Combination of stem elongation ability with submergence tolerance in rice

Summary A study was conducted with six F₂ populations to test the possibility of combining submergence tolerance and stem elongation ability into a single genotype of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Submergence tolerance and stem elongation ability could be combined in the same genotype if strongly submergence tolerant genes are present in submergence tolerant parents.     

Seedling emergence,coleoptile length,and plant height relationships in crosses of dwarf and standard-height wheats

Summary Seedling emergence was closely correlated with coleoptile length and plant height among parents, F₂ and F₃, populations of crosses involving dwarf wheats Olesen Dwarf (CI 14497), Norin 10 derivative D6301, Tom Thumb derivative D6899, and the standard-height varieties Ramona 50 and Nainari 60. Genetic mechanisms that governed plant height also influenced coleoptile length, but the relative effects of genes showing dominant or epistatic effects appeared to be different. With respect to the two parents involved in each of 15 crosses, mean F₂ coleoptile lengths were consistently closer to the low parent value than were corresponding mean F₂ plant heights. A slight curvilinear relationship was also found between coleoptile length and plant height of F₃ lines. The results suggest that selection of semidwarf wheats with long coleoptiles and improved emergence properties from crosses involving the dwarf wheats of this study would be unlikely.     

Inheritacne of submergence tolerance in rice

Summary Inheritance of submergence tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) was investigated in an 8×8 diallel cross. Duration to 50% mortality of the diallel populations (F₁'s + parents) under completely submerged conditions at the seedling stage was used to characterize submergence tolerance instead of the usual submergence survival percentages.A strong prepotency of parents was found in transmitting the character to their offspring. Additive and nonadditive gene effects were highly significant. Parents highly tolerant to submergence also had high gca effects, and F₁'s between two tolerant parents were found to be the most tolerant of the diallel combinations. A high narrow-sense heritability was also observed.The additive-dominance model was found valid for this diallel cross. Submergence tolerance was partially dominant over susceptibility and recessive alleles were more concentrated in the susceptible parents IR42 and IR11288-B-B-69-1.     

Genetic analysis of a novel dominant rice dwarf mutant 986083D

This study was to determine the agronomic and genetic characteristics of a novel rice dominant dwarf mutant 986083D (japonica) and its potential in breeding. 986083D derived from the anther culture of an autotetraploid indica/japonica hybrid and its progeny segregated into normal and dwarf plants. Homozygous and heterozygous 986083D plants looked similar phenotypically, showing shortened stature, erect leaves, more tillers and poor fertility. The segregation ratio of dwarf to normal plants fit the expected 3:1 by χ²-test in 77 out of 88 tested lines. Crosses between homozygous 986083D and eight other rice varieties had uniform semi-dwarf F₁ plants. The F₁ plants from crosses between heterozygous 986083D and five other varieties had normal and semi-dwarf plants close to the expected ratio of 1:1. The reduction of plant height in F₁ plants ranged from 40.0 to 53.5% in a subtropical environment and from 37.5 to 48.2% in a temperate environment. 986083D showed moderate sensitivity to exogenously applied GA₃ in terms of elongation of shoots and induction of α-amylase activity in the endosperm. Linkage analysis showed that the dominant dwarf gene (designated as Dx) in 986083D was not allelic to D53. Dx was roughly mapped to the short arm of chromosome 8. All results showed that 986083D was a novel mutant controlled by single dominant gene, providing a valuable material in rice breeding. Ruizhen Qin, Yang Qiu contributed equally to this work.     

Genetics of stem elongation ability in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary The genetics of stem elongation ability in rice was studied in parents, F₁, F₂ and backcross generations of six crosses. Segregation analysis indicated dominance for stem elongation ability. Estimation of genetic parameters under epistatic model indicated more than one locus control stem elongation ability and both additive and nonadditive gene effects were important. Epistatic effects were predominant over additive and dominance effects with an important role of duplicate type of epistasis. The occurrence of significant additive and additive x additive types of genetic variation and the moderately high broad sense heritability indicated the possibility of selection for an increased manifestation of stem elongation ability.     

水稻半矮秆基因iga-1的鉴定及精细定位

在前期通过空间诱变获得半矮秆隐性突变基因iga-1的基础上,进一步对iga-1进行鉴定。农艺性状调查表明携带iga-1的矮秆株系CHA-2、CHA-2N与原种特籼占13相比存在明显变异。节间长度测量显示CHA-2、CHA-2N节间比例正常,属dn型。外源GA₃处理、内源GA₃测定和α-淀粉酶活性检测揭示iga-1与GA₃调控无关。利用CHA-2与粳稻品种02428杂交获得的F₂群体将iga-1定位在水稻第5染色体两个InDel标记DL18和DL19间32.01 kb的物理距离内。该区域有5个阅读框架,其中包括赤霉素信号传导调控基因D1。序列分析表明CHA-2、CHA-2N和特籼占13在D1位点上基因组序列不存在差异,推测D1并非iga-1的候选基因。比较水稻第5染色体上其他矮秆基因发现iga-1可能与半矮秆基因sd-7来自同一位点。     

籼稻多蘖矮半矮秆基因的遗传分析和基因定位

对籼稻标记基因系材料多蘖矮的遗传分析表明, 其矮生性状是由2对隐性半矮秆基因控制的,分别为sd1和一个新的半矮秆基因,该基因初步定名为sdt3。以多蘖矮与南京6号杂交F₂的分离群体为基础,应用SSR标记进行连锁分析,将半矮秆基因sdt3定位于第11染色体的SSR标记SSR98和SSR35之间,分别相距0.06 cM、0.13 cM,二者之间的物理距离约为93kb。以南京6号为轮回亲本与多蘖矮进行回交和自交获得由半矮秆基因sdt3控制的近等基因系（新多蘖矮）,以赤霉素处理表明由sdt3控制的半矮秆系新多蘖矮对赤霉素不敏感。     

Anther culture of recalcitrant indica × Basmati rice hybrids

Fertile, green, di-haploid plants were obtained at high frequencies from several indica × Basmati rice F₁ hybrids and/or F₂ plant populations using an improved anther culture procedure. Anthers from cold-pretreated (10 ^°C for 10 d) panicles of six indica (HKR120, HKR86-3, HKR86-217, PR106, Gobind andCH2 double dwarf) and two Basmati rice (Basmati 370,Taraori Basmati) varieties and 14 heterotic indica ×Basmati F₁/F₂ hybrids were cultured in modified agarose-solidified N6M, Heh5M and RZM media. Best callus induction frequencies (2.6–78%) were obtained in RZM medium containing 4% (w/v) maltose,2,4-D, NAA and kinetin. F₂ plants compared to F₁ hybrids and parental rice varieties, were more responsive to anther culture. Androgenesis frequencies of 31–78% were obtained for indica × Basmati F₂ plants in RZM medium in just 30 d which are comparable to or higher than that reported for japonica rice varieties and hybrids involving japonica rice parent(s). Agarose (1.0% w/v)-solidified MS medium containing 3.0% maltose, kinetin, BAP, and NAA, induced green shoot regeneration in 0–51% of the anther-derived callide pending upon the genotype. High plant regeneration frequencies (67–337 green plants per 1000 anthers)were obtained from anther calli of several F₁hybrids (Gobind × Basmati 370 and HKR120 ×Taraori Basmati) and F₂ plants (Gobind × Basmati370, Gobind × Taraori Basmati, HKR86-3 × TaraoriBasmati). A sample of 498 plants obtained from the above hybrids, were transferred to pots with>90% survival; 8–78% of these plants had >5%spikelet fertility and were diploid. In addition,18% of the haploid plants could be diploidized by submerging in 0.1% colchicine solution for 16–18 h. The improved anther culture procedure reported here, resulted in several fold increase in the recovery of green plants from recalcitrant indica × Basmati rice hybrids compared to previous published procedures. The study may accelerate the introgression of desirable genes from indica into Basmati rice using anther culture as a breeding tool. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Evaluation of breeding semidwarf rice by induced mutation and hybridization

Summary Semidwarf indica varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were developed by induced mutation. They generally have a yield capacity equal to that of the semidwarf varieties (T(N)1, IR 8 and others) selected from hybridization. Genetic studies showed that semidwarf genes induced in the mutants and spontaneous ones in existing varieties are at the same locus. These semidwarf mutants, selected in Taiwan and from an American long-grain variety, Centura Patna 231, were compared with their parents, the semidwarf variety Dee-goe-woo-gen, T(N)1 and IR 8. The semidwarf mutants average about 35% shorter than their tall parents. The plant height is reduced by shortening five internodes from the top, while panicle length is not affected. The mutants, Dee-geo-woo-gen, and improved short-statured varieties had similar patterns of internode elongation. The mutants derived from varieties sensitive to photoperiod have lost the sensitivity. One more crop can be grown within a year. All induced and hybrid-derived semidwarf varieties were highly susceptible to bacterial leaf blight when Xanthomonas oryzae was inoculated although some of their parents were moderately resistant. The mutation rate from irradiation of this semidwarf gene was estimated to be 0.1% in I-kung-bau, a native variety of Taiwan. This particular type of mutation has not yet been reported in japonica varieties. However, several promising strains with reduced plant height, earlier maturity and more grain yielding were recently obtained from the California japonica variety, Calrose, by X-irradiation. The merits of mutation breeding in rice are discussed.     

Inheritance of insensitivity of lettuce to a surplus of exchangeable manganese in steam-sterilized soils

Summary After steam sterilizing of certain glasshouse soils a surplus of exchangeable manganese (SEM) occurs. Great differences exist between lettuce genotypes for sensitivity to SEM.Research on the inheritance of insensitivity was carried out by intererossing five lettuce genotypes: Lactuca sativa cys. Neptune (sensitive). Plenos. Troppo and Celtuce (all insensitive) and an accession of L. scrriola (insensitive). From analysing various populations (as F₁'s. F₂'s and B₁'s) it appeared that different numbers of genes for insensitivity were present in the parents varying from one gene in Plenos and Troppo, two genes in L. serriola to possibly four genes in Celtuce. Genes in the three first mentioned parents were linked in repulsion phase and a chromosome map for these genes was made.     

Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Aluminum Tolerance in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)

Summary Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis for Al tolerance was performed in rice using a mapping population of 98 BC₁F₁₀ lines (backcross inbred lines: BILs), derived from a cross of Al-tolerant cultivar of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) and Al-sensitive cultivar (cv. Kasalath). Three characters related to Al tolerance, including root elongation under non-stress conditions (CRE), root elongation under Al stress (SRE) and the relative root elongation (RRE) under Al stress versus non-stress conditions, were evaluated for the BILs and the parents at seedling stage. A total of seven QTLs for the three traits were identified. Among them, three putative QTLs for CRE (qCRE-6, qCRE-8 and qCRE-9) were mapped on chromosomes 6, 8 and 9, respectively. One QTL for SRE (qSRE-4) was identified on chromosome 4. Three QTLs (qRRE-5, qRRE-9 and qRRE-10) for RRE were detected on chromosomes 5, 9, 10 and accounted for 9.7–11.8% of total phenotypic variation. Interestingly, the QTL qRRE-5 appears to be syntenic with the genomic region carrying a major Al tolerance gene on chromosome 6 of maize. Another QTL, qRRE-9, appears to be similar among different rice populations, while qRRE-10 is unique in the BIL population. The common QTLs for CRE and RRE indicate that candidate genes conferring Al tolerance in the rice chromosome 9 may be associated with root growth rates. The existence of QTLs for Al tolerance was confirmed in substitution lines for corresponding chromosomal segments. These results also provide the possibilities of enhancing Al tolerance in rice through using marker-assisted selection (MAS) and pyramiding QTLs.     

Two novel QTLs regulate internode elongation in deepwater rice during the early vegetative stage

Deepwater rice possesses internode elongation ability to avoid drowning under deepwater conditions. Previous studies identified three QTLs regulating internode elongation ability on chromosomes 1, 3 and 12 using different populations. However, these QTLs only induce internode elongation in response to deepwater conditions from the 7-leaf stage and not during the early leaf stage. In this study, we detected two novel QTLs, qTIL2 and qTIL4 regulating deepwater response at the early leaf stage using an F₂ population derived from the cross between NIL1-3-12 carrying the three QTLs regulating deepwater response in T65 (O. sativa ssp. japonica) genetic background and C9285 (O. sativa ssp. indica, deepwater rice). Plants of the BC₂F₂ population derived from NIL1-3-12/C9285 and the RILs of T65/Bhadua (O. sativa ssp. indica, deepwater rice) possessing these QTLs as well as the three QTLs previously identified also showed internode elongation during the early leaf stage. These results indicate that qTIL2 and qTIL4 regulate early internode elongation and function in coordination with the three major QTLs under deepwater conditions. The results presented here would not only help define the mechanism of deepwater response in rice but also contribute in the breeding of deepwater tolerant rice that is adapted to various water depths.     

Molecular tagging of a gene for resistance to brown planthopper in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

An introgression line derived from an interspecific cross between Oryzasativa and Oryza officinalis, IR54741-3-21-22 was found to beresistant to an Indian biotype of brown planthopper (BPH). Genetic analysisof 95 F₃ progeny rows of a cross between the resistant lineIR54741-3-21-22 and a BPH susceptible line revealed that resistance wascontrolled by a single dominant gene. A comprehensive RAPD analysisusing 275 decamer primers revealed a low level of (7.1%) polymorphismbetween the parents.RAPD polymorphisms were either co-dominant (6.9%), dominant forresistant parental fragments (9.1%) or dominant for susceptible parentalfragments (11.6%). Of the 19 co-dominant markers, one primer,OPA16, amplified a resistant parental band in the resistant bulk and asusceptible parental band in the susceptible bulk by bulked segregantanalysis. RAPD analysis of individual F₂ plants with the primerOPA16 showed marker-phenotype co-segregation for all, with only onerecombinant being identified. The linkage between the RAPD markerOPA16₉₃₈ and the BPH resistance gene was 0.52 cM in couplingphase. The 938 bp RAPD amplicon was cloned and used as a probe on122 Cla I digested doubled haploid (DH) plants from aIR64xAzucena mapping population for RFLP inheritance analysis and wasmapped onto rice chromosome 11. The OPA16₉₃₈ RAPD markercould be used in a cost effective way for marker-assisted selection of BPHresistant rice genotypes in rice breeding programs.     

Residual effects of the Xa-4 resistance gene in three rice cultivars when exposed to a virulent isolate of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae

Summary F₂ plants of five, and F₃ plants of three, crosses between genotypes carrying the race-specific resistance gene Xa-4 and genotypes not carrying this gene were inoculated with two isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae. Half the tillers of each plant received isolate PX061, avirulent on the Xa-4 gene, the other half of the tillers received isolate PX099, virulent for the Xa-4 gene. The F₂ and F₃ populations segregated for a single dominant resistance gene, Xa-4.The parental, F₂ and F₃ genotypes not carrying Xa-4 had mean lesion lengths between 28 and 29 cm for both isolates. The Xa-4 carrying parents showed a mean lesion length of 2.7 cm with the avirulent isolate and of 12.4 cm with the virulent isolate. The Xa-4 carrying F₂ and F₃ genotypes had mean lesion lengths of 5.2 and 20.1 cm for the two isolates, respectively. These observations strongly indicate that the Xa-4 gene, carried by the rice genotypes studied (IR28, Cisadane and BR51-282-8), had a considerable residual effect when exposed to virulent isolate PXO99.     

Improving hybrid rice parental lines for blast resistance by introgression of broad-spectrum resistance genes Pi54 and Pi9 by marker-assisted selection

Hybrid rice technology offers a great promise to produce 15% to 20% more yield than pure line varieties. The success of hybrid rice hinges on developing superior parental lines. To improve the blast resistance of hybrid rice parental line RP5933-1-19-2R, crosses were made with donors of two major blast resistance genes namely, Pi54 (Tetep) and Pi9 (IR71033–121-15) and the resulting F₁s were confirmed for their hybridity by using Pi54MAS and NMSMPi9-1 genic markers. The confirmed F₁s were intercrossed to obtain ICF₁s and selected positive plants by markers were backcrossed to the recurrent parent, as well as selfed for advancing further to BC₁F₃ and ICF₄ generations. The segregating plants were phenotyped for blast resistance at Uniform Blast Nursery. The identified complete restorers namely, RP 6619-1, RP 6616-26, RP 6619-3 and RP 6619-11 with Pi9 and Pi54 genes would serve as donors for broad spectrum blast resistance. This could ultimately lead to the development of new rice hybrids with improved resistance to blast disease, which is crucial for sustainable rice production and food security.     

Yield of F1, F2 and F3 hybrids of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary Yield and yield components of F₁ hybrids were studied in three experiments at 30×30 cm spacings and in one experiment at 15×15 cm spacings. In the 30×30 cm experiments, 10 of the 41 hybrids tested significantly outyielded their high parents. However, only 2 hybrids significantly outyielded the best cultivar: one hybrid yielded 23 % and the other 16 % more than their respective check cultivars. The four hybrids in the 15×15 cm experiment yielded only 59 to 92% as much as their high parents.In areas where rice is transplanted at relatively wide spacings, the observed levels of F₁ heterosis in selected hybrids may be sufficient to warrant production of hybrid rice, if enough hybrid seed can be produced. For direct-seeding at the high rates normal in the USA, the relatively small levels of heterosis and the difficulties of hybrid seed production preclude use of F₁ hybrid rice cultivars at present.None of 19 bulk F₂ and F₃ hybrids in two experiments yielded significantly more than its high parent. Similarly, none of the 12 mixtures included in one experiment yielded significantly more than its high parent. On the basis of yield alone, using bulk F₂ or F₃ or simple mixture populations is not merited.Contribution from the Western Region, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the Department of Agronomy and Range Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616.     

杂交粳稻亲本米质性状优异配合力的标记基因型鉴定

杂交粳稻米质整体水平不如常规粳稻也是限制杂交粳稻广泛种植的原因之一。本研究选用115个SSR引物扩增6个粳稻BT型不育系和12个恢复系的标记基因型,并分析72个F₁组合谷粒长、谷粒宽、糙米率、精米率、整精米率、垩白米率、垩白度、糊化温度、胶稠度和直链淀粉含量10个米质性状的配合力,结合亲本SSR分子标记数据和性状配合力数据筛选了10个米质性状优异配合力的标记基因型。结果共鉴定出30个SSR标记基因型与亲本10个米质性状配合力显著相关,其中25个与亲本米质性状不良配合力相关,5个与优异配合力相关。标记基因型RM263-175/180和RM444-230/240可以使F₁整精米率分别提高3.2%和2.5%。RM3-120/150可以使F₁谷粒长缩短2.4%,RM444-180/240可以使F₁谷粒宽增加2.1%。RM428-273/294可以使F₁植株上的杂交稻米直链淀粉含量减少7.0%。有8个标记基因型同时也影响产量性状配合力。RM3-120/150同时可以使F₁的每穗总粒数和每穗实粒数分别增加15.9%和10.9%。RM1211-150/160可使F₁的糙米率和精米率分别减少0.9%和1.1%,同时使F₁的每穗总粒数和每穗实粒数分别增加21.8.%和20.4%。RM23-150/160可使F₁的垩白米粒率和垩白度分别增加44.1%和45.7%,同时使F₁的单株日产量和每穗总粒数分别增加11.2%和11.6%。这些结果可用于指导亲本米质性状和产量性状配合力的分子标记辅助改良以及未来杂交粳稻组合配置中的亲本选配。     

Genetics of thermosensitive genic male sterility in rice

Summary Inheritance of thermosensitive genic male sterility (TGMS) in Norin PL12 and IR32364TGMS and their allelic relationship were studied from F₁, F₂ testcross (TC) and F₃ generations of the crosses made with the two mutants and several fertile tester parents. F₂, TC and F₃ segregation behavior for pollen and spikelet fertility indicated that the TGMS trait in the two mutants was controlled by a single recessive gene. Allelic relationship studies indicated that TGMS genes of the two mutants were different. Since TGMS gene in Norin PL12 has been designated as tms ₂ , the TGMS gene present in IR32364TGMS is tentatively designated as tms ₃ (t) until allelic test is done with another TGMS gene (tms ₁ ) reported from China in a line 5460S seeds of which were not available.     

Genetic analysis of mesocotyl length and its relationship with other agronomic characters in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary Mesocotyl length is an important character in promoting seedling emergence of direct-seeded rice. Genetic analysis of rice mesocotyl length was conducted using a six parent diallel cross. Generation mean analysis was carried out on parents (P), F1, F2 and backcrosses (B) of three crosses to complement the genetic information from the diallel analysis. Both analyses demonstrated the presence of significant additive and dominance effects. Duplicate type of non-allelic interaction was detected by the generation mean analysis and two crosses showed significant negative dominance gene effect. Dominance was partial and the narrow sense heritability estimate for mesocotyl length was high, indicating the preponderance of the additive effects.Mesocotyl length was negatively but weakly correlated with the coleoptile length and length of the second internode L2. There was no correlation between mesocotyl length and other mature plant characters such as plant height and internode lengths L₁, (L₁ being the peduncle with subsequent internodes to the base of the plant). Selection for mesocotyl length can therefore be carried out independent of these plant characters and semidwarf rice varieties with long mesocotyl can be developed.     

Cytoplasm and cytoplasm-nucleus interactions affect agronomic traits in japonica rice

Some sources of cytoplasm have been favoredin rice breeding for unknown reasons. Tostudy cytoplasmic effects on agronomictraits, five core japonica parents inOryza sativa, Xinan 175, Reimei,Keqing No. 3, Todorokiwase, and Toride No.1, which are ancestors of 75 % of cultivarsbred in Yunnan, China, were used as femaleparents in crosses with 3 distinctjaponica rice cultivars, 8-126,Lijiangxintuanheigu, and Norinmochi No.20as males. These nuclear genomes weresubstituted into the five cytoplasms viaseven backcrosses using the original maleas recurrent parent. Fifteen combinationsof BC₇F₂ and their parents weresown in Jinghong during the late season(July-October) for agronomic evaluation in1999. Meanwhile, all materials werescreened for low temperature tolerancebased upon two methods in Kunming (1916 mabove sea level): natural field and lowtemperature water (19 °C) cyclingirrigation at booting stage. Spikeletfertility was used as an indication of lowtemperature tolerance. Effects of cytoplasmon yield, width of flag leaf, and lowtemperature tolerance were significant. Significant cytoplasm-nucleus interactionon yield, plant height, and low temperaturetolerance were also observed. These resultsindicated that cytoplasm andcytoplasm-nucleus interaction playedimportant roles in yield, low temperaturetolerance, and some important agronomictraits in japonica rice. The role ofcytoplasm and cytoplasm-nucleus interactionshould be considered in future ricebreeding and resources work.