苹果小吉丁虫在陕西省潜在危害性风险分析和管理对策

苹果小吉丁虫是果树危险性蛀干害虫之一,已给国内部分地区的栽植苹果以及新疆的野苹果造成了巨大的损失。目前陕西部分地区已发现苹果小吉丁虫危害,为明确苹果小吉丁虫在陕西省的主要苹果产区的风险程度,以制定科学合理的管理对策。参考国际上有害生物风险分析程序和分析方法,结合苹果小吉丁虫寄主在陕西省的分布情况,对苹果小吉丁虫在陕西省的风险性进行了综合评估。苹果小吉丁虫在陕西省的风险性R值为2.42,该吉丁虫在陕西省属于高度危险性有害生物。针对苹果小吉丁虫在陕西省的高度危险性,提出了加强检疫、监测预防和风险管理等的管理对策。     

合欢吉丁虫形态和生物学特性观察

合欢吉丁虫（Ａｇｒｉｌｕｓｓｐ．）是合欢树的主要蛀干害虫，引起树干流胶导致合欢树整株死亡。该虫一年发生一代，以不同龄期的幼虫在被害枝干内越冬，成虫羽化盛期为５月上、中旬，幼虫一直为害至１０月份开始越冬，合欢吉丁虫幼虫期有３种寄生性天敌。     

新疆额敏县野果林苹果巢蛾主要寄生蜂调查

近年来,新疆塔城地区额敏县野果林遭受苹果巢蛾Yponomeuta padella Linnaeus的严重危害,造成重大经济损失.为寻找其有效天敌,保护这些珍贵的果树资源,2008-2009年,对额敏县野果林苹果巢蛾的寄生性天敌资源展开了调查.通过野外采集及室内饲养,发现了寄生于该害虫卵、幼虫及蛹的3种寄生蜂,即:卵-幼虫跨期寄生蜂--巢蛾多胚跳小蜂Ageniaspis fuscicollis(Dalman),蛹期寄生蜂-黄柄齿腿长尾小蜂Monodontomerusdentipes(Dalman)和幼虫-蛹跨期寄生蜂--全北群瘤姬蜂指名亚种Iseropus stercorator stercorator(Fabricius);其中巢蛾多胚跳小蜂为优势种,寄生率可达95.98%.本研究为苹果巢蛾的生物防治奠定了基础.     

苹果蠹蛾的发生与防治

苹果蠹蛾 (Ｌａｓｐｅｙｒｅｓｉａｐｏｍｏｎｅｌｌａ)又称苹果小卷叶蛾 ,是库车县苹果、梨的主要害虫。对果树的为害十分严重。据调查 ,一般果园果熟期蛀果率达 1 6%以上 ,管理粗放的老果园、混合园果熟期蛀果率常在 4 0 %以上。幼虫蛀果导致大量落果 ,果实的品质下降 ,产量大幅度降低 ,造成严重的经济损失 ,直接影响了农民的收入。为此 ,1 991～ 1 999年笔者对其为害发生特点及防治进行了系统观察和研究。1　为害症状以幼虫为害果实。初孵化幼虫在果实或叶片上四处爬行 ,寻找适合蛀入部位 ,开始蛀果时 ,并不吞食所有咬下的碎屑 ,而是仓促…     

苹果小吉丁虫(Agrilus mali Matsumura)对野苹果林的危害及其评估

苹果小吉丁虫(Agrilus mali Matsumura)自1995年入侵以来,对新疆天山北坡的野苹果林造成了巨大的威胁,但在区域尺度上的危害缺乏系统的评估。选取野苹果林典型分布区——新源县(新源改良场、八连、萨哈)和巩留县(交勒赛、小莫合、大莫合、二乡)进行试验观测,统计样地内每棵野苹果树的受害等级、果实产量、受害枝条的旧羽化孔密度等指标。结果表明:新源改良场受害最为严重,交勒赛、二乡和大莫合受害最轻;各调查点间果实产量和苹果小吉丁虫的旧羽化孔密度差异显著;在管理强度高的栽培果园内,苹果小吉丁虫的危害较轻。建议在危害严重区域(如新源)采用人工修剪措施;在适合飞机飞行的区域(如小莫合和大莫合)采用航空防治;在高山区建立围栏保护防治措施(如二乡和八连);在人工容易到达或者适合人工作业的地方,采用生物防治和人工修剪措施(交勒赛和萨哈)。     

桃蛀螟在鲁南地区桃树上的发生规律及防治措施

<正>桃蛀螟Dichocrocis punctiferalis Guenée,又名豹纹斑蛾、桃蛀野螟等,属鱗翅目螟蛾科,广泛分布于我国南、北方果区,其幼虫是为害桃果实的主要害虫之一,在临沂市(鲁南地区)还为害苹果、梨、杏、李、无花果、板栗等果树及玉米、高粱、向日葵等农作物。临沂市是我国桃主产区之一(面积4.5万km2,产量61万t),对防治该虫十分重视,广大果林科技工作者对该虫的发生规律及防治做了大量科研工作,摸清了该虫在临沂的发生规律,有效地控制了该虫的发生及为害。     

香梨优斑螟的发生规律及综合防控措施

香梨优斑螟是梨树的主要蛀干害虫,在新疆阿克苏地区一年发生3代,以老熟幼虫在树干的翘皮、裂缝、树洞中结灰白色长形薄茧越冬,也有在为害蛀食处或苹果、梨的果实内越冬。越冬代幼虫于翌年3月下旬开始化蛹,4月上中旬为化蛹盛期,同时成虫开始羽化,羽化盛期在4月下旬。第一代和第二代成虫羽化高峰期分别在6月上中旬和7月中下旬,10月幼虫逐渐进入越冬状态,世代重叠严重。防治应以监测、预防为基础,以农业防治、生物防治、物理防治措施为主,在害虫发生高峰期,适当辅以化学防治,将其为害控制在较低水平。     

苹果蠹蛾在我国危险性评估研究简报

苹果蠢蛾[Cydia pomonella (L.)]是世界检疫性害虫,以幼虫为害仁果类、核果类果树的蛀果害虫。该虫几乎分布于六大洲所有的苹果主要产区,但在我国于50年代仅局限分布于新疆(张学祖,1957),至今尚未分布于东亚地区(我国东部、朝鲜半岛、日本及西伯利亚的远东部分)。     

苹果蠹蛾在我国危险性评估研究简报

苹果蠢蛾[Cydia pomonella(L.)]是世界检疫性害虫,以幼虫为害仁果类、核果类果树的蛀果害虫。该虫几乎分布于六大洲所有的苹果主要产区,但在我国于50年代仅局限分布于新疆(张学祖,1957),至今尚未分布于东亚地区(我国东部、朝鲜半岛、日本及西伯利亚的远东部分)。     

天山野苹果林苹果小吉丁虫虫口密度与林分因子的关系

为了解天山野苹果林苹果小吉丁虫的发生与林分因子的关系,就海拔、坡度、树高、胸径、枝粗和枝方位等6个因子对苹果小吉丁虫虫口密度的影响进行了分析。结果表明,苹果小吉丁虫的虫口密度在海拔1 350～1450 m显著高于1 150～1 250 m和1 250～1350 m,坡度10°～20°显著高于20°～30°,胸径30 cm的野苹果树显著高于胸径30 cm。相关分析表明,苹果小吉丁虫虫口密度与海拔、坡度呈显著负相关,与野苹果树胸径、枝粗呈显著正相关。利用海拔、胸径这2个关键因子与苹果小吉丁虫虫口密度的关系建立多元线性回归方程,以期为苹果小吉丁虫的防控提供一定的依据。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.