猪场污水预贮存池的温室气体排放监测

猪场污水贮存过程中会产生大量温室气体,为测定污水预贮存过程中的温室气体排放情况,该实验利用静态箱法对四川某猪场的三格式污水贮存池进行了温室气体排放情况的监测。试验结果表明:一、二、三级贮存池温室气体CO2排放当量分别为555 g·m-2h-1,555 g·m-2h-1,279 g·m-2h-1,经过分级贮存后,温室气体排放明显减少;3个贮存池排放主要的温室气体均是CH4,其CO2排放当量分别为522 g·m-2h-1,526 g·m-2h-1,266 g·m-2h-1。CH4的贡献率分别达到94%,95%,95%,控制污水贮存过程中的CH4排放是温室气体减排的重要方法。     

耕作措施对京郊冬小麦农田CO2、CH4排放通量的影响

通过设置在北京市大兴区青云店镇的不同耕作措施试验,利用静态箱-气相色谱法对2季冬小麦（2011年10月—2012年7月和2012年10月—2013年7月）各关键生育期内CO2、CH4的排放通量进行了测定。结果表明：免耕（NT）、深松（ST）、旋耕（RT）、传统耕作（CT）4种耕作措施下,冬小麦农田土壤总体表现为CO2源和CH4汇的功能,且CO2和CH4都有明显的日变化和季节变化特征。CO2日排放通量最高峰出现在0:00,最低峰出现在10:00;CO2季节排放通量最高峰出现在冬小麦播种期和收获期,最低峰出现在越冬期。CH4日排放和季节排放通量变化特征差异显著,但没有明显的变化规律。CO2排放通量与0~20cm各土层土壤温度呈正相关,与0~30cm各土层土壤质量含水率呈负相关关系。CH4排放通量与0~20cm各土层土壤温度呈正相关关系。4种耕作处理下,冬小麦农田CO2的季节平均排放通量为：传统耕作>旋耕>深松>免耕,CH4的季节平均吸收通量为：旋耕>传统耕作>免耕>深松。免耕相对于旋耕和传统耕作农田CO2季节平均排放通量降低了23.3%~27.1%;旋耕、传统耕作相对于免耕和深松CH4的季节平均吸收量增加了20%以上。因此,在京郊冬小麦农田,4种耕作措施（NT、ST、RT和CT）均能不同程度地增加CH4的吸收量,同时,采用免耕能进一步降低农田CO2排放量。     

垃圾填埋场的甲烷释放及其减排

垃圾填埋场是重要的甲烷(CH4)释放源,对全球气候变暖影响巨大。本文通过分析影响垃圾填埋气释放的主要因素,提出了减少垃圾填埋场甲烷释放的技术措施,并结合国情指出清洁发展机制是我国温室气体减排及垃圾填埋场环境卫生状况改善的良好契机。     

控制灌溉稻田CH_4排放的影响因子分析

为了揭示水稻控制灌溉对稻田CH4排放的影响机理,本文采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对控制灌溉稻田CH4排放进行原位观测,同时观测土壤水分、表层土温和氧化还原电位(Eh)等影响因子,定量分析控制灌溉稻田CH4排放通量与影响因子间的关系。结果表明,控制灌溉稻田田表水层消失后的微弱脱水状态导致了CH4短暂的剧烈释放,CH4排放的峰值大多出现在土壤接近饱和状态(土壤充水孔隙率为99.0%~99.8%)时;控制灌溉稻田CH4排放通量与表层5cm土温之间无显著相关关系(p0.05);CH4的剧烈释放必须在土壤Eh下降到-100~-150mV,控制灌溉稻田不适宜CH4的产生;控制灌溉稻田CH4集中排放阶段(水稻移栽后21d内)的通量值与土壤Eh值呈极显著负指数相关关系(p0.001)。不同灌溉模式调控下的土壤水分状况是导致稻田CH4排放显著差异的主要因素。     

两种不同布水方式对生物砂滤池去除厌氧消化液氨氮的影响

在实验室条件下,采用试验生物砂滤柱模拟生物砂滤池系统,研究了雾化和滴渗布水方式对生物砂滤池去除猪场厌氧消化液氨氮的影响,结果表明:在进水水力负荷为0.057 m3.m-2d-1,氨氮平均浓度分别为293 mg.L-1,513 mg.L-1,553 mg.L-1时,雾化布水生物砂滤池对氨氮的平均去除率分别为98.8%,87.4%,75.1%,出水氨氮平均浓度分别为3.61 mg.L-1,64.7 mg.L-1,138 mg.L-1,平均去除负荷分别为16.4 g.m-2d-1,25.4g.m-2d-1,23.5 g.m-2d-1;滴渗布水生物砂滤池对氨氮的平均去除率分别为77.4%,71.4%,59.3%,出水氨氮平均浓度分别为66.3 mg.L-1,147 mg.L-1,225 mg.L-1,平均去除负荷分别为12.9 g.m-2d-1,20.7 g.m-2d-1,18.6 g.m-2d-1;雾化布水可以提高生物砂滤池氨氮的去除率、去除负荷,降低出水氨氮浓度;滴渗布水在进水氨氮平均浓度293 mg.L-1,雾化布水进水氨氮平均浓度293 mg.L-1,513 mg.L-1的条件下,出水氨氮平均浓度可达到《畜禽...     

冬季猪舍粪便贮存过程中CH4排放特征试验

利用丹麦猪舍和液态猪粪便进行了CH4气体排放测试,比较了3种粪坑内粪便高度（0.15、0.40、0.65m）、4种通风量（211、650、1852、3088m3/h）、粪坑内有无挡板情况下冬季猪舍粪便贮存过程中CH4排放通量。测试结果表明：粪便高度、粪便温度和通风量可以用来解释大部分的CH4排放通量变化差异;对于使用渗透性天花板进气和负压通风排气系统,4种通风量之间CH4排放通量差异不显著,但由于通风量的增加同时会降低舍内与粪坑内空气温度和粪便温度,因此要综合考虑通风量和温度对气体排放通量的影响;液态猪粪便中CH4排放通量随着粪坑内粪便高度的降低而减少;设置粪坑挡板对粪坑内CH4排放没有影响;敏感性分析表明CH4排放通量相对于粪便温度、粪便高度和通风量的敏感性依次减小（敏感度依次减小）。在较低的通风量和粪便高度变化区间,CH4排放通量变化的敏感性要高于较高的通风量和粪便高度变化区间,但对于粪便温度变化趋势正好相反。     

冬小麦田春灌前后CO2排放通量的日变化特征及对比分析

[目的]分析冬小麦春灌前后CO2通量的变化特征,给农田生态系统的碳排放对大气中CO2通量的影响提供一定支撑。[方法]采用静态透明箱法,通过手持式CO2测量仪(testo 535)观测分析了冬小麦田春灌前后每天不同时段内静态透明箱箱体内的CO2通量变化,通过不同时段内的CO2通量变化计算冬小麦田春灌前后每天不同时刻的CO2排放通量,分析比较了冬小麦田春灌前后CO2通量的日变化特征。[结果]春灌前,冬小麦田CO2通量在-0.123~0.056mg/(m2 s)之间;春灌后,冬小麦田CO2排放通量在-0.345~0.276mg/(m2 s)之间。冬小麦田春灌后的CO2排放通量明显高于春灌前,其中光合作用吸收CO2和呼吸作用释放CO2同时增加,但吸收大气中CO2的速率增加的更大。冬小麦田在春灌前CO2排放通量的日变化特征为单峰型曲线,但在春灌后逐渐向双峰型曲线转变。[结论]春灌影响冬小麦CO2排放通量的日变化。     

常温条件下猪粪干发酵的启动

在室温(25℃),接种污泥和猪粪干物质比为1∶1的条件下,对高固体浓度猪粪厌氧干发酵过程的启动进行了研究.从第10天开始,挥发酸,氨氮和游离氨达到相对稳定的水平,分别为7.5,4.1,0.28 g·kg-1.整个实验期间反应器内pH为8.05 ～8.23.产气速率从第7天开始达到相对稳定水平(58.1 L· d-1),此时的池容产气率为0.83 m3·m-3d-1,但是温度降低4℃导致产气速率降低35.5％左右.产气成分中CO2和CH4的含量在36小时内出现一个快速增长的趋势,其中CO2在第36小时左右达到峰值56.3％,此时CH4的含量为40.5％.CH4含量第20天左右达到60％,CO2含量低于40％.试验表明,在25℃左右,接种污泥和猪粪干物质比为1∶1的条件下,20天左右能够启动猪粪厌氧干发酵反应器.     

温室气体排放与番茄产量对水肥气耦合的响应机制研究

为探求温室番茄节水减排优产的灌溉模式,以番茄（金鹏8号）为研究对象,设置I1和I2（对应作物-皿系数kcp为0.8和1.0）2个灌水水平,F1和F2（对应施氮量180kg/hm2和240kg/hm2）2个施氮水平,A1、A2和CK（1倍和2倍文丘里加气量,不加气CK作为对照处理）3个加气水平,采用3因素完全随机设计,共10个处理,每个处理重复3次,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对番茄全生育期温室气体排放进行监测分析,探究土壤CO2、N2O、CH4排放与番茄产量的变化规律;分析灌水水平、施氮水平和加气水平对温室番茄产量和温室气体排放的影响,综合全球净增温潜势（Net global warming potential, NGWP）和温室气体排放强度（Greenhouse gas intensity, GHGI）,提出以节水减排高产为目标的温室番茄水肥气一体化滴灌管理模式。结果表明：灌溉水平和施氮水平增大均会增加土壤CO2、N2O排放通量,I2处理较I1处理平均增加24.8%（P<0.05）与14.8%（P>0.05）,F2处理比F1处理平均增加8.6%（P>0.05）与34.9%（P<0.05）;加气灌溉对土壤CO2、N2O排放通量有显著影响,与CK处理相比,A1和A2处理分别平均增加5.5%、10.0%（P>0.05）和20.9%、62.9%（P<0.05）。番茄全生育期内土壤CH4排放通量呈现土壤为CH4的汇,灌水水平增大会增加土壤CH4排放通量,而施氮水平增加则会减小CH4排放通量,I2处理比I1处理平均增加27.8%（P<0.05）,F2处理比F1处理平均减少25.5%（P<0.05）;加气、施氮和灌水会显著增加番茄产量（P<0.05）。综合考虑经济因素和生态因素,A1F2I1处理效益最佳,即加气水平A1、施氮水平F2、灌水水平I1的组合策略可以兼顾节水优产减排要求,为西北地区温室番茄较优灌溉模式。     

3种典型有机废弃物厌氧消化中NH3和CS2的释放特征

为探究典型有机废弃物中NH₃、CS₂的释放特征,将鸡粪、果蔬废弃物、餐厨垃圾进行序批式厌氧消化。结果显示NH₃在沼气中的平均浓度：餐厨垃圾(9.4±6.6 mg·m^-3)>鸡粪(7.2±3.7 mg·m^-3)>果蔬废弃物(4.9±3.9 mg·m^-3);原料NH₃生产潜力：餐厨垃圾(6.5 g·t^-1)>鸡粪(3.8 g·t^-1)>果蔬废弃物(2.0 g·t^-1)。CS₂在沼气中的平均浓度：餐厨垃圾(0.05±0.03 mg·m^-3)>果蔬废弃物(0.04±0.03 mg·m^-3)>鸡粪(0.02±0.01 mg·m^-3);原料CS₂生产潜力：餐厨垃圾(0.04 g·t^-1)>果蔬废弃物(0.02 ...     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。