不同林分密度指标在杉木林分蓄积量模型的应用研究

目的 林分密度是反映单木林分中林木株树和竞争的一个重要指标,构建林分生长与收获模型的一个重要变量。选择合适的林分密度指标来构建杉木林分蓄积量模型,提高林分预测精度。 方法 以福建邵武杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林密度长期试验林28 a连续观测数据为依据,基于可变生长率法,建立了含5种林分密度指标的杉木林分蓄积年生长模型。 结果 模型决定系数R2均在0.979以上,精度高于不含密度指标的对照组模型。在包含密度指标的模型中,精度最高的为每公顷株数N密度模型,其次是相对植距RS密度模型,但是这两个模型参数估计不显著而被舍弃。所有模型的R2数值由高到低顺序为：每公顷株数N林分蓄积量模型（0.979 9）、相对植距模型（0.979 9）、林分密度指数SDI模型（0.979 4）、优势高营养面积比Z模型（0.979 3）、Nilson密度指数模型（0.979 0）以及不含密度指标模型（0.972 8）。 结论 除去N指标和RS指标模型,杉木林分蓄积量模型中表现最好的是以林分密度指数SDI为密度指标的模型。其次,还发现在低造林密度（1 667～3 333 株·hm−2）林分,蓄积生长量要大于中高造林密度（5 000～10 000 株·hm−2）的林分。     

采用林分平均高和密度估计人工林蓄积量

采用2015年广西森林资源连续清查第9次复查中人工林样地调查数据,按树种组(杉木、松树、桉树)建立林分每公顷蓄积量与林分平均高、林分密度(郁闭度、每公顷林木株数)二元非线性模型(不变参数和可变参数),用确定系数(R~2)和平均预估误差(MPE)等6个指标对模型进行评价和检验。结果显示:全部12个模型的总相对误差(TRE)、平均系统误差(MSE)均小于15%,MPE均小于10%,表明采用林分平均高和密度估计林分单位面积蓄积量可取得较好的效果,但可变参数模型的参数的变动系数太大,不宜采用;3个树种组中,不论是不变参数模型还是可变参数模型,以平均高和每公顷林木株数构建的模型的R~2均大于由平均高和郁闭度构建的相应模型的R~2,而剩余标准差(SEE)、MPE则相反,说明每公顷林木株数对林分每公顷蓄积量变动的解释能力优于郁闭度。综合考虑6个统计指标和参数的稳定性,3个树种组的每公顷蓄积量的最优估计模型均为由每公顷林木株数、平均高构建的不变参数模型。     

基于贝叶斯模型平均法构建杉木林分蓄积量生长模型

目的 探究杉木林分蓄积量变化的影响因素,为在气候变化背景下科学经营管理杉木人工林提供理论支撑。 方法 以福建邵武卫闽林场的杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）人工密度试验林为研究对象,分别利用贝叶斯模型平均法（BMA）和逐步回归法（SR）构建杉木林分蓄积量与林分变量因子（包括初植密度、每公顷胸高断面积、每公顷株数、平方平均胸径、林分优势高、年龄）和气候因子（包括年均气温、最热月平均温度、最冷月平均温度、年均降水量、年均湿热指数、低于0℃天数、夏季平均最高温度、冬季平均最低温度、春季平均气温）的关系模型。 结果 杉木林分蓄积量随着每公顷胸高断面积、平方平均胸径、林分优势高、年龄、夏季平均最高温、春季平均温和低于0℃天数的增加而增加,对于诸多的影响因子,SR法所确定的模型并不在BMA选出的后验概率较高的前5个模型中,模型表现出一定的不确定性,从模型后验概率角度看,SR模型精度较低。 结论 杉木林分蓄积量受到林分变量因子和气候因子的显著影响。相比于SR法,在构建杉木林分蓄积量模型方面,BMA方法考虑了模型的不确定性,模型表现更好。     

造林密度对材用樟树幼林生长和蓄积量的影响

以7年生不同造林密度樟树人工林为研究对象,通过分析林分平均胸径、树高、枝下高、冠幅、单株材积和蓄积量等指标,探究造林密度对樟树幼林林分生长及林分蓄积量的影响。结果表明:1)随着造林密度的增大,樟树林分平均胸径、冠幅和单株材积均呈现减小的规律,造林密度为833株·hm^-2时平均胸径、冠幅和单株材积均最大;2)造林密度对林分平均树高的影响较小,枝下高随造林密度的增大而逐渐增高,造林密度为2 500株·hm^-2时林分枝下高最高;3)随着造林密度的增大,林分蓄积量呈现先增大后减小的规律,造林密度为1 111株·hm^-2时林分蓄积量达到最大值;4)各密度条件下林分胸径生长过程相似,但胸径生长旺盛期的持续时间随造林密度的增大而逐渐减少,造林密度为833株·hm^-2时胸径生长旺盛期持续时间最长;5)不同密度林分单株材积连年生长量呈先增大后减小的趋势,林分单株材积快速增长期持续时间随造林密度的增大而减少;6)综合考虑,樟树人工林适宜造林密度为1 111株·hm^-2,合理造林密度范围为1 111～1 667株·hm^-2。     

林分结构动态模型的研究(英文)

为研究林分结构的动态变化,该文提出了一个偏微分方程定解问题的数学模型．通过求解这个定解问题,得到了用单木的直径生长和枯损来描述林分结构动态变化的解析表达式．为了验证这个模型,对一块小叶松林分的直径结构的变化进行了动态模拟和预测．结果表明,模拟和预测的直径分布与样本数据非常吻合．     

望天树人工林林分生长与林分密度的关系

对不同地区营造的人工望天树林的生长情况进行了分析,探讨了营造的望天树人工林的林分密度与林分生长及立地条件之间的关系,提出了营造人工望天树林较佳的规格和方式.结果表明：造林规格以2.5m×2.5m、3.5m×1.5m、3.5m×2.5m、3.0m×2.0m较佳;人工营造的望天树林的个体不论是高度生长还是胸径生长都要远远大于天然林中的望天树个体;立地条件是影响望天树人工林生长量的因子;在其分布区域进行望天树的迁地保护,扩大其种群数量及生存的区域和范围,是保护这一珍稀树种的有效途径.     

秦巴山区次生林保留密度对林分生长影响

针对秦岭林区中龄次生林的生长特点,结合次生林抚育中出现的问题,进行了长期的定位研究,结果表明密度对中龄次生林的高生长有一定影响,对胸径的生长有显著的影响,随密度的减小,林分胸径生长量有增大趋势;对林分的蓄积增长有较大的影响.该林分的合理保留密度应为1 500株/hm2.同时研究表明在一定范围内,海拔的变化对次生林生长影响很小.该项研究为秦岭林区的次生林抚育工作提供了一定的科学依据.     

合理造林密度与林分生长关系的探讨

论述了造林密度与林分生长关系 ,对造林密度应遵循的原则做了技术上讨论。     

光皮桦不同造林密度林分生长效应分析

对6年生光皮桦不同造林密度林分生长效应进行了分析,结果表明：光皮桦不同造林密度对林木胸径、冠幅及材积生长差异极显著,树高生长差异不显著。不同造林密度对林分生长的影响,6年生时光皮桦林分蓄积量与造林密度大小成正相关,密度越大,林木分化越早,影响了光皮桦后期的生长。因此,选择合理的造林密度对林分正常生长发育及综合利用是十分重要的。此试验对光皮桦4个不同造林密度处理,以1100株／hm2最好。     

不同密度30年生马尾松林生长特征与林分结构的研究

对比分析了不同密度３０年生马尾松人工林的林分结构和生长效果的差异。用β分布模型研究林分直径分布规律，并以此为基础，通过分析林分生长过程，以探讨马尾松人工林不同材种的最佳栽培密度和合理的林分结构。     

Growing stock variation in different teak （Tectona grandis） forest stands of Mizoram,India

The growing stock assessment of three different teak forest stands （Tuirial： 500 m asl, Sairang： 200 m asl and Phunchawng： 550 m asl） was done in 2006 in Mizoram, India. Five diameter classes were arbitrarily established for knowing the volume attribute data and population structure, viz. a （10-20 cm）, b （20-30 cm）, c （30-40 cm）, d （40-50 cm）, and e （50-60 cm）. Results revealed that the density of the individuals among the studied stands varied from 280 stems/ha to 620 stems/ha. The average diameter of all the individuals ranged between 27.48 cm and 35.43 cm. Similarly, the average height was oscillated between 17.87 m and 22.24 m. The total basal area was recorded between 24.28 m2.ha-1 and 45.80 m2.ha＂l. The maximum and minimum values of total growing stock under all the diameter classes were 669.01 m3.ha-1 and 284.7 m3.ha-1, respectively. The representation of population structure of different stands explained that the perpetuation of this species was ensured for a quite long time.     

Genetic and morphological variation in natural teak （Tectona grandis） populations of the Western Ghats in Southern India

Teak(Tectona grandis L.f.) is a popular hardwood species native to South and South-East Asia. The possible association of amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP) marker with morphological variables of eleven important characters viz. girth at breast height(GBH), height of tree, bole height, branch knots, presence of fluting, spiral stem, leaf hair, leaf length/breadth ratio, branching pattern, bark colour and petiole shape for nine natural populations comprising 180 genotypes of teak(9 populations × 20 trees). The phenogram constructed using Euclidean distances for the eleven morphological characters showed that the populations were not grouped according to their geographical origin. The Mantel's test for pairwise correlation between Euclidean distances of different morphological variables and genetic distances from AFLP data revealed that only petiole character(r =0.269; p =0.046) and height of tree(r =0.200; p =0.001) were significantly correlated with that of AFLP data matrix. The nine populations in this study covered a geographic area of about 1000 km stretch along the Western Ghat of South India. A test of correlation between genetic and geographic distance matrices revealed a significant positive correlation(r =0.475; p =0.009). The lack of perfect congruence between morphological and molecular data except for geographic distance, tree height and petiole character suggested that the morphological system might be useful for the morphotypes management but not appropriate to study the genetic structure of the teak populations.     

A first-approximation simple dynamic growth model for forest teak plantations in Gujarat state of India

Tectona grandis (teak) is one of the most important tropical timber species occurring naturally in India. In India, teak is the single most important commercial timber species. Scientifically sound growth models, based on advanced modelling techniques, are often not available, although they are necessary for the successful management of teak stands in the country. Long-term forest planning requires mathematical models. In this paper, an attempt is made to develop a dynamic growth model based on the limited data, consisting of three annual measurements, collected from 15 teak sample plots in Gujarat state of India. A biologically consistent whole-stand growth model is presented, which uses the state-space approach for modelling rates of change of dominant height, stand density and stand basal area. A simple model containing few free parameters performed well and is particularly well suited to situations where available data are scarce.     

柚木黑色条纹心材的颜色和化学特性

印尼岛的柚木心材在年轮周围显示了不规则的黑色条纹变化。本研究调查柚木黑色条纹心材的颜色和化学特性。利用色坐标（CIELAB）测定颜色特性（pH值、无机物含量、抽出物含量和特性）。结果表明：黑色条纹的颜色较对照少12-15个亮度单位。因此,黑色条纹的颜色与对照比较,有较多的红色,较少的黄色、色彩和色度。黑色条纹心材部分的pH值灰度含量和钙含量都比对照的高。黑色条纹的心材抽出物含量较对照的高。推测当生物活性物质（杀虫剂）明显增加时,心材显示发黑的过程可能是一种防御机制。     

Assessment of enrichment planting of teak (Tectona grandis) in degraded dry deciduous dipterocarp forest in the Central Highlands,Vietnam

After years of unsustainable logging, dry deciduous dipterocarp forest (DDDF) has become poor in timber stocks and has been converted to industrial crops such as rubber. The objectives of this study were to assess teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) tree establishment under degraded DDDF conditions and to determine factors that influence the suitability of teak as a forest enrichment tree species. A set of 64 experimental plots of 4 900 m² each was set up and observed for 4–5 years for testing enrichment planting with teak under various combinations of two groups of factors: ecological conditions and forest status. Weighted, non-linear, multivariate regression models were used to detect key factors that influenced the suitability of teak. The results showed that at the age of 4 years the average dominant tree height (defined as 20% of the tallest trees in the experimental plot) reached 11.2, 7.8, 5.3 and 3.8 m for very good, good, average and poor suitability levels, respectively. Survival rates of planted teak from average to very good suitability levels were over 90%. Six key factors that affected the suitability of teak were waterlogging during the rainy season, altitude, stand volume of the degraded DDDF, soil type, percentage of sand and concentration of P₂O₅ in the soil. Under the extreme ecological and environmental conditions of the DDDF, enrichment planting with teak gave promising results.     

Morphological parameters and genetic diversity of progenies from seed production areas and unimproved stands of teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) in India

We compared morphological and genetic attributes of prog-eny obtained from three seed production areas (SPAs) and three corre-sponding unimproved stands (UIS) of teak (Tectona grandis L.f) at three bro...     

Preliminary estimation of carbon stock in a logging concession with a forest management plan in East Cameroon

ABSTRACT

Logging operations in Cameroon are based on the extraction of wood from natural forests. In this article, we assessed the carbon stock in a forest management unit (FMU) located in East Cameroon from field inventory to postfelling operations up to sawmill and export terminals. Tree basal area and aboveground biomass were calculated based on trees inventoried in the annual allowable cut. We observed that from an exploitable tree potential of 0.696 trees ha^?1 inventoried within a diameter range of 50–110 cm, 0.141 tree ha^?1 (i.e., 20% of the inventoried trees) were logged. In other words, out of 6.78 tC ha^?1 inventoried, 1.84 tC ha^?1 (i.e., 27% was logged), 1.62 tC ha^?1 arrived in the log yard and 1.3 tC ha^?1 arrived in sawmill, while 0.32 tC ha^?1 reached the export terminal. In terms of damages caused on vegetation, 4.45% of all the annual allowance cut (AAC) were affected during logging activities, this represents almost 33,188.07 tons of carbon. These findings show that the implementation of reduced-impact logging (RIL) could reduce these losses throughout the logging steps and help propose a process for the valuation of wood waste in the forest and sawmill. In this context, reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation will be engaged with the right approach.     

Trait variations in 28-year-old teak (Tectona grandis) provenance field trials in Ghana,West Africa

Stem straightness, axis persistence, presence/absence of protuberant buds and epicormics, diameter and height have profound influence on timber quality and volume of teak (Tectona grandis). Provenance trials of teak were established in the 1970s in Ghana, as part of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) International Series of Provenance Trials, with the view of selecting teak germplasm for sites with specific environmental conditions. Two field trials were located in dry semi-deciduous (dry) and moist semi-deciduous (moist) ecological zones of Ghana. They consisted of 13 provenances, including four landraces each from Ghana and Indonesia, and two and three provenances from India and Laos, respectively. Trees were assessed at 9, 17 and 28 years to (1) quantify the potential variation in quality and timber volume production, (2) examine possibilities for determining early selection of parameters of superior provenances and (3) select provenances for sites with particular environmental conditions. Production traits were higher on the moist site than the dry site. Mean height was 23.2 and 20.2 m tree^?1, stem cross-sectional area at breast height was 0.0896 and 0.0474 m² tree^?1, and stem volume was 0.75 and 0.34 m³ tree^?1 for the moist and dry sites, respectively. Nilambur provenance from moist India had the highest mean stem straightness score of 19% above average, whereas Savannakhet from Laos had the best protuberant bud score with 18% of the trees above average. Indonesian landraces performed better in the dry zone, whereas provenances from India and Laos performed better in the moist zone. Phenotypic correlations between age 9 and 28 years were moderate (r 0.54–0.90) to high (r > 0.90) for production and qualitative characteristics, indicating feasibility of early assessment for identification of superior provenances. Nilambur and Savannakhet II provenances proved to be favourable choices for the moist zone, whereas the Temandsang provenance from Indonesia was found to be the best choice for the dry site.     

Determinants of stem form: Application to Tectona grandis (Linn. F) stands

ABSTRACT

Stem form information can enhance rapid estimation of stem volume. Studies on important determinants of stem form in pure stands are scanty. This study aimed at identifying determinants of stem form using Tectona grandis stands in Omo Forest Reserve, Nigeria. Twenty 0.04 ha square plots were randomly selected across four stand ages. Crown diameter, total and merchantable heights (MH), diameters at breast height (DBH), at 5.27 m tree height and at midpoint from breast height to tip of tree were measured in each plot. Measured trees were classified into four canopy layers (CL)—dominant, codominant, intermediate, and suppressed. Merchantable volume, basal area (BA), form factor (F_f), normal form quotient (Q_n), Girard form class (Q_G), absolute form quotient (Q_a), ratio of diameter at merchantable limit to diameter at the base (D_t/D_b), and tree slenderness coefficient were derived from the data. Analysis of variance, correlation, and regression analyses were used to analyze the data. Significant differences were observed in stem form and tree size variables under different canopy layers. The DBH, BA, MHT, and CL were identified as important variables associated with stem form. Inclusion of Q_a improved most the predictive ability of the selected stem volume equation.     

Growth and mineral nutrient analysis of teak (Tectona grandis) grown on acidic soils in south China

Teak(Tectona grandis L.f.) is widely planted in the world due to its high market demand, economic, ecological and social value. Its plantations have mostly been established and expanded into sites that are acidic to severely acidic in southern China. But, there are no available and specific evidence-based nutrient management techniques. To better recognize and understand the relationship between teak tree growth and nutrient content in the foliage and soil and establish nutrient norms are critical to optimally manage these young plantations. We studied the foliar nutrient and soil chemistry in 19 representative teak plantations aged 5–8 years. Regression analysis indicated that the mean annual increment of teak volume was linearly and positively correlated with foliar N, Ca, Fe and B concentrations, with soil base saturation percentage,available P and Zn concentrations, and negatively correlated with soil Al concentration. Only if the Ca and Mg contents in soil were enhanced, could the increase in soil base saturation percentage benefit teak growth. A revised classification of low-and high-yielding stands was established by using a sorting method of principal components over 6 foliar macro and 8 micro elements in a Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System(DRIS). Specific DRIS norms for teak plantations in acid soils were derived.The nutrient balance of N, P, K Ca, Mg, Zn, B with Fe or Al, Ca with Mg, and Fe with Al provided a key to promote the growth of teak in acid soils. Meanwhile, soil Zn was also found as a primary trace element that affected teak growth in this study.