this study was to determine the salt tolerance of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under greenhouse conditions and to examine the interactive effects of salinity and nitrogen (N) fertilizer levels on yield. The present study shows the effects of optimal and suboptimal N fertilizer levels (270 kg ha^?1 and 135 kg ha^?1) in combination with five different irrigation waters of varying electrical conductivity (EC) (EC_iw = 0.25, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 dS m^?1) and three replicates per treatment. At optimal N level, yield decreased when the irrigation water salinity was above EC_iw 2 dS m^?1. At the suboptimal N level, a significant decrease in yield occurred only above EC_iw 4 dS m^?1. At high salinity levels the salinity stress was dominant with respect to yield and response was similar for both N levels. Based on the results it can also be concluded that under saline conditions (higher than threshold salinity for a given crop) there is a lesser need for N fertilization relative to the optimal levels established in the absence of other significant stresses.     

Differences in growth and yield in response to cadmium toxicity in cotton genotypes

A greenhouse hydroponic experiment was conducted to study the effects of cadmium (Cd; 0, 0.1, 1.0, 10 μM in nutrient solution) on yield and yield components as well as Cd concentration and accumulation in three cotton genotypes (Simian 3, Zhongmian 16, Zhongmian 16–2). The results showed that Cd concentration in different organs increased with increasing Cd levels in the nutrient solution in the following order: root > petiole > xylem > fruiting branch, leaf > phloem in vegetative organs and seed coat, seed nut > boll shell > fiber in reproductive organs. There were significant genotypic differences in functional leaf and petiole Cd concentrations at 1 and 10 μM Cd treatments, with the cultivar Simian 3 showing higher Cd concentrations and greater reductions in lint yield than the other two genotypes.     

陆地棉纤维品质和产量性状的遗传分析

两个陆地棉型纤维品质优异品系９４１７３和９４２５０分别与推广品种中棉所１２号、鲁棉１１号、中棉所１６号和鲁棉１０号杂交,按方法２模式Ｉ配成６×６共２１个组合。纤维长度、马克隆值、籽棉产量、单铃重和籽指的Ｇ．Ｃ．Ａ．效应达显水平,除衣分率外,上述各性状Ｓ．Ｃ．Ａ．方差比值较大,证明以加性效应为主。Ｇ．Ｃ．Ａ．估算结果表明,９４１７３和９４２５０是提高陆地棉品种纤维品质性状育种非常有价值的亲本,通过