Influence on pulping yield and pulp properties of wood density of Acacia melanoxylon

Wood density and pulp yield are key parameters in the evaluation of tree productivity and quality for pulping and their relationships are of high practical importance. The influence of wood density on pulp yield and other pulp quality parameters was investigated using Acacia melanoxylon and its natural variability as a case study. Twenty trees were harvested (five trees in each of four sites in Portugal), and wood discs taken at different height levels, from the base to the top of the tree, providing 100 wood samples, covering the natural variability of wood density ranging from 449?kg?m^?3 to 649?kg?m^?3. Under the same experimental conditions of kraft pulping, screened pulp yield ranged 47.0?C58.2?%, Kappa number 10.9?C18.4, ISO brightness 14.9?C45.6, fibre length 0.660?C0.940?mm and fibre width 16.2?C22.9???m. The pulp yield and Kappa number were not correlated with wood density. Higher pulp yields were associated with lower Kappa numbers and alkali consumption, suggesting the important role of chemical composition of wood on kraft cooking. The results confirm the high pulping potential of Acacia melanoxylon trees grown in Portugal and suggest the possibility of tree selection using both wood density and pulp yield.     

长白落叶松纸浆材优良家系多性状联合选择研究

采用胸径木芯与伐倒木取样方法,对24年生长白落叶松优树子代测定林14个处理的生长性状、木芯材质性状、解析木材质性状及其制浆造纸特性进行了研究,结果表明:生长性状、木芯基本密度、木芯管胞性状均存在丰富的变异;家系间生长性状差异极显著;木芯基本密度、木芯管胞性状差异显著,家系遗传力在0.56 0.80之间;解析木基本密度、早材微纤丝角、管胞长度、早材壁腔比、木质素、阿拉伯糖含量、抗张强度、撕裂度等差异极显著,家系遗传力在0.64 0.86之间;晚材率、管胞长宽比、综纤维素含量等差异显著,家系遗传力在0.51 0.61,家系水平的材性改良潜力较大。生长性状与木芯管胞长度呈极显著正相关,与木芯基本密度、管胞长宽比相关不显著;木芯基本密度、管胞长度、管胞宽度以及管胞长宽比与解析木相应性状呈极显著正相关关系,且回归模型较为理想,可以利用胸径木芯各性状值预测其单株值,间接选择和评价纸浆材优良家系。通过生长性状、木芯基本密度和木芯管胞长宽比综合分析选出166、169为优良家系,根据解析木生长、材质以及纸张物理性状选出的优良家系与其结果一致。优良家系材积、木芯基本密度和木芯管胞长宽比的遗传增益(超过对照)分别为48.34%(38.80%)、14.01%(3.63%)和19.89%(6.42%)。     

Modelling the distribution of wood properties along the stems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) as affected by silvicultural management

In this work, empirical ring-based models were developed to predict the distribution of early wood percentage, wood density and fibre length along the stems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) as affected by silvicultural management. The performance of the ring-based models was also compared for Scots pine and Norway spruce with corresponding disc-based (cross-sectional) models. Moreover, both models were integrated with example simulations by a process-based growth and yield model to analyze how management, such as thinning, affects the growth and wood properties of Scots pine trees over a rotation as an average for the tree stem, but also along the stem.The ring-based models built for annual early wood percentage (explained by ring width), air dry wood density (explained by early wood percentage and cambial age) and fibre length (explained by radial growth percentage and cambial age) predicted reasonably well the wood properties both at an intra-ring level, but also at a cross-sectional level. These predictions were also reasonably well in line with corresponding cross-sectional predictions by the disc-based models (which predicted the properties based on the number of annual rings and diameter at breast height and/or the cross-section being considered and temperature sum). The example simulations also demonstrated that both models predicted slightly lower wood density for dominant trees compared to dominated ones grown in thinned and unthinned Scots pine stands over a rotation. Unlike the disc-based model, the ring-based model predicted, on average, higher early wood percentage in dominant trees than in dominated ones. However, fibre length was not significantly affected when the averages of the whole stems were predicted, and this held true for both ring- and disc-based models.In summary, the incorporation of empirical ring-based wood property models into a process-based growth and yield model, offers a means to study in detail how environmental conditions, forest structure and management affect the quantity and properties of stem wood produced over a rotation. The disc-based wood property models used in this work are based on data with large geographical and genetic variation, and therefore may turn out to be more applicable for predicting future wood and fibre resources at a regional and national level. This kind of integrated use of wood property models with a process-based growth and yield model could help us to evaluate the forest resources under current and changing climate.     

The effects of clearcuts and forest buffer size on post-breeding emigration of adult wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus)

The establishment of terrestrial buffer zones around vernal pools has been recommended to provide upland habitat for pool-breeding amphibians in areas where forestry practices occur adjacent to breeding sites. However, few studies have empirically tested the effectiveness of buffers. We assessed post-breeding emigration behavior (net emigration distance, rate of movement, proportionate use of available habitats) of radio-tagged adult wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) at nine vernal pools with experimental forest buffer treatments in central Maine, USA. Buffer treatments were either 30-m (N = 3) or 100-m (N = 3) forest buffers surrounded by a 100-m wide clearcut; pools surrounded by uncut forest served as reference sites (N = 3). We tracked 33 individuals in 2004 and 2005, for an average of 41 days, as they emigrated from breeding pools. Recently clearcut habitat was permeable to emigrating adult wood frogs, particularly females. A higher proportion of frogs at 30-m buffer sites than at 100-m buffer sites traveled through the clearcuts to reach intact forest beyond, suggesting that 30-m buffers may not provide sufficient upland habitat to support adult wood frog populations. There was high variability in emigration behavior among frogs, regardless of buffer treatment, and males and females tended to exhibit differential responses to different buffer sizes and to clearcut habitat. Although wood frogs in this study utilized both 30-m and 100-m forest buffers, variability between sexes and density-dependent effects could render small buffers (e.g., 30 m or less) inadequate to support these populations.     

檫树人工林和天然林木材纤维形态和化学成分的比较研究

通过对檫树人工林和天然林木材纤维形态和化学成分的测定和比较分析 ,结果表明 :檫树人工林木材纤维长度和长宽比小于天然林 ,宽度大于天然林 ;纤维素、戊聚糖和木素的含量均稍高于天然林 ,灰分和抽出物含量均低于天然林     

Genetic parameters of growth and wood quality traits in Picea abies

Genetic parameters were estimated for wood and growth traits in two 19-yr-old clonal trials and a 40-yr-old full-sib progeny trial of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.]. In the clonal trials high (>0.4) broad-sense heritabilities were found for wood density traits, lignin content, number of internal cracks, growth traits, spiral grain and number of resin canals. Moderate (0.2–0.4) heritabilities were found for tracheid lumen diameter and cell wall thickness, microfibril angle and tracheid length, while low heritabilities (<0.2) were found for pulp yield, fibre strength, wood stiffness and wood colour. Lignin content and pulp yield showed low genetic variation, whereas the genotypic coefficient of variation for most other traits ranged between 5 and 15%. Most traits showed low levels of genotype by environment interaction. Among the wood properties, latewood proportion, earlywood density and ring density showed significant, adverse correlations with volume in both clonal trials.     

长白落叶松工业纤维林立地控制技术的研究

通过室外样地调查和室内木材材性分析及硫酸盐制浆实验,研究了不同立地条件下长白落叶松工业纤维林的生长过程、木材纤维特性、化学组成、物理性质和制浆特点,指出了立地条件对林分生长、木材纤维含量、纤维长度、纤维长宽比、得浆率、纸浆物理强度的影响。结果表明,长白落叶松工业纤维林生长最佳的立地条件是山地下部Ⅰ、Ⅱ地位级。立地条件对木材材性和纸浆特性有直接影响。在研究的林分密度和立地条件范围内,立地条件越差,木材纤维含量越少,纤维长度越短,纤维长宽比越小,1%NaOH提取物越多。而且这种现象有随林龄增长而加重的趋势。但立地条件对得浆率和纸浆的物理强度影响不明显。综合林分生长和木材材性,长白落叶松工业纤维林的培育最好在山地下部Ⅰ地位级和Ⅱ地位级的立地条件下进行。表4参17。     

Weed cover in hybrid poplar (Populus) plantations on Quebec forest soils under different lime treatments

Fast-growing trees such as hybrid poplars (Populus) have the potential to decrease rotation length (time to harvest) and thus produce wood products more quickly from smaller areas of land. Several forest companies in Quebec currently plant hybrid poplar on formerly logged forest sites, rather than on agricultural land as is more common elsewhere. The forest sites often have acidic soils, and lime addition has been proposed to improve hybrid poplar growth. In addition, forest sites present challenges with regard to control of competitive vegetation, particularly in jurisdictions such as Quebec where use of herbicides in forests is banned or restricted.     

Effects site conditions on industrial fiber plantations of Lar/x olgensis

Plot sampling was conducted in the second cultivation areas ofLarix olgensis in Heilongjiang Province, China. By analyzing plot investigation data, wood properties, and kraft pulps of 840 plots and 248 sample trees in industrial plantations of L. olgensis on different sites, we examined the growth process of L. olgensis industrial plantation with suitable structure, the wood fiber feature, chemical composition, physical performance and pulp characteristics. It is suggested that site conditions have major effects on plantation growth, fiber contains, fiber length, rate between fiber length and fiber width, pulping rate and pulp physics intensity. The best site for L. olgensis industrial plantation growth is site class Ⅰ and site class Ⅱ, which are on lower locations. Site condition has an obvious influence on the wood characteristics. Within the range of site conditions and stand densities studied, the worse the site condition, the less the fiber contains, the shorter the fiber length, and the more the 1% NaOH extraction. This kind of relationship becomes more obvious as stand age increases. However, the influence of site condition on pulping rate and pulp physics intensity is not obvious. The result provides theoretical base for cultivation of industrial fiber plantation of L. olgensis.     

陕西木本油料树种资源利用现状与展望

本文简述了发展木本油料树种资源的重要性,分析了陕西发展木本油料树种资源的有利条件,指出充分利用山地、丘陵等非农业用地,大力发展生态能源林,既能提供大量的生物质燃料油原料,增加农民收入,解决能源问题,又能改善环境,不占用良田耕地,不与人类争食粮的特点,提出适合陕西发展木本油料树种资源的几个首选树种和建议。     

Wood density in forests of Brazil's ‘arc of deforestation’: Implications for biomass and flux of carbon from land-use change in Amazonia

Wood density is an important variable in estimates of forest biomass and greenhouse-gas emissions from land-use change. The mean wood density used in estimates of forest biomass in the Brazilian Amazon has heretofore been based on samples from outside the “arc of deforestation”, where most of the carbon flux from land-use change takes place. This paper presents new wood density estimates for the southern and southwest Brazilian Amazon (SSWA) portions of the arc of deforestation, using locally collected species weighted by their volume in large local inventories. Mean wood density was computed for the entire bole, including the bark, and taking into account radial and longitudinal variation. A total of 403 trees were sampled at 6 sites. In the southern Brazilian Amazon (SBA), 225 trees (119 species or morpho-species) were sampled at 4 sites. In eastern Acre state 178 trees (128 species or morpho-species) were sampled at breast height in 2 forest types. Mean basic density in the SBA sites was 0.593 ± 0.113 (mean ± 1 S.D.; n = 225; range 0.265–0.825). For the trees sampled in Acre the mean wood density at breast height was 0.540 ± 0.149 (n = 87) in open bamboo-dominated forest and 0.619 ± 0.149 (n = 91) in dense bamboo-free forest. Mean wood density in the SBA sites was significantly higher than in the bamboo dominated forest but not the dense forest at the Acre site. From commercial wood inventories by the RadamBrasil Project in the SSWA portion of the arc of deforestation, the wood volume and wood density of each species or genus were used to estimate average wood density of all wood volume in each vegetation unit. These units were defined by the intersection of mapped forest types and states. The area of each unit was then used to compute a mean wood density of 0.583 g cm⁻³ for all wood volume in the SSWA. This is 13.6% lower than the value applied to this region in previous estimates of mean wood density. When combined with the new estimates for the SSWA, this gave an average wood density of 0.642 g cm⁻³ for all the wood volume in the entire Brazilian Amazon, which is 7% less than a prior estimate of 0.69 g cm⁻³. These results suggest that current estimates of carbon emissions from land-use change in the Brazilian Amazon are too high. The impact on biomass estimates and carbon emissions is substantial because the downward adjustment is greater in forest types undergoing the most deforestation. For 1990, with 13.8 × 10³ km² of deforestation, emissions for the Brazilian Amazon would be reduced by 23.4–24.4 × 10⁶ Mg CO₂-equivalent C/year (for high- and low-trace gas scenarios), or 9.4–9.5% of the gross emission and 10.7% of the net committed emission, both excluding soils.     

柳杉木材密度测定研究

设定了长岭岗林场23年生柳杉人工林木材密度指标，分析立地条件对柳杉木材密度的影响，同时讨论了改善木材密度的方法。结果显示；立地条件对柳杉全干密度的影响差异显著，全干密度的差异主要是由土层厚度和土壤肥力的差异所导致。薄土陡坡及山脊上林木的气干密度和基本密度高于其它3种类型的密度指标。     

鹅掌楸种源试验研究

笔者以湖北省京山县鹅掌楸属种源试验林2个树种鹅掌楸与北美鹅掌楸共20个种源为对象,进行了14 a时的生长和主要木材性状的研究。结果表明:北美鹅掌楸的生长优于鹅掌楸,而木材性状则不及鹅掌楸。在胸径、树高、材积、基本密度和纤维长度5个测试性状中,各种源之间存在显著或者极显著差异,为优良种源的选择奠定了基础。相同试验材料不同试验点的结果存在较大分歧表明:鹅掌楸受到较强的环境因素影响,因此在进行种源选择时必须加以考虑。     

不同营养元素的施肥处理对马尾松近熟林木材基本性质的影响

研究了 4种不同营养元素的施肥处理对马尾松近熟林木材基本性质的影响。结果表明 ,在不同施肥处理后的同一年中 ,N、P、K、NPK施肥处理对木材管胞长、宽及基本密度的影响不同 ,同一施肥处理在不同年度中 ,对上述性质的影响亦异 ,总之 ,无明显变化规律。方差分析表明 4个施肥处理与无施肥处理的管胞长、宽及基本密度差异均不显著 ,生长轮宽度与管胞形态和基本密度都不显著相关。     

四川桤木木材密度和纤维特性研究

通过对四川桤木6个家系,2～9a生样本连续进行生长、材性测定,得出如下主要结论:不同树龄之间、不同家系之间木材基本密度、纤维长度、纤维长宽比、纤维含量都达到极显著差异水平。纤维长度、纤维含量、基本密度第8年、第7年、第5年以后基本稳定。4个指标两两之间均达到极显著相关,生长速度与其材性没有必然的联系。     

Age trends and correlations of growth and wood properties in clone of Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis in Guangdong, China

We assessed growth traits and wood properties of DH 32-29, a clone of Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis, at age of two to six years in Guangdong in China. Analysis of variance of studied traits showed that there were significant differences (1% level) on all studied traits among ages except for wood basic density. Analysis of age trends of growth traits and wood properties revealed that rotation length of DH32-29 should be more than six years or longer. Phenotypic correlations among traits at individual ages indicated that correlations between growth traits were strongly positive. There was significant change in relationship between growth and wood basic density with increasing age, ranging from -0.03 to -0.54 at 2 and 5 year and 0.003 to 0.3 at 3, 4 and 6 year.Correlations between Pilodyn pin penetration and basic density measuredon increment cores showed that Pilodyn could rank or group genotypesor sites into density classes, but failure to predict individual tree and individual clone.     

The influence of heartwood on the pulping properties of Acacia melanoxylon wood

The pulping wood quality of Acacia melanoxylon was evaluated in relation to the presence of heartwood. The sapwood and heartwood from 20 trees from four sites in Portugal were evaluated separately at 5% stem height level in terms of chemical composition and kraft pulping aptitude. Heartwood had more extractives than sapwood ranging from 7.4% to 9.5% and from 4.0% to 4.2%, respectively, and with a heartwood-to-sapwood ratio for extractives ranging from 1.9 to 2.3. The major component of heartwood extractives was made up of ethanol-soluble compounds (70% of total extractives). Lignin content was similar in sapwood and heartwood (21.5% and 20.7%, respectively) as well as the sugar composition. Site did not influence the chemical composition. Pulping heartwood differed from sapwood in chemical and optical terms: lower values of pulp yield (53% vs 56% respectively), higher kappa number (11 vs. 7), and lower brightness (28% vs 49%). Acacia melanoxylon wood showed an overall good pulping aptitude, but the presence of heartwood should be taken into account because it decreases the raw-material quality for pulping. Heartwood content should therefore be considered as a quality variable when using A. melanoxylon wood in pulp industries     

火炬松半同胞家系主要经济性状的遗传变异及选择

对1988年营造的火炬松36个半同胞家系测定林的研究结果表明：树高、胸径、材积、木材密度、纤维素含量、管胞长度和宽度等生长和木材性状在家系间有显著的差异，具有较高的遗传力。生长性状和木材性状在一定程度上受遗传因素所控制，树高、胸径、材积间呈正遗传相关关系，木材基本密度、纤维素含量、管胞长度、管胞宽度和材积生长相关关系不显著。据此，利用约束和无约束选择指数，根据纸浆材的要求，进行生长和材性联合选择，评选出82-51、82-89、82-22、82-32、82-5、84-6、82-64、85-32、83-19等9个家系为纸浆材优良家系。     

A mathematical model of kraft pulping related to the alkali concentration in the cooking liquor

Summary A new mathematical model for checking and controlling the kraft pulping process has been derived. The model is based on the modified relationship between the lignin content and the alkali concentration of a cooking liquor expressed as the ratio of lignin/active alkali vs. concentration of the active alkali in a cooking liquor. The derived model characterizes the variation of the lignin content of the partially delignified wood or pulp with the concentration of the residual alkali in a cooking liquor during an entire pulping cycle, i.e. during the initial, transition, bulk and residual phases of the kraft delignification. The relationship between the lignin content of the partially delignified wood ships or pulp and the concentration of the residual alkali in a cooking liquor is expressed by the logarithmic straight line equation or its power form. The slope and intercept constants of the derived equation for the individual phase of delignification have different values. Received 5 June 1996