Using the LANDIS model to evaluate forest harvesting and planting strategies under possible warming climates in Northeastern China

The Small Khingan Mountains in northeastern China provide most of the timber and wood products in the country. Evaluating the long-term effects of harvesting and planting strategies is important especially as the climate changes. In this study, we evaluated the effects of the projected climate warming on potential changes in species’ coverage (percent cover), area harvested (percentage of the study area) and species harvested, using the LANDIS model. Our evaluation was based on the harvest and planting plans specified in Natural Forest Protection Project (NFPP). Our simulated results show that the coverage of southern species such as Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) and ribbed birch (Betula costata) increases, whereas the coverage of northern species like larch (Larix gmelinii), Kingan fir (Abies nephrolepis), spruces (Picea koraiensis and P. jezoensis) and Dahur birch (Betula davurica) decreases under the warming climate in the region. The species harvested primarily consist of the southern species, especially deciduous species under the warming climate. The warming climate leads to 11.2% increase in area harvested compared to that under the current climate, when planting is not simulated. When planting is simulated, tradeoffs between planting and area harvested are complex. The area harvested only increases in places where moderate planting is implemented, and decreases in places with both low (≤5% area planted) and high (≥30%) planting percentage. This is because when the planting percentage is low, the rate of increase of harvestable species due to planting is lower than the rate of decrease of warming-declining species. When the planting percentage is high, the rate of increase of planted species is higher than the rate of colonization of warming-adapted deciduous species, and the planted species delay the establishment of the warming-adaptable species that have short harvest rotations (due to lower harvestable ages). Our results suggest that the management strategy with planting area of 20% is the best among all the scenarios simulated. Under this warming climate, moderate planting area (e.g. 20%) increases the area harvested to about 43%, which is still less than that (58%) designated in the NFPP. These results have important implications for forest managers designing sustainable forest harvest and reforestation strategies for the landscape under the warming climate.     

Climatic response of ring width and maximum latewood density of Larix sibirica in the Altay Mountains, reveals recent warming trends

? Introduction

Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) is a highly climate sensitive species. Presently, the Altay Mountains is covered by widespread forests dominated by Siberian larch and thus has a great potential for dendroclimatological studies. However, tree-ring network of the Altay Mountains has not yet been well developed. The development of the new chronologies and the knowledge about the influence of climatic variables on tree growth is needed.

? Method

X-ray densitometric techniques were applied to obtain ring width (RW) and maximum latewood density (MXD) of Siberian larch from two upper tree line sites in the Altay Mountains, China. Climatic responses in ring widths and maximum latewood densities from the Altay Mountains (China, Russia, and Mongolia) were investigated by simple correlation analyses. To assess the common growth forces among the individual sites of the Altay Mountains, simple correlation, principal component analyses, and spatial correlation analysis were applied over the common period of the chronologies.

? Results

Ring width and maximum latewood density increases with decreasing precipitation, increasing temperature from late spring to late summer during the growing season. Based on the results of principal component analyses and spatial correlation analysis, summer temperature (June?CJuly) is the most important forces on the Siberian larch growth of the Altay Mountains. The growth of Siberian larch in the Altay Mountains captures the current warming trend. The growth of Siberian larch did not clearly lose its sensitivity under most recent warming in our study areas.

? Conclusions

The new MXD chronologies is presently the longest, absolutely dated, tree-ring density record yet developed from China. The climate response analysis shows that the RW and MXD of Siberian larch have strong responses to temperature in the growing season. Thus, MXD and RW of Siberian larch provides the best information for climate reconstruction in the warm season. Tree-rings of Siberian larch allow detecting the recently observed warming trend and putting it into the long-term climatic context in the Altay Mountains, due to the strong growth sensitivity to temperature change.     

Simulating responses of Northeastern China forests to potential climate change

IntroductionItissurethatpresentelevatiollsofCO2a11dotllergrcc11-housegasesinducedbyhumanactivitiesaren1akli1gglobalclimategothroughinexperielICedcl1anges(Scl1le-subgerl987).Thecurrentquasi-equilibriulllstatesofbio-sphereecosystCm,esPeciallyterrestrialecosystems,wouldbebrokenbecausetl1estructure,fu11ction,distributio11andtlledynamicsofanyexistedecosystemsareIberesultsoflongtermadaptationofbio-systemtocurrentclin1ate.Theec()systemsdistributedinhighlatitlldeareawouldhavemuchbiggerchai1ge(Bona…     

落叶松与水曲柳混交林的营造

通过对落叶松与水曲柳生物生态学特性 ,以及选择混交树种的条件和依据的论述 ,说明了营造落叶松与水曲柳混交林的可行性     

东北落叶松不同器官的含碳系数分析

森林的固碳释氧功能对缓解全球气候变暖发挥着重要作用,因此森林碳储量监测日益受到重视,而含碳系数是一项重要的基础计量指标。以东北落叶松为对象,利用假设检验和回归分析方法,对不同器官的含碳系数进行了系统分析,结果表明:落叶松不同器官的含碳系数大都存在显著差异,从大到小依次为:干皮(树枝(树叶(树根(干材;树干上部的含碳系数明显大于中部和下部,但中部和下部的含碳系数没有显著差异;不同大小树根的含碳系数差异不显著,树根与地上部分的含碳系数也没有显著差异;不同器官的含碳系数相对比较稳定,与林木直径和树高等因子无关,但全树尤其是树根生物量的含碳系数与起源相关显著。     

我国落叶松人工林地力衰退与施肥研究综述

落叶松是我国栽种区域最广的针叶树种。落叶松人工林的发展, 对我国人工林的发展至关重要。文中论述了我国落叶松人工林地的土壤物理性状、土壤化学性状和生物学性状, 分析了落叶松人工林地力衰退的研究现状并重点对落叶松人工林的施肥时期、施肥方法、施肥种类和用量以及施肥效应进行了归纳总结, 旨在为落叶松人工林的可持续发展以及营养管理研究和集约经营研究提供参考。     

我国落叶松人工林土壤肥力研究现状及改善措施的研究

落叶松为华北地区高山针叶林带中的主要森林树种.随着我国经济的快速发展,对木材的需求量加大,落叶松人工林种植面积持续增加.目前,由于其林分结构不合理、林分密度过大,出现了林地土壤肥力持续下降,并引起了林木生长量的下降等问题.本文综述了目前我国落叶松人工林土壤肥力的研究现状及改善措施,并指出一是通过自然干预可以大大减少人力...     

现有落叶松人工林的评价

通过对现有落叶松人工纯林及混交林之间主要差异性的分析表明：落叶松混交林无论在树种结构，径级结构，林分的稳定性，林分生长量以及改善土壤生态环境等方面都比落叶松纯林好，因此，在经营落叶松人工纯林时，要充分利用立地条件，树种组成大力培养针阔叶混交林，实现人工林天然化，恢复和建立一个森林生物群落。     

论落叶松鞘蛾的可持续控制

回顾了国内外落叶松鞘蛾Coleophora spp.的发生与防治历史，总结了落叶松鞘蛾发生的自然周期规律以及不合理的人为干扰。如施用化学杀虫剂等会缩短害虫发生周期和导致连续再猖獗，提供了落叶松鞘蛾可持续控制的科学证据。从落叶松受害后针叶和枝条内与抗虫性相关的几类化学物质变化，与自我补偿，恢复生长的几项因子，指标测定等方面，指出发挥树木对虫害的组成抗性和诱导抗性作用。从森林生态系统的水平，总结了落叶松鞘蛾的天敌及其生物防治在世界和我国的成功范例与前景。较全面的论述了落叶松鞘蛾可持续控制的可行性和策略。     

我国落叶松遗传改良现状及发展方向

介绍了落叶松在我国的自然分布研究及其在解决我国近期木材短缺方面的作用、遗传改良研究成就和存在的问题, 阐述了今后的研究重点, 以求有实效地为落叶松商品林经营提供良种支持。     

Recovery of understory vegetation biomass and biodiversity in burned larch boreal forests in Northeastern China

Recovery of biomass and biodiversity of forest understory vegetation after fire disturbance has been widely studied; however, how this relationship changes and what are the determinants at different post-fire stages in larch boreal forests are still unclear. We investigated a chronosequence of 81 understory plots in larch boreal forests that were disturbed by fires in 1987 (S5), 1992 (S4), 1996 (S3), 2002 (S2), or 2007 (S1). Analysis of variance was conducted to test the differences of biodiversity and biomass among various post-fire stages. Different regression models were used to fit the relationship between biomass and biodiversity, while factors influencing this relationship were identified by boosted regression tree analysis. Results showed that total understory biomass increased from 2.51?t?ha^?1 in S1 to 8.47?t?ha^?1 in S3 and declined to 5?t?ha^?1 in S5. Similar dynamics were also found between species richness and species diversity. Positive linear correlations linked biomass and biodiversity throughout most of the post-fire periods. Slope and stand density were the two most important factors influencing the secondary succession of understory vegetation after fire. Geographical factors and overstory competition determine the orientation of vegetation recovery, and the impacts of climate on vegetation are muted after fire disturbances.     

Individual tree biomass equations and growth models sensitive to climate variables for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Larix</Emphasis> spp. in China

Climate change has increased the need of information on amount of forest biomass. The biomass and carbon storage for larch (Larix spp.) in large geographic regions in China were failed to be accurately estimated from current biomass equations, because they were usually based on a few sample trees on local sites, generally incompatible to volume estimation, and not additive between components and total biomass. China needs reliable biomass estimation of the important species in the whole country. This study was based on the mensuration data of above- and belowground biomass from 600 and 198 destructive sample trees of larch from four regions in China, respectively. The main purpose was to develop compatible individual tree equations on both national and regional levels for above- and belowground biomass, biomass conversion factor and root-to-shoot ratio, using the nonlinear error-in-variable simultaneous equation approach. In addition, diameter at breast height (D) and tree height (H) growth models were also developed, and effects of key climate variables on biomass variation and growth process were analyzed. The results showed that mean prediction errors (MPEs) of regional aboveground biomass models were from 3.86 to 7.52%, and total relative errors (TREs) are within ±3%; and for regional belowground biomass equations, the MPEs are from 9.91 to 28.85%, and the TREs are within ±4%. The above- and belowground biomass and D- and H-growth were significantly related to mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation. The biomass equations and growth models developed in this paper will provide good basis for estimating and predicting biomass of larch forests in China.     

华北落叶松种子园选育的研究

华北落叶松是我国华北地区主要造林树种之一 ,有广泛的发展前途。本文就建立华北落叶松种子园 ,对如何进行优树选择、采穗及栽培试验等开展了研究     

落叶松小棚育苗试验初探

落叶松小棚育苗是改变传统的育苗方式,变裸根露天培育为露天小棚培育。早春架设棚架,用塑料薄膜将床面覆盖,可提前化冻,提高地温,人为造成落叶松的适生环境。它可以克服北方的高寒天气,幼苗在棚内度过低温霜冻,增强了苗木的抗性。同时,由于采取了早播的方法,延长了苗木的生长期,缩短了育苗年限,使苗木当年出圃,提高苗木产量,增加经济效益。     

落叶松人工林重要害虫天敌——大腹圆蛛生物学特性及其对害虫控制作用的研究

大腹圆蛛(Araneus ventricosus)在吉林省2年完成1代,跨3个年度,以1-2龄和6-7龄若蛛越冬。该蛛除卵期及1、2龄蛛外,其它龄态的若、成蛛均张网捕食生活。该蛛喜居有光的栖境,在林缘、林窗处、路旁处结圆形垂直网,昼伏夜出,在小雨条件下可以正常活动。大腹圆蛛对小型猎物可直接取食,对中、大型猎物,需缠绕成束的捕获丝缚住再取食。在林间大腹圆蛛可取食多种蛾和叶蜂成虫,包括兴安落叶松鞘蛾、落叶松毛虫、黄褐幕枯叶蛾、舞毒蛾、栎毒蛾、松皮小卷蛾、松廮小卷蛾、伊藤厚丝叶蜂和落叶松叶蜂等多种落叶松害虫,是一种有效的害虫天敌。     

伊春市落叶松人工林立地质量评价

将伊春林区落叶松人工林的调查资料,按不同的坡向和坡位分成六个立地类型组,分别建立立地质量数量化模型,并对伊春林区的落叶松人工林的主要立地类型进行立地质量评价。不同的立地类型组的数量化模型,确定了各立地类型组中影响林木生长的主导因子及各因子的得分贡献。     

Lower forest–grassland ecotones and 20th Century livestock herbivory effects in northern Mongolia

We studied five lower forest–grassland ecotones in the Darhad Valley in northern Mongolia and investigated the effects of 20th Century grazing regimes and changes in grazing management on ecotone dynamics at a local scale. A total of 2968 Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) trees were cored and tree-age distribution was constructed to determine 20th Century tree establishment. Tree age and location within the ecotones were correlated and seedling density and their distribution were explored to describe forest–grassland ecotone shift. To examine livestock herbivory effects on ecotone shift, the number of new trees was analyzed with five different grazing regimes and changes in grazing practices during the last 80 years in the Darhad Valley.We documented some evidence of ecotone shift into the adjacent grassland. Rates and patterns of ecotone shift varied with different grazing regimes. Siberian larch tree establishment was greater at overall grazing intensities of low and high levels, which were dominated by sheep and cattle grazing. In contrast, larch establishment was lower at overall grazing intensities of low and medium levels, which were dominated by goat grazing. Twentieth Century changes in grazing practices also influenced Siberian larch regeneration. An abrupt decline in Darhad Valley larch establishment during the 20th Century coincided with locally increased grazing pressure. Furthermore, regional climate variability showed important interaction with local grazing regimes in affecting larch regeneration. A 20th Century pulse in larch establishment coincided with a time period of regionally known warmer temperatures and locally reduced grazing pressure. Our results suggest that overall grazing intensity, livestock species composition, and changes in grazing patterns are important in understanding grazing effects on Siberian larch tree encroachment.     

Carbon fluxes and their response to environmental variables in a Dahurian larch forest ecosystem in northeast China

The Dahurian larch forest in northeast China is important due to its vastness and location within a transitional zone from boreal to temperate and at the southern distribution edge of the vast Siberian larch forest. The continuous carbon fluxes were measured from May 2004 to April 2005 in the Dahurian larch forest in Northeast China using an eddy covariance method. The results showed that the ecosystem released carbon in the dormant season from mid-October 2004 to April 2005, while it assimilated CO2 from the atmosphere in the growing season from May to September 2004. The net carbon sequestration reached its peak of 112 g.m^-2.month ^-1 in June 2004 （simplified expression of g （carbon）.m^-2.month^-1） and then gradually decreased. Annually, the larch forest was a carbon sink that sequestered carbon of 146 g-m^-2.a^-1 （simplified expression of g （carbon）.m^-2.a^-1） during the measurements. The photosynthetic process of the larch forest ecosystem was largely affected by the vapor pressure deficit （VPD） and temperature. Under humid conditions （VPD 〈 1.0 kPa）, the gross ecosystem production （GEP） increased with increasing temperature. But the net ecosystem production （NEP） showed almost no change with increasing temperature because the increment of GEP was counterbalanced by that of the ecosystem respiration. Under a dry environment （VPD 〉 1.0 kPa）, the GEP decreased with the increasing VPD at a rate of 3.0 μmol.m^-2.s^-1kPa -1 and the ecosystem respiration was also enhanced simultaneously due to the increase of air temperature, which was linearly correlated with the VPD. As a result, the net ecosystem carbon sequestration rapidly decreased with the increasing VPD at a rate of 5.2 μmol.m^-2.s-1.kPa^-1. Under humid conditions （VPD 〈 1.0 kPa）, both the GEP and NEP were obviously restricted by the low air temperature but were insensitive to the high temperature because the observed high temperature value comes within the category of the optimum range.     

气候变化背景下森林火灾发生规律研究

随着气候变暖加剧,全球森林火灾灾害发生的频率与强度亦随之增加,世界各地森林火灾潜 在的危险将长期存在,严重程度也将大幅增加。森林火灾对森林生态资源和全球气候产生了重大影响, 由于其突发性强、破坏性大、处置救助极为困难,是当今世界最为严重的生态灾害和突发性公共事件之 一。森林火灾发生发展规律是森林火灾预防与扑救的重要依据,加强其规律研究有利于有的放矢地开展 森林防灭火工作。针对气候变化现状及发展态势,结合气候变化背景下国内外森林火灾现状,系统论述 了气候变化对我国森林火灾发生发展规律的影响,主要阐述了气象条件影响森林火灾的发生,气候影响 森林可燃物,气候影响森林火源,气象影响森林火行为,气候决定森林火灾周期以及气候变化对森林火 灾时空分布规律的影响。在全球气候变暖的背景下,从解析我国森林火灾发生规律入手,通过气候变化 背景下我国森林火灾发生规律的研究,客观认识我国和各地区森林火灾发生发展规律,从而为国家和地 方各级政府有效开展森林火灾灾害防治和应急管理工作、切实保障社会经济可持续发展提供科学决策 依据。     

Distribution of carabid beetles among 40-year-old regenerating plantations and 100-year-old naturally regenerated forests in Southwestern China

Effects of reforestation by native tree species on species assemblages of carabid beetles were studied between 40-year-old regenerating plantations and 100-year naturally regenerated forests in Southwestern China. Two old naturally regenerated forest types (ca.100 years old) were chosen: hemlock-spruce forests (Tsuga chinensis and Picea brachytyla) and birch forests (Betula albo-sinensis). Three young regenerating forest types (ca. 40 years old), including spruce plantations (P. brachytyla), larch plantations (Larix kaempferi and Larix mastersian), and natural broad-leaved forests, were established after the logging of the old naturally regenerated forests. Using pitfall traps, we compared the distribution of carabid beetles in the five forest types. Three replicated plots for each forest type were chosen, and each plot was investigated with four trap sites twice each month during the growing season (May to October) in 2004. Our results showed that species richness and abundance were significantly higher in the young regenerating forests than in the old naturally regenerated forests. Analysis of complementarity in carabid species lists across the forest ages and types showed that the old naturally regenerated birch forests had the lowest similarity with the young regenerating larch plantations, and the highest similarity was shown between the two young regenerating plantations. Although PCoA ordination grouped the carabid assemblages according to forest type and forest age, the overall similarity among all forest types was high. Moreover, quantitative character species analysis did not detect significant species associated with forest types and ages. Based on the specificity and fidelity, most carabid species were abundant in all habitats, and only a few species were restricted in one or two forest types. Multiple linear regression between the species richness, abundance and Shannon diversity of carabids and of five environmental variables showed that the cover of canopy and herbaceous layer, and the depth of leaf litter had significant effects in determining richness, abundance and diversity of carabid beetles. Thus, the young regenerating forests at the mature stage could provide an appropriate habitat for most forest species of carabids survived in adjacent old naturally regenerated forests and might replace the role in part of the old-growth forests in sustaining the diversity of carabid assemblages. But some species are still restricted in old naturally regenerated forests, so in order to protect the diversity of carabid assemblages, it is necessary to sustain the intact old naturally regenerated forests when reforesting with some native tree species following natural succession.