不同土地利用类型对土壤氮素的影响

选取林地、园地和耕地3种土地利用类型,分析禹州市褐土土壤中氮素含量的研究结果表明:0～15 cm土层中,矿化氮含量为:林地>园地>耕地;土壤表层(0～5 cm)硝态氮含量林地最高,显著高于园地和耕地,而土壤表层铵态氮含量园地和林地显著高于耕地;不同土层中的,林地、园地和耕地的硝态氮和铵态氮含量差异显著(P<0.05)。在林地和园地0～5 cm土层中,硝态氮含量显著高于10～15 cm土层,而耕地中硝态氮含量无显著差异,其中林地的硝态氮含量随土壤深度的增加而降低。3种土地利用类型铵态氮含量主要集中分布在土壤0～10 cm土层中。     

Fractal features and infiltration characteristics of the soil from different land uses in a small watershed in a rocky,mountainous area in Shandong Province

We studied infiltration and fractal mechanisms on sloping farmlands in a small watershed in Shandong Province in the rocky mountain areas of northern China.We studied soil fraction and soil water retention curves,and developed a soil infiltration model to analyze its quantitative relationship with soil particle size and pore dimensions under four types of land use,including sloping farmland,abandoned land,natural forest,and forest plantation(Malus pumila,Crataegus pinnatifida).Soil stability infiltration rate ranked as sloping farmland>abandoned land>natural forest>forest plantation.The sequence of soil particle size and pore dimension ranked as natural forest>forest plantation>abandoned land>sloping farmland.There were significant positive correlations between soil particle size and pore dimension,and both were positively correlated with the percent volume of silt and clay.They were negatively correlated with soil infiltration rate.The Horton model and the power function model were more suitable for simulating soil infiltration and the infiltration rate.We concluded that the soil in this area displayed typical fragments of rocky mountainous regions due to the loss of silt and clay caused by cultivation on sloping farmland.The uniformity and fractal dimensions of soil particle sizes and pore distribution decreased,thereby enhancing soil infiltration capacity and decreasing soil water retention capacity.     

Effects of scattered Acacia tortilis (Forssk) hayne on soil properties in different land uses in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia

Among several agroforestry practices in the Central Rift Valley (CRV) of Ethiopia, Acacia tortilis-dominated Parkland agroforestry systems are common. Utilizable information regarding the effects of the tree species on soil conditions in Ethiopia is very scarce to be of use for improved agricultural productivity. This study was conducted in three land use types in CRV areas in Oromia National Regional State in Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of A. tortilis on soil fertility variations along a gradient from the tree base to open area in different land use types. Soil samples from surface layers (0–15 cm) were taken at four concentric transects distances from tree base (0.5, 2 and 4 m), compared with soil samples from the adjacent open areas (15 m distance from the tree canopy cover), and then analyzed following the standard procedures. The results of the study indicated that except for Na the amount of soil nutrients under A. tortilis were significantly varied (P < 0.05) in the land use types. Generally, comparisons between under the canopy and outside the canopy of the tree species indicated a highly significant difference on major soil fertility parameters. The effect of the tree species on soil fertility parameters was significantly higher with the distance from the tree base to outside of the canopy. But soil texture was not affected, indicating that it is more related to parent material and land use practices than the tree influence. The study revealed that the indigenous Parkland agroforestry practices of A. tortilis tree improve soil fertility. Hence, the soil patches observed under A. tortilis trees can be important local nutrient reserves, leading to soil heterogeneity in an otherwise uniform agricultural landscape. This may be important for the agricultural landscape health and on farm biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes of similar agroecological conditions.     

抚仙湖流域磷矿区不同植被类型的土壤磷素径流流失研究

依据区域年降雨量的差异,将抚仙湖磷矿区年降雨量分别为1 200~1 300 mm和1 000~1 100 mm的区域分别划分为东大河流域磷矿区和帽天山磷矿区两个研究单元,通过在两区域的8种植被类型(含矿山废弃地))中设置野外径流观测小区,在自然降雨状态下对小区土壤磷素随其径流的流失量进行了比较研究。结果表明:降雨强度是矿山废弃地土壤磷素流失的关键因子,在大、暴雨状态下矿山废弃地土壤磷素流失量远大于各植被类型,对抚仙湖水质产生不利的影响。各植被类型土壤磷素随径流的流失量主要取决于地表径流量,其流失总量次序与径流总量次序相一致,表现为:灌草丛>地盘松林>云南松混交林>华山松林>竹林>桉树林,除灌草丛外其他各植被类型均能对土壤的磷素起较强的滞留作用。     

重庆山区不同土地利用下的土壤肥力质量研究

该文旨在揭示重庆市山区小流域不同土地利用方式下的土壤肥力状况,为土壤培肥管理提供依据.以重庆市南川区山区小流域为例,选取3种不同的土地利用方式,共采集样品81个,结合主成分分析法与隶属度函数,分析山区小流域的土壤养分状况与肥力质量水平.结果表明,研究区土壤酸化严重,林地的有机质含量最高,旱地全氮、全磷和速效磷较为丰富,...     

北京平原地区不同土地利用类型对土壤颗粒组成及其分形特征的影响

选取农田、撂荒草地、人工乔木林、人工灌木林和次生林5种不同土地利用类型土壤颗粒为研究对象,采用Microtrac S3500激光粒度仪测定土壤样品粒径,利用土壤分形学理论和方法,分析不同土地利用类型对土壤颗粒组成及其分形特征的影响。结果表明,土壤粒径在不同土地利用方式下存在显著差异,其中撂荒草地以砂粒为主,农田、人工乔木林、人工灌木林和次生林以粉粒为主;次生林、人工乔木林黏粒体积分数最大,且显著大于其他土地利用类型,撂荒草地最小;次生林、人工乔木林、人工灌木林粉粒体积分数最大,且显著大于农田与撂荒草地;砂粒体积分数则与粉粒相反。土壤分形维数的大小依次为撂荒草地＜农田＜人工灌木林＜次生林＜人工乔木林;土壤分形维数与土壤黏粒含量、粉粒含量均呈显著正相关,与土壤砂粒含量呈显著负相关。     

Dynamics of soil carbon stock,total nitrogen,and associated soil properties since the conversion of Acacia woodland to managed pastureland,parkland agroforestry,and treeless cropland in the Jido Komolcha District,southern Ethiopia

ABSTRACT

In the arid, low biomass producing areas of Ethiopia, Acacia woodlands suffered a severe degradation due to exploitation for various uses, and conversion to grazing and cultivated lands. However, little is known on the impact of agricultural land uses on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) stocks, and other soil quality indicators. This study was planned to evaluate SOC and TN stock changes under parkland agroforestry (PAF), managed pastureland (MPL), and treeless cropland (TLCL) regimes by considering the remnant protected woodland (PWL) as a reference. We found that SOC and TN stocks were significantly higher in PWL and MPL areas. Conversion of Acacia woodlands to MPL, PAF, and TLCL resulted in the loss of SOC stock by 23, 50, and 56%, respectively. Higher SOC and TN stocks were found under PWL (144.3 Mg ha^?1) and MPL (108.2 Mg ha^?1). Significant changes in available phosphorous (P), exchangeable cations, and cation exchangeable capacity were observed following the woodland conversion to different land use types. Available P was the highest in MPL compared with the other land use regimes. Within the study area, the MPL land use type was the best land management option for protecting SOC and TN soil stocks.     

小浪底库区坡地不同利用方式对土壤化学性质的影响

针对干旱和水土流失并重的小浪底库区坡地,本文以该区5种主要坡地利用类型(传统耕作农田、撂荒地、间作地、林地、果园)为研究对象,探讨了不同坡地利用方式对坡地土壤化学性质的影响.结果表明:改变土地利用方式后土壤化学性状得以改善,总的梯度变化依次为:传统耕作地<果园地<撂荒地<林地<间作地.     

Soil properties and physiographic factors controlling the natural vegetation re-growth in a disturbed catchment of the Central Spanish Pyrenees

Large changes in land use have occurred in the Central Spanish Pyrenees during the twentieth century. This mountain area supported an intense human use since the Middle Ages, that greatly transformed the natural landscape. The land uses changed dramatically during the first half of the twentieth century, due to major socioeconomic forces which lead to depopulation and land abandonment. Since then, a process of natural vegetation recovery has taken place. The anthropogenic impact during centuries deteriorated the soil quality, threatening the sustainability of agroecosystems and the natural vegetation re-growth. In this study, a soil survey was performed to identify the soil types and the physico-chemical properties of the soil that are relevant for maintaining the soil function for the recovery of vegetation after land abandonment. The study was conducted in the Arnás River catchment, which is representative of the region. The highest cation exchange capacity (CEC), nutrients, water retention, water availability and infiltration rates, as well as the lowest pH and carbonates, occurred in Lithic Hapludolls and Calcic Haploxerolls at the shady aspect, under a forest cover. Lithic Ustochrepts and Lithic Xerorthents on the sunny aspect, which were covered by shrubs, were of lesser quality than were the deeper and better-developed soils on the shady aspect. This is seen as an evidence of different patterns of soil degradation, which conditioned the re-growth of natural vegetation after land abandonment. The results provide insights into the main soil factors that have affected the re-establishment of natural vegetation in recent years. Recommendations are given for designing effective strategies for soil conservation after land abandonment in similar mountain environments.     

林区不同土地利用模式对土壤理化性质与酶学特性的影响

土壤在调节地球气候和物质循环方面起着重要作用,但是由于人为因素的影响,不当的土地经营模式（如居民用地、农业耕地、毁林开荒）对土壤质量产生了深刻影响,使土壤质量发生变化。本研究对黑龙江省尚志市帽儿山林场的4种不同的土地利用与经营模式（森林土壤、农田土壤、场部用地和森林迹地）下的土壤理化性质和土壤酶活性进行测定与分析,探讨不同土地利用模式对其土壤理化与土壤酶学特性的影响。研究发现4种土壤类型的10个采样点的10个土壤理化指标和5个土壤酶活性指标间存在显著差异,土壤质量从高到低依次为：森林土壤,森林迹地,林场场部用地,农田用地。相关分析表明土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶与土壤含水量、土壤全氮、土壤全碳、土壤有机碳、可溶性全碳和可溶性有机碳含量之间成显著正相关;多酚氧化酶与土壤pH成显著正相关。因此,不同土地利用方式对土壤理化性质和土壤酶活性产生显著影响。     

贵州黔南州林地土壤养分分析及资产价值评价

通过对研究地黔南州林地土壤养分的定量分析探讨黔南地区林地土壤的养分状况及养分价值,旨为科学评价林地土壤养分价值,为科学营林、合理利用森林土壤资源提供依据。研究表明:不同的植被类型,土壤养分的含量不同;有林地土壤的养分含量明显高于无林地土壤;土壤养分总量针阔混交林高于阔叶林,阔叶林高于针叶林;林地土壤营养物质的总储量为7277.59万t,相当于14581.05万t标准化肥,价值为472.19亿元。     

Regional Evaluation of Wind Erosion of the Loess Plateau in Pengyang County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China

The loess plateau in China is well-known for its severe water erosion. A nationwide soil erosion survey discovered that wind erosion of the loess land is also greatly concerned. The severity of wind erosion for each land use in Pengyang County of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China, was evaluated according to the national standard of soil erosion classification. The evaluation system includes a GIS database, an evaluation indicator system and a classification system for land and land use. The erodible nature of soil and annual soil loss of the most erodible land were obtained as follows: (1) Croplands plowed and harrowed in late autumn were the most erodible land,with an erosion intensity of medium grade and an erodible proportion of 46%; (2) The erodible proportion of natural grasslands was between 19.3% and 21.5%, whose erosion intensity was of mostly tolerable grade; (3)When it came to the whole county, there was 21.3% of the total area in tolerable grade in terms of wind erosion intensity, 42.1% slight and 34.8% medium.     

Impact of land-use management on nitrogen transformation in a mountain forest ecosystem in the north of Iran

Soil inorganic N is one of the most important soil quality indexes, which may be influenced by land-use change. The historical conversion of land-use from native vegetation to agriculture resulted in sharp declines in soil N dynamics. This study was conducted to determine the soil inorganic N concentrations and net N mineralization rate in four common types of land-uses in the mountain forest area in the north of Iran, namely arable land, pine plantation, ash plantation, and beech stand. The soil samples were taken from top mineral soil layer (5cm) in each site randomly (n=6) during August- September 2010. Beech stand and ash plantation showed significantly higher total nitrogen compared with arable land and pine plantation, while extractable NH 4 + -N concentration was significantly greater in Beech stand compare to arable soils (p<0.05). No significantly difference was found in Net N mineralization, net nitrification and net ammonification rates among different land-uses. Results showed that net N mineralization and ammonification were occurred just in the soil of Ash plantation during the incubation time. Our findings suggested that conversion of Hyrcanian forests areas to pine plantation and agricultural land can disrupt soil natural activities and affect extremely soil quality.     

岷江上游不同植被类型的土壤水分和物理性质

土壤水分-物理性质是衡量土壤质量的重要指标。本文测定了岷江上游理县云杉人工林、灌木林、经济林和农耕地的土壤物理性质。结果表明:(1)云杉人工林的土壤容重最小,土壤毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、田间最大持水量、毛管持水量显著高于其余3种植被类型;(2)灌木林与经济林的非毛管孔隙度、毛管持水量、田间最大持水量差异不显著,但灌木林的土壤容重显著小于经济林;(3)农耕地的土壤容重显著高于其余3种植被类型,非毛管孔隙度、毛管持水量、田间最大持水量显著低于其余3种植被类型。研究结果说明4种植被类型的土壤物理性质存在较大差异,选择合理的植被类型和减少人为干扰对于岷江上游地区植被恢复和生态功能改善具有重要的作用。     

鄂尔多斯矿区不同土地利用方式土壤理化性质研究

以内蒙古伊金霍洛旗东部水蚀沟壑地带矿区为研究对象,分析5种不同土地利用方式以及矿区不同复垦年限对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,废弃农用地和公路附近裸露地沙粒含量高于其他利用方式,土壤沙质特征明显。受施肥等人为因素的影响,农用地在土壤粒级组成、持水性能、有机质和全N、全P、全K含量等方面都具有较好的特性,与原生景观草地相比,农用地中的有效P和速效K含量减少了50%。公路附近裸露地的有机质、有效P和速效K养分含量显著高于其他土地。不同复垦年限的煤矿复垦土地土壤养分含量都较低,表明单纯使用自然恢复的方法很难恢复土壤的性状。     

Farming does not necessarily conflict with tree diversity in the mid-Zambezi valley,Zimbabwe

We tested whether cultivation and fallowing have any significant effect on tree species diversity and dominance in semi-arid Zimbabwe. To this end, we quantified tree species diversity and physiognomy on two soil types (mutapo and bandati) stratified into three land-use categories, i.e., cultivated land, fallow land and woodland. Results showed that tree species diversity was significantly different on the two soil types. Tree species diversity was high on bandati soil and low on mutapo soil. Results also showed that there was significant difference in tree species diversity among the three land-use categories on mutapo soil but no differences on bandati soil. Pairwise comparisons revealed significant differences in species diversity between paired categories on mutapo soil but no significant differences on bandati soil. Tree physiognomy was significantly different among all three land use categories. Colophospermum mopane and Diospyros kirkii were the dominant species within woodlands, while Acacia tortilis subsp. spirocarpa replaced them as the dominant species within the fallow land category. These results indicate that woodland conversion for cultivation purposes has no immediate significant effect on tree species diversity on bandati soil, while it has a pronounced effect on mutapo soil, at least in the short term.     

基于高通量测序的土壤微生物群落结构对土地利用方式的响应

为探究土地利用方式对土壤微生物群落的影响,对彭州市境内5种常见土地利用方式(城市绿地、农业用地、人工林地、滩涂地、撂荒地)下的土壤细菌和真菌进行了高通量测序.共检测到细菌37门106纲278目491科959属2137种,主要优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸...     

晋西北黄土丘陵区4种植被类型土壤水分含量的变化特征研究

不同植被类型对于陆地生态系统的水分循环具有重要的调节作用。以晋西北黄土丘陵区偏关县境内的小叶杨林地、柠条林地、草地和撂荒地4种植被类型为研究对象,采用土钻法分别测定0～600cm不同土层的土壤水分含量,分析了晋西北不同植被类型的土壤水分含量的垂直分布特征及4种植被含水量的差异比较。结果表明：（1）在0—600cm土层中,平均土壤水分含量因植被类型不同表现显著差异（P〈0．05）,依次表现为小叶杨〉草地〉撂荒地〉柠条;（2）在0—600cm土层中,土壤水分含量随着土层深度的增加呈现先逐渐降低后趋于稳定的趋势,且同一植被类型不同土层深度间土壤水分含量差异显著（P〈0．05）,同一土层不同植被类型间的土壤水分含量也有显著差异（P〈0．05）;（3）研究区土壤剖面可分为易变层（0～100cm）、活跃层（100～200cm）、次活跃层（200—300em）和相对稳定层（300—600em）。在晋西北黄土丘陵区植被恢复中,应根据本区域土壤水分变化特点,选择适宜的植物种类,采取乔一草或乔一灌一草相结合的植被配置模式,以减少该区域土壤水分的过度消耗,这对于改善当地植被的生态效益具有重要意义。     

珠江源头站马地集水区不同土地利用类型的土壤水分养分特性

通过对珠江源头区站马地集水区试验点造林前不同土地利用类型土壤的水分和养分的分析结果表明:各土地利用类型在垂直分布的状态下水分可分为降低型和增长型;土壤通透性能均较好,植物根系增殖不会受到抑制;耕地与林地土壤容重相差10%左右;耕地与林地土壤的有机质含量相差50%左右,N、P等其他元素的含量相差约30%左右。     

半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区人工林土壤水分与其群落特征研究

2009年,对定西巉口林场人工针叶林、阔叶林及针阔混交林23个植被类型土壤水分和林下物种多样性特征进行了连续观测和调查.结果显示:山杏林地土壤水分最低,青杨林和青杨+油松混交林地最高,均与其他林地存在显著性差异,荒草地土壤水分高于其他林地介于中间;土壤水分亏缺量最大的为阔叶乔木或灌木林,其次为针叶林或针阔混交林,衰退的人工林地土壤水分亏缺量最小;浅层土壤水分(0～80 mm)与Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-wiener多样性指数和均匀度指数相关性极显著,存在线性关系.而深层土壤水分与上面3个植物多样性指数无相关性.该研究对阐明人工林地土壤水分环境以及其与群落发育阶段和植物多样的相应关系,指导科学培育人工林提供理论基础.