大鲵的生物学及养殖技术(四)

四、大鲵的人工养殖大鲵是我国特有的珍贵资源，为开发和利用好这一宝贵资源来造福人类，必须大力开展人工繁殖与养殖。我国大鲵的人工繁殖，湖南省水产科学研究所1978—1980年已获得成功，这为大鲵的人工养殖苗种提供很好的基础。这几年来，湖南、湖北、江酉、四川、贵州、河南及陕西等地的大鲵产区先后建立了养殖场，并获得了不同程度的进展。另外，可喜的是大鲵非产区对大鲵的养殖与研究要比产区好。他们打破了大鲵只适应在溪流、清泉和石灰岩地质养殖的认识，如经济特区的珠海、厦门等地，为进一步开发、推广和利用这一珍稀动物资源拓宽…     

中国大鲵种质资源保护与利用研究进展

中国大鲵是全球现生最大的两栖动物,具有重要的科研、生态与经济价值.按照我国现行法律法规,野生大鲵是国家二级保护动物,但人工养殖子二代及之后子代可作为水产品或药食资源加以利用.作为一种我国特有且珍稀的水生动物,在兼具保护与利用的双重特性下,大鲵种质资源现状一直备受关注.然而,尽管有多重保护地位加身,其野生种群现状依然不容...     

大鲵的生物学习性及池塘养殖试验

大鲵(Andrias divianus)是我国稀有的珍贵两栖类动物，属国家二类保护动物。由于大鲵资源量日趋减少，开展人工养殖对于大鲵资源的增殖、保护和开发利用具有重要的意义。有关大鲵人工养殖在广东、湖南、湖北、四川，陕西等省已有报道，但在广西目前尚未见到报道。我们从1987年3月起至1995年7月止，在本站试验场进行大鲵的池塘养殖试验，     

大鲵人工养殖生态习性的观察

大鲵是我国珍稀的二类保护动物．原分布于长江、黄河、珠江流域的中上游支流中。由于近年来其资源量急剧减少，对大鲵的研究保护日益受到重视。在厦门进行的人工养殖试验开始于1989年，我们已在《大鲵人工养殖研究初报》一文中对研究结果进行了初步总结，本文将讨论大鲵的生长、疾病和生活习性等情况。     

大鲵高产养殖技术初步研究

大鲵高产养殖技术初步研究金立成（珠海金星实业总公司中特珍稀水产中心）大鲵是一种珍贵的经济动物，目前资源遭到破坏，因此开展大鲵人工繁殖和人工养殖对其资源保护与增殖有着重要意义。肖汉兵等已经较成功地驯养大鲵繁殖出鱼苗，阳爱生、王福刚等分别在湖南和福建进行...     

大鲵病害研究综述

中国大鲵(Andrias davidianus),俗称娃娃鱼,主要分布于长江、黄河及珠江中上游支流的山溪河流中,尤以四川、湖北、湖南、河南、贵州、陕西等省居多。大鲵在我国属二类野生保护动物。1978年,我国首次人工繁殖大鲵成功,1980年代以来,我国各地陆续开展了人工养殖和繁殖大鲵,大鲵养殖业迅速发展,成为世界上最大的养鲵国家。大鲵已成为水产养殖中高效养殖的优良品种之一。由于养殖规模的迅速扩大,大鲵的各种病害也接踵而来,导致大鲵宝贵资源的损失,也造成养殖经济的损失。现就大鲵有关病害的研究现状,存在的问题及今后研究展望作一综述。1大鲵病…     

湖北宣恩、咸丰大鲵产业发展研究

大鲵,俗称娃娃鱼,是世界上现存最大、最珍稀的两栖动物.1988年我国将大鲵列入国家二级保护野生动物,其经营利用实行特许管制.随着大鲵驯养繁殖工作的发展,大鲵人工繁殖与饲养技术的成熟,在陕西、贵州、湖北等大鲵产地出现了千家万户发展大鲵养殖的现象.对此,我们赴湖北恩施,对大鲵养殖主产区宣恩县、咸丰县进行了调研.     

大鲵人工养殖研究的初报

大鲵(Anadrias davianus)是我国野生珍稀动物之一。它肉味鲜美、营养丰富、具药效。在国外亦属名贵水产珍品。大鲵分布地区范围小,产量低,经济价值高,但近几十年来,由于捕捞过度,资源量日趋减少。因此,保护、研究大鲵愈受国家和科技界的重视。在我国湖南、湖北、四川、贵州、陕西、甘肃、江西和广东等省区,已先后开展了大鲵的分布、数量等的调查研究工作,有的并已进行人工养殖试验,但在福建省沿海     

拯救大鲵的措施与建议

根据对大鲵的生物学研究和养殖实践，针对大鲵的资源变化现状，就加强保护增殖，拯救濒危物种，资源开发利用等问题，分析优势条件，认识制约因素，论述当前的主要任务和解决种源问题的途径，并提出相应的措施与建议。     

贵州省大鲵养殖产业化的发展前景

贵州省曾是大鲵的广泛分布地,一段时间以来,由于栖息地的生态遭到破坏,野生大鲵资源量锐减。进行产业化的养殖,扩大大鲵种群数量,才能有效地保护和开发这一资源。陕西省是目前国内大鲵增殖保护走在前列的省份,取得了较大的成效。通过对贵州与陕西两省大鲵主要分布区的地理地貌、温度、降水量及无霜期等条件的对比,比较大鲵生长的生态条件,探讨贵州省大鲵养殖产业化发展的前景。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.