漠斑牙鲆淡水养殖试验

漠斑牙鲆(Paralichthys lethosigma),又称南方鲆,隶属于鲽形目、鲽亚目、鲆科、牙鲆亚科,牙鲆属,原产于美国北卡莱罗纳州至佛罗里达州南部海湾。该鱼具有生长快、品质优、适应范围广、抗病、抗逆性强、肉质细腻、营养丰富等特点,在海、淡水中均能生长,是我国内陆和沿海地区不可     

漠斑牙鲆淡化养殖试验报告

将海水养殖的漠斑牙鲆鱼种放入工厂化车间内的水泥池中淡化养殖,12d后,养殖水体盐度从30‰调淡至4‰,淡化的15 0 0尾鱼种中,成活14 88尾,死亡12尾,成活率99.2 %。     

我国漠斑牙鲆养殖研究现状及展望

漠斑牙鲆Paralichthys lethostigma是一种广温广盐的海水鱼,可以在淡水中进行养殖。文章综述了我国自2001年引进漠斑牙鲆以来的研究现状,对比了国内外的研究方向,对漠斑牙鲆的广温广盐特性进行重点阐述,指出今后推广养殖过程中需要注意的问题,提出了一些参考建议,并对其在我国的养殖前景进行了展望。     

漠斑牙鲆在我国北方养殖前景的探讨

漠斑牙鲆(Paralichthys lethostigma),又名南方鲆,隶属于蝶形目,鲆科,牙鲆属.该鱼具有广盐和广温两大特点,盐度0～60‰,水温5～35℃可存活,生长最适盐度为5～25‰、水温25～32℃,同龄的雌性大于雄性.     

漠斑牙鲆微咸水养殖试验

在盐度为2.0～3.0的微咸水条件下,用已淡化的漠斑牙鲆鱼种开展漠斑牙鲆工厂化养殖试验。经183d养殖,漠斑牙鲆平均体重由45g增长至313g,平均增重268g,日均增重1.46g,成活率92.9%,平均产量7.21kg/m2,投饲系数0.73。     

漠斑牙鲆池塘养殖技术

2005年山东东营市东营区渔业技术推广站利用内陆池塘进行漠斑牙鲆养殖试验,取得成功。     

漠斑牙鲆人工繁育技术研究

本文研究了漠斑牙鲆亲鱼培育、产卵、受精卵孵化,仔稚鱼饵料系列的选择以及营养强化,并进行了人工授精试验,完善了漠斑牙鲆人工繁育技术工艺.结果表明:16～18 ℃为漠斑牙鲆最佳自然产卵水温;18～19 ℃水温下仔稚鱼的成活率较高.     

漠斑牙鲆池塘健康养殖技术

2006年笔者在天津市塘沽区进行漠斑牙鲆（图见彩中插2）健康养殖试验研究,现将研究结果报告如下。     

漠斑牙鲆池塘养殖技术

漠斑牙鲆(Paralichthys lethostigme)又称大西洋漠斑牙鲆，属硬骨鱼纲，鲽形目，鲆科。其形态与我国褐牙鲆(Polivaceas)相似，体侧扁、卵圆形，身体的左侧呈浅褐色，分布有不规则的斑点，腹部颜色较浅，颜色能随着周围环境而变化(见附图)。     

漠斑牙鲆养殖技术概要

漠斑牙鲆(Paralichthys Lethostigma)是美国东南部沿海的一种底栖深海鱼类，是美洲大约25种鲆鲽类中个体最大的，牙鲆属。广泛分布于北卡罗莱纳至得克萨斯以及墨西哥湾沿岸。身体背部呈浅褐色，分布有较深颜色斑点，腹部颜色较浅。     

Development of Aquaculture Methods for Southern Flounder,Paralichthys lethostigma

ABSTRACT

A detailed spawning and larval rearing protocol for the production of southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, is presented. The protocol is based on the results of spawning, larval culture and fingerling production trials with the southern flounder, which were completed during 1998 and 1999. Seventy-six brood fish (0.1-3.8 kg) were collected from the wild, acclimated to captivity, and stocked in matura tion tanks. Sex ratio (male:female) was 1.1:1. Males (0.1-1.0 kg; mean = 0.5 kg±0.30 SD) were significantly smaller (P > 000.1) than females (0.5-3.8 kg; mean =1.8 kg±0.75 SD). Spermatogenesis was achieved using temperature manipulation during a 3-month period. Vitellogenesis was nearly completed when most females were caught, and final ovulation was accomplished using gonadotropin releasing hormone-analogue (GnRH-a) implants and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Eggs were obtained from both tank and strip spawnings. At 24-26°C, fertilized eggs hatched within 24-28 hours. Weaning to artificial diets was completed after 5 weeks, when metamorphosis was completed. Epizootics of Vibriosis and Amyloodinium ocellatum caused massive mortalities. Average survival rate from eggs to fully metamorphosed fingerlings was 30%, ranging from 5-40%. A total of 14,562 juveniles measuring 5 cm were produced in these experimental trials. Approximately 25% of the fingerlings exhibited pigment abnormalities known as hypomelanosis or pseudo-albinism on the dark side and hypermelanosis or ambicoloration on the blind side. Reversed asymmetry was observed in 5% of the fingerlings and a few individuals (0.02%) exhibited no ocular migration at all. A large size variation was observed during early larval development stages, with larger individuals growing faster through post-larval, juvenile, and adult stages. Results suggest that hatchery production of southern flounder fingerlings should rely on early culling of runts.     

漠斑牙鲆养殖技术

漠斑牙鲆（Paralichthys ledthostigma）隶属鲽形目、鲆科、牙鲆属,原产于美国,分布于北卡州到佛罗里达州北部的大西洋沿岸以及佛罗里达州南部海湾到德克萨斯州南部海峡沿岸。漠斑牙鲆在海水（盐度36）、半咸水以及淡水中都有分布,为典型的广盐种。该鱼因具有生长速度快、广盐、广温、抗病力强等特点而成为世界上重要养殖鱼类。我国也于近年从美国引入该鱼,在辽宁、山东、北京等地养殖成功,并突破了人工繁殖技术。     

Effects of Temperature on Egg Hatch,Larval Growth and Metamorphosis for Hatchery-Cultured Southern Flounder,Paralichthys lethostigma

ABSTRACT

Egg hatch, larval growth, and metamorphosis of southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, were examined at 13, 17, 21, and 25°C in laboratory experiments. The experiments were separated into four developmental phases: (1) from fertilization until hatch; (2) from hatch until mouth opening; (3) from first feeding until the onset of metamorphosis; (4) from the onset until the completion of metamorphosis. Time to egg hatch were 109, 58, 39, 30 hours at 13, 17, 21, and 25°C, respectively. Size at hatch varied little among temperatures, while percent hatch was significantly higher at 17°C (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in total length at mouth opening among temperatures (P > 0.05). However, those larvae raised at higher temperatures reached mouth opening earlier, as it took on average 7.4, 3.9, 2.8, and 2.2 days from hatch at 13, 17, 21, and 25°C, respectively. During phase three, the growth rate was optimal at 17°C, as growth rates were 0.046, 0.110, 0.106 and 0.096 mm/day at 13, 17, 21, and 25°C, respectively. Larvae in phase four completed metamorphosis sooner at higher temperatures than at lower temperatures. It took 26.4, 15.7, and 13.1 days to complete metamorphosis at 17, 21, and 25°C, respectively, while only 16% of those at 13 progressed to stage “G” within the 27 days that phase four encompassed. No difference in total length was found among treatments (P > 0.05) at the completion of metamorphosis, but fish in the 21 °C treatment had a significantly higher survival (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that southern flounder could be produced in the highest quantity and at the largest size by raising them at 17°C from fertilization until the onset of metamorphosis, and at 21 °C during metamorphosis.     

漠斑牙鲆人工催产和自然产卵的比较

为探索漠斑牙鲆人工催产的可行性,以便在预期时间集中获得苗种,分别于2006年在大连和2007年在江苏进行了人工催产和自然产卵对比试验.试验结果表明,漠斑牙鲆亲鱼自然产卵受精率和孵化率远远高于人工催产,但人工催产可以准确掌握生产时机,在短时间内获得大量受精卵和初孵仔鱼;4龄亲鱼人工催产产卵量、受精率、受精卵孵化率高于3龄亲鱼.人工催产受精率孵化率有待于进一步提高.     

漠斑牙鲆仔鱼摄食节律的研究

在实验室条件下研究了漠斑牙鲆仔鱼摄食节律。试验结果表明：漠斑牙鲆仔鱼摄食具有昼夜节律性,其摄食活动主要在白天进行,在10：00光照度为400lx时摄食最为活跃,抵达摄食高峰,仔鱼夜间不摄食,全天表现明显的摄食节律。     

漠斑牙鲆繁殖生物学及苗种繁育技术研究进展

论述了近几年我国漠斑牙鲆繁殖生物学及人工繁育技术研究的现状和进展,从生理、生态、繁育发育生物学、苗种培育技术等方面介绍了漠斑牙鲆亲鱼培育及调控产卵技术、早期形态及生长发育特征、人工孵化及工厂化育苗技术、苗种淡化技术等研究,提出工厂化苗种生产方法和技术工艺,并分析了其开发应用前景。     

牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)丝氨酸蛋白酶Ⅰ-1基因多态性

采用重测序方法,利用牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)野生个体,扩增了牙鲆丝氨酸蛋白酶(Serine protease) I-1基因的编码区(CDS)和2605 bp的启动子序列。在牙鲆丝氨酸蛋白酶I-1基因(PoSP I-1)编码区中筛选出9个单核苷酸多态性位点(SNPs),同时在其启动子区筛选出28个SNP位点。对感染鳗弧菌的抗病牙鲆和易感牙鲆进行了部分SNP位点的分型,通过分析CDS中SNP位点的分布情况,发现SNP365A/G位点在抗病个体中的AG基因型的基因频率是60%,高于易感个体的40% (P=0.01)。qRT-PCR结果显示,易感个体在细菌感染后,PoSP I-1相对表达量相比对照组呈下降趋势。在抗病个体中,PoSP I-1相对表达量相比对照组呈上升趋势,且高于易感个体。结果表明,丝氨酸蛋白酶基因在牙鲆抗鳗弧菌感染中发挥重要作用,该基因的SNP365A/G位点是与牙鲆鳗弧菌感染相关的候选位点,该位点可作为牙鲆抗鳗弧菌选择育种的潜在标记。     

Present Status of Research and Production of Japanese Flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus,in Japan

ABSTRACT

Aquaculture of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, started in the middle 1970s in Japan, and the commercial production became extensive in the early 1980s, with development of seedling production and farming techniques. Annual production in 1996 was 7,692 metric tons, ranked fourth among marine cultured finfish after yellow-tail, red sea bream, and coho salmon. Marine finfish aquaculture in Japan is mostly conducted in floating net cages; however, land-based culture tanks are the prevalent culture system for Japanese flounder. The tanks are circular, square, or octagonal and constructed of various materials: concrete, plastic and/or a combination of the two. Culture tanks are generally inside or covered with shade cloths. Sand-filtered sea water is continually supplied to each tank, with 12 to 24 exchanges daily. Three-gram fish are stocked in the culture tank and raised for 1 to 2 years until they grow to 500-1,000 g. Survival ranges from 60 to 80%. Sardines and sand lance, fresh or frozen, are mainly fed; however, use of moist or dry pellets are increasing recently because of the decline in catch of these fishes. Fingerlings are obtained from commercial hatcheries virtually year-round. The fish utilize almost no dietary carbohydrate as an energy source, and an increase of lipid in the diet did not improve the growth, although it did seem to produce a slight increase in protein efficiency ratio. Therefore, diet for Japanese flounder should contain high percentages of protein (fish meal). Finding alternative protein sources for fish meal in the diet has been researched, and the potential of defatted soybean, corn gluten, feather, meat, and meat bone meals have been examined. The optimum temperature for the growth is 20-25°C. Salinity range of 4.4 to 34.0 ppt did not affect the growth of Japanese flounder at 8 g initial body weight.     

Advance in the Culture Research of Small-Eye Flounder,Paralichthys microps,and Chilean Flounder,P. adspersus,in Chile

ABSTRACT

Over 71% of the aquaculture production of Chile is based on salmonids, and given the recents problems in the world salmon industry, it is necessary to investigate the culture of new species as a vital priority to maintain an industry of great social and economic impact for Chile. Small-eye flounder, Paralichthys microps, and chilean flounder P. adspersus, are native, high-value flatfish present off the coasts of Perú and Chile, that are commonly exploted by artisanal fishermen. Since 1986 both species have been objects of research studies for culture based on techniques developed for Japanese flounder. This paper is a review of current knowledge of this species and to identify research needs for the near future. Natural spawning of small-eye flounder and chilean flounder broodstock in captivity is already possible, but the manipulation of spawning using photoperiod and hormonal inducement, as well as the role of broodstock nutrition in egg and larval quality, needs to be explored. Successful incubation and larval culture protocol for both species have been developed, with larval survival over 24% from certain egg batches. Nutritional characterization and requirements for chilean flounder eggs and larvae during the culture period, optimal temperature, density, light intensity and green-water culture, are all subjects of ongoing research. Efforts to improve early culture protocol continues with emphasis on causes of larval mortality, early use of dry feed, microbial ecology of culture tanks and water quality. Weaning from live to formulated diets has been investigated, demonstrating survival of 30-50%. Presently only about 1-5% of hatchery raised flounder show a pigment disorder. Research on formulated diets and the weaning process are under way to ameliorate these results. Juveniles are being grown experimental in tanks and net pens systems and their performance (growth, survival, health) in both systems is being evaluated. Chilean flounder require approximately 2.8 years to reach 1 kg. Effort is also focusing on improving juvenile growing protocol, including recirculation systems, culture environment and diet formulation. Much future research will be required to attain optimal production of the species, such as species-specific nutritional requirements, optimum stocking density, disease and health management and growing protocols with new systems (shallow raceway). At present there is enough known about chilean flounder to begin a pilot-stage that will be the key for future development of its culture.