云南松容器育苗技术

对云南松进行多年育苗试验，得出培育壮苗的关键为：播种时间以１～３月份最好，种子用代森锌、托布律或多菌灵拌种后播，播种较好的基质为黄心土（或生红壤）７５％、茵根土２０％～２３％、钙镁磷２．５％；苗期用复合肥（１：１：１）或硫酸钾复合肥０．５％～１％液喷施，可使松苗全鲜重增加１．４７～２．４４倍．     

草莓采果后管理技术

为确保草莓来年高产优质，当年采果后不能放松管理，主要应做好以下几点：（１）割叶　割除地上部所有老叶，只保留新茎先端刚伸出的幼叶。（２）及时去匍匐茎　６月中旬至９月上旬每隔２０天左右摘去匍匐茎１次，连摘３～４次。（３）合理进行肥水管理　秋分前后每６６７ｍ２追施复合肥２０～２５ｋｇ。水分管理上应注意少浇水，封冻前浇１次封冻水。（４）适时中耕培土　培土以露出苗心为度，根系旺长前，中耕可适当加深，一般６ｃｍ，以后由深渐浅。（５）病虫防治　对感染叶斑病、叶枯病的可喷１０００倍液甲基托布津或８００倍液普力克…     

虎舌红的组织培养和植株再生

１植物名称虎舌红ArdisiamamillataHance犤１犦。２材料类别成年植株的茎段。３培养条件①MS＋６－BA３mg·L－１（单位下同）＋IBA１；②MS＋６－BA２＋IBA０．５；③MS＋６－BA１＋IBA０．２；④MS；⑤MS＋IBA０．５；⑥MS＋IBA１．０；⑦１／２MS。上述培养基①～⑥加蔗糖３０g·L－１，⑦加蔗糖２０g·L－１。各种培养基pH５．８，加６．５％的琼脂粉固化，培养温度２５℃～２８℃，每天光照１２～１３h，光照强度１５００～２０００Lx犤２犦。４生长与分化情况１）无菌材料的获得从母株上采集当年抽出的新枝，去叶片…     

叶子花组织培养中培养条件与玻璃化的相关性

１植物名称叶子花（Bougainvilleaglabra）又名保巾、保荆、九重葛、三角花等。２材料类别顶芽和带腋芽的茎段。３培养条件３．１灭菌时间（１）５min（２）１０min（３）１５min３．２诱导分化培养基（１）MS＋BA２mg／L（单位下同）（２）MS＋BA０．５（３）MS＋BA０．２每种培养基均附加３％蔗糖，０．７％琼脂，pH５．８３．３培养温度（１）１５℃（２）２５℃（３）３５℃３．４光照条件（１）３０００lx（２）１５００lx（３）阴暗４培养条件对玻璃化的影响４．１灭菌时间与玻璃化的关系以芽尖和带腋芽的茎段为外殖体，除去叶…     

“木生葛根”栽培技术要点

葛，豆科藤本植物，全身是宝，经济价值极高。其中；葛粉为特色保健食品，集营养、食疗、美味于一身，深加工还可制成十几种精美食品；葛叶，富含植物蛋白，属全价饲料；葛渣，高档纤维原料；葛花，名贵药材，解酒良药。“木生葛根”种源于山中野葛，野葛经引种改良３５年不断选种、培植而成，具有生长周期短、产量大等特点，其亩产值可达２万余元，在长期的摸索实践中逐渐形成了一套完整的栽培技术。现将其品种特点与栽培技术要点介绍如下：１品种特点１．１形状特点根块大，茎蔓粗，叶面宽大分叉跑短，颈毛趋白。１．２内在特点（与山葛对比）（１）生长周期短：只需１至２年即能成葛根（山葛需６年以上）。（２）产量大：株产葛根１０ｋｇ～２０ｋｇ（山葛６ｋｇ～７ｋｇ）。（３）出粉率高：含粉２５％（山葛２％～４％）。（４）品质好：葛根素含量高，是开发葛保健食品的最佳品种。（５）加工简便：制粉用普通工具粉碎、过滤、沉淀，一次性加工即可完成（而山葛纤维粗，需要多次锤揉，经３次以上过滤才成）（６）适应性广：适应各种土壤生长，耐旱涝、无病虫害。（７）繁殖快：栽种后，每年茎节处遍生小葛，生命力极强，对同一土地，只需栽种１次，不再栽种，且因生长期错开，故１至２年后，每年均...     

银杏育苗方式比较试验

银杏育苗方式比较试验韩宁林（中国林科院亚热带林业研究所，浙江富阳，３１１４００）１材料和方法１９９５年用同一批种子，采用：１１月育芽苗，３月移栽；１月底育芽苗，３月底移栽；２月初圃地播种，播后盖薄膜；２月初圃地播种，播后盖草４种处理。在１ｍ宽的苗床上...     

枣林梨笠圆盾蚧生物学及发生规律的研究

梨笠圆盾蚧Ｑｕａｄｒａｓｐｉｄｉｏｔｕｓｐｅｒｎｉｃｉｏｓｕｓ（Ｃｏｍｓｔｏｃｋ）是枣林的重要微小害虫，在山西一年发生２代，以第２代的２龄若虫于１—３年生的枝条上越冬，次年３月下旬开始活动，雌雄若虫均为两龄，第２代和第１代成虫分别于５月上旬和７月中旬开始羽化，５月下旬和８月上旬分别产出第１代和第２代若虫。雌雄性比分别为１：０．２６和１：０．３５。本文也研究了寄主不同部位、不同方位与各代虫口密度、自然死亡率的变化规律；若虫在叶面的分布规律；寄主枝龄与寄生密度对种群的影响；各虫态发生的起迄日期；发育进度与温湿度的关系；发育所需天数。为测报成虫羽化盛期和产仔盛期提供了理论依据     

补播技术在草坪养护中的应用研究

在华北地区的城市园林绿地中,进行了暖季型草坪狗牙根和冷季型草坪早熟禾秋季补播高羊茅和多年生黑麦草混合草籽的应用试验,结果表明:补播技术可用于暖季型草狗牙根和冷季型草早熟禾等草坪上,补播时间宜在9月下旬至10月上旬进行,补播种子用量混播草籽(高羊茅70%,黑麦草30%)以20～25g/m2为宜。     

容器育苗基质组成的研究

通过对２０个处理基质的分析，以及对容器苗生长影响的研究，确定了有利于苗木生长的最优基质配比。即：草皮土（黄心土）与砂、有机肥三者的体积比为８∶１∶１。基质组成与苗高、地径、侧根数均成正相关。     

西南桦育苗基质选择试验初报

以８种基质开展西南桦育苗试验，结果表明：西南桦育苗基质以Ⅱ号配方（黄心土∶火烧土为１∶３）、Ⅶ号配方（黄心土∶河沙为２∶２）效果最好，苗木地径粗壮，高径比小，苗木重量大，根系发达。而以Ⅴ号配方和纯黄心土育苗效果最差，黄心土＋泥炭基质雨季育苗效果亦不佳。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.