Tissue distribution of sialic acid-linked influenza virus receptors in beagle dogs

Reports of influenza A virus infections in dogs has received considerable attention from veterinarians, virologists, and epidemiologists. Interaction between influenza viral hemagglutinin and cell oligosaccharides containing sialic acid residues results in infection. Sialic acids have an α-2,3-linkage to the penultimate galactose in the avian influenza virus receptor and an α-2,6-linkage in the human receptor. To date, there are no detailed data on the tissue distribution or histological features of either type of sialic acid-linked influenza virus receptors in beagle dogs, which are common laboratory animals and pets. We conducted the current study to visualize the in situ tissue distribution of both sialic acid-linked influenza virus receptors in various organs of beagle dogs using Maackia amurensis lectin II and Sambucus nigra agglutinin. Both α-2,3- and α-2,6-sialic acid-linked receptors were detected in the endothelial cells of the respiratory tract and other organs. Endothelial cells of most gastrointestinal organs were negative for α-2,3-sialic acid-linked receptors in the dogs. Our results suggested that these canine organs may be affected by influenza virus infection. The findings from our study will also help evaluate the occurrence and development of influenza virus infections in dogs.     

Distribution patterns of influenza virus receptors and viral attachment patterns in the respiratory and intestinal tracts of seven avian species

ABSTRACT: This study assessed the presence of sialic acid α-2,3 and α-2,6 linked glycan receptors in seven avian species. The respiratory and intestinal tracts of the chicken, common quail, red-legged partridge, turkey, golden pheasant, ostrich, and mallard were tested by means of lectin histochemistry, using the lectins Maackia amurensis agglutinin II and Sambucus nigra agglutinin, which show affinity for α-2,3 and α-2,6 receptors, respectively. Additionally, the pattern of virus attachment (PVA) was evaluated with virus histochemistry, using an avian-origin H4N5 virus and a human-origin seasonal H1N1 virus. There was a great variation of receptor distribution among the tissues and avian species studied. Both α-2,3 and α-2,6 receptors were present in the respiratory and intestinal tracts of the chicken, common quail, red-legged partridge, turkey, and golden pheasant. In ostriches, the expression of the receptor was basically restricted to α-2,3 in both the respiratory and intestinal tracts and in mallards the α-2,6 receptors were absent from the intestinal tract. The results obtained with the lectin histochemistry were, in general, in agreement with the PVA. The differential expression and distribution of α-2,3 and α-2,6 receptors among various avian species might reflect a potentially decisive factor in the emergence of new viral strains.     

猪流感病毒的基因组结构及跨种属传播

猪是禽和哺乳动物流感病毒的中间宿主和产生重组病毒的混合器,猪流感病毒基因重排现象非常普遍。从猪流感病毒的形态结构、抗原性、基因组与主要编码蛋白、基因重排与跨种属传播等方面,对其研究情况进行了综述,以期为进一步了解猪流感病毒基因重排及种间传播机制,更好的防控流感疫情提供参考。     

流感病毒受体在三种动物气管和肺脏分布的组织化学检测

利用凝集素组织化学染色的方法,对岭南黄鸡、番鸭和BALB/C小鼠的气管和肺脏进行了流感病毒受体分布的检测。结果表明:在岭南黄鸡、番鸭和小鼠的气管粘膜层、粘膜下层、肺脏的细支气管和肺泡上皮细胞均有禽流感病毒受体的分布。番鸭和小鼠气管和肺脏的人流感病毒受体的分布范围和细胞类型与禽流感病毒受体的分布稍有差异,岭南黄鸡气管和肺脏未检测到人流感病毒受体的分布。研究结果为探讨流感病毒的感染机制和宿主特异性的差异提供了基础数据。     

双重RT-PGR方法检测猪流感病毒和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒

为建立特异、敏感的猪流感病毒(SIV)和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)的双重RT-PCR检测方法,本研究根据GenBank登录的SIV M基因保守序列和PRRSV美洲型毒株的N基因保守序列,设计合成了2对特异引物,通过对扩增条件的优化,建立检测SIV和PRRSV的双重RT-PCR方法.检测结果显示:该方法可同时扩增出SIV(345 bp)和PRRSv(520 bp)的特异性片段;而猪瘟病毒、猪伪狂犬病病毒、猪细小病毒、猪圆环病毒2型及阴性鸡胚尿囊液核酸扩增结果均为阴性;对SIV和PRRSV 2种病毒混合液的最小检出量分别为102 EID50/0.1 mL和103TCID50/0.1 mL.应用双重RT-PCR和病毒分离法对12份临床疑似样品进行对比检测,结果表明:除双重RT-PCR检测到双阳性的3份混合感染病料中1份未分离到PRRSV外,其余2份均分离出病毒.证明该方法具有良好的特异性、敏感性,可以用于临床样品的早期快速检测.     

SPF鸡各组织中流感病毒唾液酸受体的分布

为了解SPF鸡体内各组织中流感病毒唾液酸受体分布状况,本研究采用凝集素免疫荧光组织染色的方法,系统检测了流感病毒唾液酸受体在SPF鸡呼吸系统、消化系统以及其它系统各组织中的分布,并进行半定量分析。结果表明,大部分组织中均同时存在唾液酸α2,3-半乳糖受体与唾液酸α2,6-半乳糖受体,只有少部分组织仅存在其中一种受体,这种受体分布的广泛性与流感病毒组织噬性相一致;但鼻甲与喉头中唾液酸受体明显低于许多其他组织,这也表明不能简单的通过唾液酸受体的有无或者密度高低来判定病毒在各组织中的实际分布与复制增殖情况,或许还有其他机制参与了病毒入侵与增殖的过程。     

多重PCR检测猪伪狂犬病病毒、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒和猪流感病毒

应用Primer3.0和Omega2.0,根据猪伪狂犬病毒(PRV)、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)和猪流感病毒(SIV)保守基因设计了3对多重PCR引物,建立PRRSV,SIV和PRV单项PCR检测方法,并在优化单项PCR反应条件(引物浓度、Mg2 浓度、退火温度等)基础上,初步建立了PRRSV-PRV-SIV多重PCR检测方法,并分别用多重PCR和单项PCR/RT-PCR检测10份临床病料,两者符合率为96.6%,表明该多重PCR检测方法有较高的敏感度,可以用于临床病料的检测。     

禽流感病毒神经氨酸酶基因在重组杆状病毒中的表达

根据已知H5N1亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)神经氨酸酶(NA)基因序列设计并合成引物。从H5N1亚型病毒感染的鸡胚尿囊液中提取总RNA,反转录后采用高保真DNA聚合酶扩增NA基因,构建转移载体pFastBacHTA-NA,并与大肠杆菌DH10Bac的Bacmid质粒重组,构建重组转座质粒rBacmid-NA。在脂质体介导下将rBacmid-NA转染sf9昆虫细胞获得重组杆状病毒。在sf9昆虫细胞中表达NA蛋白,通过SDS-PAGE、Western blot和激光共聚焦检测蛋白。结果表明:表达的NA蛋白分子量约为53 ku,该蛋白能与H5N1亚型AIV血清发生特异性反应,证明NA蛋白表达正确,具有良好的免疫反应性。     

The role of rodents in avian influenza outbreaks in poultry farms: a review

Wild migratory birds are associated with global avian influenza virus (AIV) spread. Although direct contact with wild birds and contaminated fomites is unlikely in modern non-free range poultry farms applying biosecurity measures, AIV outbreaks still occur. This suggests involvement of other intermediate factors for virus transmission between wild birds and poultry. This review describes current evidence of the potential role of rodents in AIV transmission from wild birds to poultry and between poultry houses. Rodents can be abundant around poultry houses, share their habitat with waterfowl and can readily enter poultry houses. Survival of AIV from waterfowl in poultry house surroundings and on the coat of rodents suggests that rodents are likely to act as mechanical vector. AIVs can replicate in rodents without adaptation, resulting in high viral titres in lungs and nasal turbinates, virus presence in nasal washes and saliva, and transmission to naïve contact animals. Therefore, active AIV shedding by infected rodents may play a role in transmission to poultry. Further field and experimental studies are needed to provide evidence for a role of rodents in AIV epidemiology. Making poultry houses rodent-proof and the immediate surroundings unattractive for rodents are recommended as preventive measures against possible AIV introduction.     

The seroprevalence of canine respiratory coronavirus and canine influenza virus in dogs in New Zealand

Abstract

AIM: To determine whether canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) and canine influenza virus (CIV) are present in dogs in New Zealand.

METHODS: Serum samples from 251 dogs of varying age, breed and clinical histories were tested for the presence of antibodies to CRCoV and CIV, using indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) analysis. The population sampled represented a wide geographic area but principally encompassed the central and lower North Island of New Zealand.

RESULTS: Seventy-three of the 251 samples (29%) were seropositive for CRCoV. Dogs <2 years old were less likely to be seropositive for CRCoV than older dogs. None was seropositive for CIV.

CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed the presence of antibodies to CRCoV in dogs in New Zealand. Young dogs are less likely to be seropositive than older dogs, probably due to increased opportunity for exposure to CRCoV over time. Serum antibodies to CIV were not detected in any of the dogs sampled, suggesting that this virus is unlikely to be present in dogs in New Zealand.

CLINICAL RELEVENCE: Canine respiratory coronavirus is present in New Zealand. Although the role of this virus in canine infectious tracheobronchitis has not been fully elucidated, evidence suggests that it may have a causal role in this disease. Veterinarians should consider CRCoV as a differential diagnosis in cases of respiratory disease in dogs in New Zealand. While CIV appears not to be currently present in New Zealand, veterinarians should consider infection with this virus as a differential diagnosis in dogs presenting with respiratory signs.     

Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of the H5N1 avian influenza virus caused the first highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak in poultry in the Czech Republic in 2007

On 19th July 2007 re-occurrence of the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus was noticed in Europe. The index strain of this novel H5N1 lineage was identified in the Czech Republic where it caused historically the first HPAI outbreak in commercial poultry. In the present study we performed molecular and phylogenetic analysis of the index strain of the re-emerging H5N1 virus lineage along with the Czech and the Slovak H5N1 strains collected in 2006 and established the evolutionary relationships to additional viruses circulated in Europe in 2005-2006. Our analysis revealed that the Czech and the Slovak H5N1 viruses collected during 2006 were separated into two sub-clades 2.2.1 and 2.2.2, which predominated in Europe during 2005-2006. On the contrary the newly emerged H5N1 viruses belonged to a clearly distinguishable sub-clade 2.2.3. Within the sub-clade 2.2.3 the Czech H5N1 strains showed the closest relationships to the simultaneously circulated viruses from Germany, Romania and Russia (Krasnodar) in 2007 and were further clustered with the viruses from Afghanistan and Mongolia circulated in 2006. The origin of the Czech 2007 H5N1 HPAI strains was also discussed.     

家禽粪便环境对常用消毒剂灭活H5N6亚型禽流感病毒的影响

为了研究家禽粪便环境对常用化学消毒剂杀灭H5N6亚型禽流感病毒的影响,依照《消毒技术规范》,评估5种消毒剂在粪便环境下对目前我国流行的H5N6亚型高致病性禽流感病毒的杀灭效果.结果:与无粪便环境组相比,家禽粪便对5种消毒剂的消毒效果均造成一定程度的影响,需要提高消毒剂工作浓度.其中:过硫酸氢钾复合物溶液、二氯异氰脲酸钠...     

禽流感病毒HA1蛋白的原核表达及其免疫原性的初步研究

从H9N2亚型禽流感病毒感染的鸡胚尿囊液中提取病毒RNA,RT-PCR克隆全长血凝素(Hemagglutinin,HA)基因,并进一步克隆HA的主要抗原区HA1基因.将HA1克隆到原核表达载体pGEXKG,与谷胱苷肽(GST)融合表达,表达的融合蛋白GST-HA1以包涵体形式存在.包涵体经变性、复性处理,Western blot分析表明,表达蛋白具有良好的免疫学活性.ELISA检测发现,GST-HA1只能与H9亚型禽流感病毒抗体发生反应,而与H5和H7亚型禽流感病毒抗体无交叉反应.进一步将纯化的融合蛋白与佐剂混合后免疫Balb/c小鼠,免疫小鼠体内产生了较高滴度的特异性抗体.制备的HA1蛋白特异性强,具有良好的免疫原性,为禽流感病毒的鉴别诊断和禽流感疫苗开发奠定了基础.     

Quantitative measurement of influenza virus replication using consecutive bronchoalveolar lavage in the lower respiratory tract of a ferret model

The ferret is an established animal model of influenza virus infection. Although viral replication in the upper respiratory tract is usually measured with consecutively collected nasal washes, daily evaluation of viral replication in the lung is limited because a large numbers of ferrets need to be sacrificed at consecutive time points. To overcome this limitation, we performed a virus quantification assay using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. This non-invasive BAL technique allows consecutive quantification of virus replication in the lungs of living ferrets. Our method can be used for the longitudinal evaluation of virus tropism in the lower respiratory tract.     

Effects of freshwater crayfish on influenza A virus persistence in water

Several investigations have recently assessed the ability of some aquatic invertebrates to act as tools for avian influenza A virus (IAV) surveillance as well as their potential role(s) in IAV ecology. Because of this, as well as the high IAV seroprevalence rates noted in select mesocarnivores that commonly inhabit aquatic and semi‐aquatic habitats, we evaluated the effects that freshwater crayfish have on IAV in water at three dose levels and monitored for the presence of IAV in crayfish tissues (gill and green gland) and haemolymph at multiple time points. At relatively high, medium and low (approximately 10⁴, 10³ and 10² EID₅₀/ml, respectively) doses, mesocosms containing crayfish (Orconectes sp.) had less detectable IAV RNA present when final water samples were assayed (9 days post‐contact [DPC]). In general, containers without crayfish present had nearly three‐fold greater quantities of viral RNA at 9 DPC. A varying number of RNA positive samples were detected for the three crayfish sample types collected. Gill tissue produced the largest number of positive non‐water samples (n = 26), with the highest quantities detected from crayfish sampled on 1 and 4 DPC (10^3.5 EID₅₀ equivalent/ml). On a few occasions, gill (n = 8) and haemolymph samples (n = 1) produced higher quantities of viral RNA than their respective water samples or water samples collected 1–2 DPC earlier, but these differences were typically minor. Based upon water samples, statistical models indicated that the interaction of dose and crayfish exposure days explained most of the variation in these data. Future efforts should address if crayfish exposed to IAV‐laden water have the capacity to successfully transmit IAVs to mammals and birds which frequently prey upon them.     

Syndromic survey and molecular analysis of influenza viruses at the human–swine interface in two West African cosmopolitan cities suggest the possibility of bidirectional interspecies transmission

Influenza viruses are frequently transmitted between pigs and their handlers, and among pig handlers. However, reports on socio‐environmental variables as potential risk factors associated with transmission of influenza in West African swine production facilities are very scarce. Syndromic survey for influenza was therefore conducted in Ibadan, Nigeria, and Kumasi, Ghana, in order to identify and elucidate selected socio‐environmental variables that may contribute to the occurrence and distribution of influenza‐like illness (ILI) among swine industry workers. In addition, molecular analyses were conducted to elucidate the nature of influenza viruses circulating at the human–swine interface in these cities and better understand the dynamics of their transmission. Influenza viruses were detected by type‐specific and subtype‐specific RT–PCR. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were carried out. Socio‐environmental variables were tested by both univariable and multivariable regression methods for significance at p < 0.05. Three risk factors for ILI were identified in each city. These included “frequency of visit of pig handler to pig pen or lairage” (Ibadan: risk ratio [RR] = 1.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.36–1.79, p = 0.02; Kumasi: RR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.11–1.71, p = 0.01) and “pig handler's awareness about biosecurity measures” (Ibadan: RR = 7.09, 95% CI = 2.36–21.32, p < 0.001; Kumasi: RR = 4.84, 95% CI = 1.98–11.80, p < 0.001). Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, with M genes closely related to those which circulated among pigs in the two cities during the same period, were detected among Nigerian and Ghanaian pig industry workers. These findings suggest the possibility of bidirectional transmission of influenza at the human–swine interface in these cities and underscore the need for more extensive molecular studies. Risk factors identified may assist in the control of human‐to‐human and human‐to‐swine transmission of influenza in the West African swine industry.     

广东一株重组H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的鉴定及全基因组序列分析

本研究于2013年从广东某发病鸡场分离到一株H9N2亚型AIV,命名为A/chicken/Guangdong/LG1/2013.对病毒进行全基因组克隆测序和进化分析,其HA基因裂解基序为333pSRSSR ↓ GLF341,呈典型低致病性AIV分子特征.其HA基因发生Q226突变和A316S突变,NA基因出现第63～65位氨基酸缺失.该病毒株HA、NA和NS基因属于类BJ/1/94分支,PB2属于类SD/H/09分支,PB1、PA、NP基因属于类SH/F/98分支,M基因属于类HK/G1/97分支,该基因型在广东地区未见报道,其内部基因与H7N9亚型人流感病毒SH/02/2013株核苷酸同源性在95.6 ％～98.6％之间.本研究表明我国H9N2亚型AIV呈现遗传演化的多样性及基因重组的复杂性,对该亚型病毒的监测和研究具有重要的兽医和公共卫生意义.     

禽流感病毒M2蛋白的原核表达及免疫原性研究

基质蛋白M2是流感病毒的3种表面抗原之一,也是流感病毒中最为保守的蛋白之一,被认为是具有交叉保护能力的流感疫苗的理想候选抗原。论文从H9N2亚型禽流感病毒感染的狗肾传代(madindarby canine kidney,MDCK)细胞中克隆全长M2基因,并采用OE-PCR(overlap extension,PCR)得到缺失跨膜区的M2基因(sM2)。将sM2基因克隆到pGEX-KG原核表达载体,在大肠埃希菌中获得表达量较高的融合蛋白GST-sM2,而且以可溶形式存在。利用亲和层析的方法纯化蛋白,经Western blot证明,GST-sM2蛋白具有良好的免疫原性。ELISA检测发现GST-sM2能与H9、H5和H7亚型禽流感病毒抗体均发生反应。进一步将纯化蛋白与佐剂混合后免疫Balb/c鼠,结果在免疫小鼠体内产生了较高滴度的特异性抗体,为开发具有交叉保护力的禽流感疫苗奠定了基础。     

H9N2亚型流感病毒光动力失活的超微结构

使用H9N2亚型流感病毒作为系统模型,用不同浓度(2,4 μmol/L)的光敏剂经激光照射(12 J/cm2,20 min),使病毒颗粒失活后,使用透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察病毒粒子形态,并对病毒的感染性进行测定.结果显示,低浓度光敏剂处理组的病毒粒子膜结构虽然保持完整性,但表面糖蛋白缺失,同时丧失了对MDCK细胞的...