Diversity,abundance, and structure of tree communities in the Uluguru forests in the Morogoro region,Tanzania

Uluguru forests are globally recognized as important biodiversity hotspots, but anthropogenic pressure threatens their value. This study examined species diver-sity, abundance, and structure of trees i...     

The effects of cultivation history on forest recovery in fallows in the Eastern Arc Mountain, Tanzania

Using fallows under shifting cultivation systems as a case study, we examined the effects of landuse history (cultivation duration and cropping strategies) on rate and extent of forest recovery. Cultivation duration and five cropping strategies were investigated post facto, indirectly, and with regards to their effect on the structure (basal area, BA and stand complexity, C_HCI) and diversity (Fisher's α) of forests in fallows. Data were generated from vegetation surveys conducted in the Nguru Mountain block of the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania. The surveys were conducted in primary forests, ongoing farms, and fallows that had been out of production for 1-31 years (N = 109, plot size = 0.1 ha). Recovery patterns between lowland (300-800 m) and submontane (800-1600 m) elevations varied substantially. BA and C_HCI recovery levels were consistently higher in submontane fallows. None of the fallows had attained BA and C_HCI levels equivalent to those of primary forests; α in lowland fallows, however, was 124% of primary forest levels. Forest recovery was limited to fallows whose cultivation period was ≤16 years. Recovery was fastest and highest in fallows located within a dense primary/old growth forest matrix. The findings provide a more thorough understanding of how local farming practices affect forest recovery. Improving the recovery outcomes of fallows that are located outside the old growth forest matrix will require (a) more strategic inclusion of remnant trees, (b) drastically shorter cultivation periods, and (c) human intervention through assisted regeneration.     

Relationships between native tree species and soil properties in the indigenous forest fragments of the Eastern Arc Mountains of the Taita Hills,Kenya

The relationship between soil properties and spatial distribution of native woody species was studied in three Taita Hills forest fragments which, although degraded, are ranked among 34 biodiversity hotspots of the world due to their high biodiversity of both plant and animal species. This relationship was assessed by using Spearman correlation and principal component analyses (PCA). The results of these analyses should be useful in instituting forest restoration programs that are crucial for the forests. Both the soil and vegetation studied were sampled from 17 subplots in the natural forest fragments of Ngangao (120 ha), Chawia (86 ha) and Mbololo (185 ha). The soil variables measured were: pH, texture, soil nutrients of C, N, Ca, P, K, Mg and Na. In total 36 native tree species from 13 families were identified from the three forest fragments. Ordination results show that axis 1 accounted for 35% and axis 2 for 25% of the total variation in species composition, indicating that the structure of vegetation is related to two major environmental gradients. The correlation analyses of species and soil properties showed that Na and clay particles were the most important determinants of species distribution; pH and soil variables such as C, N, Ca and P also played minor roles. Unexpectedly, some species (e.g. Psychotria petitii) showed positive relationships with Na attributed to possible substitution for K. Relationships with P were both positive (e.g. Craibia zimmermannii) and negative (e.g. Albizia gummifera) with some species, attributable to pH levels. An ANOVA for soil variables showed that there were differences in the Ca content in Mbololo (due to the parent material) and P in Ngangao where a special relationship was observed between some of the species. The presence of gaps accounted for the distribution of seedlings but not for the saplings, whose distribution responded more to factors similar to those to which mature trees respond. Soil-species relationships that were established may be utilized along with soil analyses when choosing native species for restoration.     

肯尼亚泰塔山区东部弧形山云层森林的外来森林与本土森林树种多样性、丰富度和相似性比较(英文)

对肯尼亚东南部泰塔(Taita)山区的3片破碎的森林进行了树种生物多样性评估,比较外来的松树、柏树、桉树人工林的物种多样性以及外来树种森林和本土森林物种多样性。研究地点为Ngangao(120 hm2)、Chawia(86 hm2)和Mbololo(185 hm2)。采用Y型设计设立32个样区,包含65个小样区。按树种记录每个小样区胸高直径5cm和5cm以上的幼树,同时也记录了各树木的更新情况(幼苗和树苗)。用 Shannon-weiner指数计算了物种的多样性和均匀度。导处的 Shannon指数被进一步转化成有效的数值,用于展示物种多样性的差别幅度。为了评估物种多样性的差别,进行单因素方差分析,为了分离均值,分别用Tukey HSD法和Duncan检测法验证偶数和奇数样品。采用Jaccard相似指数评估物种的类似性。共有58个树种的林木密度变化在每公顷10到2000棵树之间。森林类型和立地之间的物种多样性存在显著差异。本地森林的物种多样性比外来树种森林高;Chawia立地的物种多样性比Nganga和Mbololo立地高,且更新的树种数量也比其他2个立地多,包括野柠檬木(Xymalos monospora)、黑皮密花木(Rapanea melanophloeos)、和(几内亚蒲桃(Syzygium guineense),这些树种具有低干扰属性。这些发现说明,本地森林物种多样性比较高,正如热带地区所预期。Chawia立地的物种多样性高说明此地经历干扰比其他2个立地大。在Chawia地区发现有低干扰树种更新,说明有长期土壤种子库的存在。在Nganga和Mbololo地区发现的外来树种样地上的更新较差情况,可能是缺少种子库所致,因为很多人工林是造在裸地上(如Nganga地区),或者是因为某些树种固有的生理特性(相生相克)抑制了其他树种的更新。     

辽宁东部山区柞树林成熟龄的初步研究

柞树是辽东山区的主要阔叶用材树种,在天然次生林的分布中,柞树占据的面积较大,并以蒙古栎和辽东栎为多。为了充分利用该树种的经济价值,对其成熟龄进行初步研究。结果表明：柞树的数量成熟和经济成熟期,均在50年左右;工艺成熟,小径原木和车辕材55年时进入工艺成熟期,一般原木80年后才到来;柞树55年时开始心腐,随年龄增长会逐渐加重.初步认为萌生柞树的主伐龄为50年。     

崆峒山自然保护区鳞翅目昆虫区系研究

经采集、调查、鉴定,崆峒山有昆虫16目,107科,466属,909种。其中有鳞翅目昆虫29科,265属,482种。对鳞翅目昆虫区系分析表明：有古北种398种,占所采鳞翅目种类的82．57％;东洋种47种,占所采鳞翅目种类的9．75％;东洋-古北兼有种11种,占所采鳞翅目种类的2．28％;广布种26种,占所采鳞翅目种类的5-39％;古北种占优势。崆峒山鳞翅目昆虫阴坡种类为阳坡的2．99倍、阴坡昆虫数量为阳坡的2．77倍。崆峒山鳞翅目昆虫1年有1个种数的峰值,出现在7～8月份。     

Biodiversity and its fragility in Yunnan,China

In Yunnan, 8 major aspects of biodiversity and fragility in landforms, ecosystems, distribution populations, alien invasion, segregation, pollution and maladministration with various menace factors causing biodiversity loss have been described. It is revealed that the facts that the biodiversity and fragility coexists in this paper. Accordingly, 6 major countermeasures for effective conservation and rational utilization of the provincial biodiversity were suggested on the basis of the scientific development concepts, principles of nature protection, conservation biology, resource management and ethnobotany and present status in Yunnan with rich intangible resources such as climatic, ethnical and cultural diversity, etc.     

祁连山水源林综合培育试验基地概述及其经营决策的研究

以可持续发展为目标，应用国内外先进的数学方法和微电脑运算，可靠，准确，快速地研究了林分结构规律以及进行弱度抚育以后，在生长规律及综合效益方面所呈现出的良好状态，即在１０％的弱度抚育下，林内径级结构正向合理的趋势发展，林分定期胸径平均生长量西营河增长了８６．５９％，哈溪增长了６９．２０％，材积定期平均生长量西营河增长了８４．８５％，哈溪增长了６３．３３％，西营河抚衣后的年平均材积生长率由抚育前的２．     

The vertical distribution of fine roots of five tree species and maize in Morogoro,Tanzania

In order to assess the possibility of root competition in agroforestry, the vertical distribution of fine roots (< 2 mm in diameter) of five tree species in pure two-year-old stands was compared to that of mature maize.Cassia siamea, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Leucaena leucocephala andProsopis chilensis had a rooting pattern similar to that of maize, i.e. a slow decline in fine root mass from 0–100 cm soil depth.Eucalyptus camaldulensis had its roots evenly distributed down to 100 cm. On an average, the fine root biomass of the tree species was roughly twice as that of the maize. We conclude that the studied tree species are likely to compete with maize and other crops with a similar rooting pattern for nutrients and water.     

The vertical distribution of fine roots of five tree species and maize in Morogoro,Tanzania

In order to assess the possibility of root competition in agroforestry, the vertical distribution of fine roots (< 2 mm in diameter) of five tree species in pure two-year-old stands was compared to that of mature maize.Cassia siamea, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Leucaena leucocephala andProsopis chilensis had a rooting pattern similar to that of maize, i.e. a slow decline in fine root mass from 0–100 cm soil depth.Eucalyptus camaldulensis had its roots evenly distributed down to 100 cm. On an average, the fine root biomass of the tree species was roughly twice as that of the maize. We conclude that the studied tree species are likely to compete with maize and other crops with a similar rooting pattern for nutrients and water.     

Early growth of Eucalyptus camaldulensis under agroforestry conditions at Mafiga,Morogoro, Tanzania

The growth of Eucalyptus camaldulensis clean weeded, spot weeded and intercropped with maize and beans was studied. At 4 m × 4 m and 5 m × 5 m spacings trees were significantly shorter after 15 months under a conventional spot weeding regime than with clean weeding or intercropping with beans. A satisfactory maize yield (683 kg ha^?1) was recorded from plots with trees spaced at 5 m × 5 m. Plots where trees were spaced at 4 m × 4 m and 3 m × 3 m gave significantly lower yields (444 kg ha^?1 and 283 kg ha^?1, respectively).     

祁连山（北坡）生物多样性分析

祁连山地理位置特殊，自然生态系统复杂，生物资源丰富，珍稀动植物种类繁多，动植物经济价值较高。区内有森林、草原、荒漠、寒漠、冻原、农田、水域、冰川等多种自然生态系统；１０４４种高等植物；２６７种野生动物；２１８种天敌昆虫；９８８种森林害虫。高等植物中有药用植物３００多种，属国家二级重点保护的植物２种；野生动物中属国家一级重点保护的动物１２种，属国家二级重点保护的动物３８种；是我国西北地区重要的生物基因库。     

Growth and yield of maize alley cropped with Leucaena leucocephala and Faidherbia albida in Morogoro, Tanzania

This study examined the effect of alley cropping of Leucaena leucocephala and Faidherbia albida on wood biomass, maize grain yield and soil nitrogen status. The treatments were: trees planted alone at 1 × 5 m spacing; trees intercropped with maize and a sole maize crop. Mulch biomass averaged 6.18 and 0.97 t ha⁻¹ for L. leucocephala and F. albida, respectively. Corresponding wood production was 1.71 and 1.11 t ha⁻¹. Both total N and inorganic N (NO ₃ ⁻ –N plus ₄ ⁺ –N) were higher under F. albida and lowest under L. leucocephala. Similarly, foliar N concentration in maize was higher in plots intercropped with F. albida and least in L. leucocephala intercropping. Maize grain yield was little affected by the tree intercrop as competition for resources was reduced through periodic pruning and clean weeding. There was no gain in maize grain yield due to the presence of L. leucocephala and F. albida. These results suggest that alley cropping in Gario is justified for wood production but not for increasing maize grain yield. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Nutrient use efficiency and biomass production of tree species for rotational woodlot systems in semi-arid Morogoro,Tanzania

Frequent nutrient removals accompanying wood and crop harvests from rotational woodlot systems may contribute to declining site productivity and sustainability because of soil nutrient depletion. However, selecting for nutrient-efficient tree species may well sustain productivity under this system. To test this hypothesis, a randomized complete block experiment was adopted to assess effects of five tree species on soil nutrients status, nutrient use efficiency and wood yield in semi-arid Tanzania. After 5 years rotation, top soils under Gliricidia sepium (Jaqua), Acacia polyacantha Willd. and Acacia mangium Willd. were the most fertile with soil organic carbon and exchangeable cation status raised close to those in natural Miombo systems. Soil inorganic N and extractable P levels reached sufficiency levels for subsequent maize culture. Wood productivity in tree fallows averaged three times higher than that of Miombo woodlands indicating the high potential of the woodlot system to supply fuelwood, and consequently relieve harvesting pressures on the natural forests. Acacia crassicarpa A. Cunn. ex Benth. produced the most wood (51 Mg ha⁻¹) at low nutrient “costs” presumably due to high nutrient use efficiency. Wood yield of this species was 42 and 120% greater than that of A. polyacantha and A. nilotica, respectively, but contained comparatively less nutrients (42–60% less for P, K, and Ca). Gliricidia sepium and A. polyacantha returned the largest amount of nutrients through slash at harvests. Of all test species, A. crassicarpa exhibited the most promise to sustain wood production under rotational woodlot systems due to relatively high productivity and low nutrient export at harvest.     

山地丘陵区林业生态建设研究进展

通过研究大量文献资料的基础上,对近年来国内外山地丘陵区林业生态建设研究状况作了综述,主要包括山地丘陵区森林立地类型划分、山地丘陵区森林空间配置结构及功能、山地丘陵区森林的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益研究,以及山地丘陵区森林经营管理研究,并指出了山地丘陵区林业生态建设研究中存在的问题,提出了今后的发展趋势。     

大小兴安岭森林植被交错区在全球气候变化研究中的科学意义(英文)

大小兴安岭是我国纬度最高的地区，也是我国近百年来温度增加最明显的区域。大小兴安岭森林植被交错区位于东经123°～128°，北纬48°～53°之间。作为温带针阔叶混交林向寒温带针叶林的过渡区域，在全球变化研究中占有重要地位。本文对该交错区的地理位置、地形地貌、气候梯度、土壤类型、植被类型等进行了论述。     

厦门鼓浪屿——万石山风景区观赏竹种调查研究

厦门鼓浪屿－－万石山风景名胜区共有竹亚科植物25属，130种及变种、变型、栽培型（其中大部分是引种的）。具有较高观赏价值的竹子有70种及变种、变型、栽培型。通过区系分析认为，合轴丛生中型竹类占首位。根据该区观赏竹种的地下茎、性状、色彩等，把它们分作十三大类，并分析了每一大类的观赏特性、园林配置特点和主要作用。     

井冈山药用植物资源简介

介绍井冈山药用植物资源的类别及其科属种数量,供有志者探索。     

大荔县铁镰山区农业集雨水窖建造技术及应用

水资源是制约铁镰山区农业生产的主要因素。本文对铁镰山区集雨水窖工程建设技术、运行管理及推广应用等进行了论述。     

Hydrological effects of forest litter and soil in the Simianshan Mountains in Chonging, China

A preliminary study of the hydrological effects of forest litter and soils in the Simianshan Mountains was carried out. Results indicate that the annual accumulation of different forest litters is about 6.80–20.21 t/hm² and the maximum water carrying capacity ranges from 1.8 to 4.6 mm. Among them the water carrying abilities of the litter of Lithocarpus glabra and natural deciduous forests are larger than that of Pinus massoniana. A power function relationship exists between the accumulated water-carrying volume and time. An investigation of the physical properties shows that forest soils, to a depth of 1 m, have a powerful water-carrying ability, varying from 7.84 to 18.87 mm. Non-linear regression analysis shows that the soil infiltration rate is significantly correlated with time. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2005, 27(1): 33–37 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]