缓坡梯土幼林林下植被覆盖与水土流失

为了探讨南方丘陵缓坡梯土上经济林幼林林地的水土流失及植被覆盖的防蚀保土效果,采用设立1 000 m2径流小区定位观测和人工模拟测定相结合的方法,测定和研究了植被覆盖和生物地埂模式对板栗幼林林地土壤侵蚀的影响.结果表明(1)在无植被覆盖条件下,当年降水量为1 638.2 mm时,丘陵红壤区域开垦的缓坡梯地的年土壤侵蚀量可达6.48 kg/m2;(2)林下间种能很好的削减土壤侵蚀量,如当花生、油菜种植面积与林地面积的比分别为24.2%、31.5%至44.9%、58.4%时,年土壤侵蚀量可减少35.49%～57.55%,径流系数平均减少9.04%,输沙率平均减少40.02%,作物覆盖率每增加10%则输沙率减少0.001 9～0.002 7;(3)农林复合经营区的生物保土埂具有明显的拦截泥沙的作用,可减少径流含沙量17.07%,花生、油菜套种或连种模式及萱草、白茅生物地埂是南方丘陵缓坡梯土幼林地上的几种保土效果好的生物保土模式.     

杉木人工林水土流失及养分损耗研究

１９８４～１９９６年在江西分宜县中国林科院亚热带林业实验中心的３个林场,分别对杉木人工林幼龄林、中龄林及近熟林进行了８组水土保持及养分循环方面多点的试验观测,对杉木人工林水土流失及养分损耗作了研究。结果表明,杉木人工林水土流失以幼林阶段为最大,其次中龄林阶段,最小是近熟林阶段。幼龄林地表迳流量为５４６．０ｍ＾３．ｈｍ＾－２,土壤侵蚀总量为１０５０．０ｋｇ．ｈｍ＾－２,土壤侵蚀量尤为明显;中龄林地表迳流量为５０６．９８ｍ＾３．ｈｍ＾－２;而近熟林地表迳流量为４７７．２５ｍ＾３．ｈｍ＾－２,土壤侵蚀量可略而不计。幼龄林流失有机质５０．０４９ｋｇ．ｈｍ＾－２,养分为３１．５０８ｋｇ．ｈｍ＾－２;中龄林流失有机质为６．０８０ｋｇ．ｈｍ＾－２,养分流失量为２．０９６ｋｇ．ｈｍ＾－２,而近熟林养分流失量为１０．７８４ｋｇ．     

长江上游部分地区土壤侵蚀规律的研究

通过调查，定位与半定位观测，研究了长江上游不同地貌类型区的土壤侵蚀空间分布格局，以及各影响因子与土壤侵蚀间的关系。揭示了泥沙运行机制和水土流失规律，提出了小流域沙运输的输移比：流域面积小于５ｋｍ＾２用０．６－０．７作为泥沙输移比，流域面积小于３０ｋｍ＾２用０．３作为泥沙输移比，推算流域水土流失量，并建立了坡面和小流域土壤流失预报模型。     

路南县森林资源动态分析

利用云南省路南县１９８６年和１９９６年两次森林资源二类调查资料，对十年来森林资源动态变化情况进行了分析。结果是有林地面积增加１２７６６．２ｈｍ＾２，增２４．７％，无林地减少７０７７．８ｈｍ＾２，减９０．７％，疏林地减少１１９９９．９ｈｍ＾２，减５６．３％；森林覆盖率由３４．１％增至４０．９％（含灌木林）；活力木蓄积量净增２５８２００ｍ＾３，增２０．０％；年林木生长量７９８２０ｍ＾３，年消耗量３７８     

长白落叶松优良无性系造林增产效益研究

１９８５年选择长白落叶松种子园优良无性系进行芽接,于１９８７年营造丰产林０．４８ｈｍ＾２,以普通长白落叶松作对照。树龄８年生时,优良无性系树高,胸径,材积及每公顷蓄积量平均分别为３．９９ｍ,３．４８ｃｍ,２０．２×１０＾０－４ｍ＾３,和２．２４４ｍ＾３,分别和对照１０６．２％,１０３．３％,１２３．９％和１２３．８％;１３年生时上述各因子平均值为７．１８ｍ,７．９４ｃｍ,２２．６×１０＾－４ｍ＾３     

毛乌素沙地辐射平衡的年变化特点

毛乌素沙地是中国研究和治理的几大沙漠之一。这一地区拥有丰富的太阳能资源，年总辐射量约６，２８０ＭＪ．ｍ＾２－，自然植被的总产量仅为６０ｋｇ／ｋｍ＾２，太阳能利用率大约占０．５％，因此，摸清植物与辐射因子之间的关系，对植物高产理论研究有非常重要的意义。     

乌兰布和沙区人工绿洲农田防护林小气候效益与作物产量关系的研究

历经４ａ（１９９２－１９９５年）定位研究表明：试区林网内无叶期的防风效能为３９％－４０％，着叶期为５５．８％－５６．２％。气温降低０．６－０．８℃，最热月（７月）尤为明显，平均降低１．２℃，蒸发量降低２４．３％－２４．７％，相对湿度提高８％－１５％。干热风发生天数减少５８．８％，其中轻型减少３３．３％，重型减少８７．５％，在林网保护下，作物产量提高５．１４％，玉米纯增产量４６８ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，纯增     

内蒙干旱地区杨树人工用材林灌溉量与林木生长量

对内蒙古干旱河套黄灌区群众杨人工用材林的适宜灌溉量的研究表明，在林木生长后期增加灌水次数，可使胸径生长增加０．２５￣０．４２ｃｍ。树冠生长指标和根系生长量均随灌溉量增加而增加，１５００、４５００、７５００、２２５００ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２·ａ灌溉量的平均叶面积分别为１９．３、２４．５、３０．５、４３．４ｍ＾２；平均叶干重分别是１．１、１．３、１．５、３．９ｋｇ；平均叶面积指数分别为０．９７、１．２３、１     

杜仲地膜覆盖育苗

本文报道在沈阳地区采用地膜覆盖方法进行杜仲育苗的试验情况。结果表明，地膜覆盖育苗较对照育苗的出苗时间提早１４－１５ｄ，出苗率提高２４．０％－２６．６％。１年生苗平均增高１５．２ｃｍ，地径增粗０．１２ｃｍ，幼树越冬受害率降低１０．６％。     

PP333对杨梅初果树的控梢促花效应

对营养生长旺盛的初结果杨梅树于冬季或春季土施ＰＰ３３３，按树冠投影面积计算，施量为０．５－０．８ｇ／ｍ＾２，可明显控制营养生长，春，夏，秋梢长仅为对照的５８．９％－２４．４％，而叶片生长增加，花芽量，成花率提高幅度较大；并且施用ＰＰ３３３对杨梅第２年成花仍有效果，从而增加了产量，并可比常规栽培提早２－３年开始结果。     

丘陵缓坡梯土不同植被覆盖条件下土壤保土能力研究

通过对湘中丘陵缓坡梯土的定位研究，对６个试验迳流小区和一个对比迳流小区的迳流系数、输沙率在未间种作物时进行探讨，揭示了７个迳流小区的保土保水能力，对林下间种的花生、油菜覆盖度与输沙率的关系进行了深入研究，找出了花生与油菜的覆盖度的动态变化对输送率的影响。并对时间模式与年迳流量、泥沙量的关系进行了探讨。     

Characteristics of runoff and sediment generation of forest vegetation on a hill slope by use of artificial rainfall apparatus

We studied the impact of forest vegetation on soil erosion,surface runoff, and sediment generation by using field simulated rainfall apparatus. We measured runoff and sediment generation of five 4.5 × 2.1m runoff plots (a bare soil as a control; two Pinus tabulaeformis forestplots and two Platycladus orientalis forest with row spacing of 1 m × 1m and 1.5 m × 1.5 m, respectively) in Beijing Jiu Feng National ForestPark under three rainfall intensities (0.42, 0.83, 1.26 mm per minute).Forest vegetation significantly reduced soil erosion and sediment yield.Mean total runoff volume in the four tree stand plots was 93% of that inthe control plot, demonstrating the limited effectiveness of forest vegetation in runoff control. With increasing rainfall intensity, runoff reductionin forest plots declined from 28.32% to 2.1%. Similar trends in runoff coefficient and the relationship between runoff volume and rainfall duration was observed. Mean total sediment yield and mean sediment yield reduction rate under different treatments was 55.05% and 43.17% of those in the bare soil control plot, respectively. Rainfall intensity playedan important role in runoff and sediment generation processes, and had agreater impact on runoff than on soil erosion and sediment generation.When considering several factors in runoff and sediment transport processes, the P. tabulae form plot with row spacing at 1 × 1 m had a greater effect on soil and water conservation than did other forested plots.     

Impact of vegetation restoration on hydrological processes in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, China

Sediment discharge from the Yellow River originates mainly from the drainage area between Hekouzhen and Longmen, i.e., the Helong area. Spatial-temporal variations of the vegetation cover in this area during the 1981–2007 period have been investigated using GIMMS and SPOT VGT NDVI data. We have also analyzed the interannual variations in vegetation cover and changes in annual runoff and sediment discharge, the consequences from precipitation change and the Grain for Green Project (GGP). The results show that vegetation cover of the Helong area has increased during the 1981–2007 period. The northwestern part the Helong area, where the flat sandy lands are covered by grass, has experienced the largest increase. The region where the vegetation cover has declined is largely found in the southern and southeastern Helong area, which is a gullied hilly area or forested. Although precipita-tion was relatively low during the 1999–2007 period, the vegetation cover showed a significant increase in the Helong area, due to the implementation of the GGP. During this period, the most significant improvement in the vegetation cover occurred mainly in the gullied hilly areas of the Loess Plateau, such as the drainage basins of the Kuyehe and Tuweihe rivers and the middle and lower reaches of the Wudinghe and Yanhe rivers. A comparison of the average annual maximum NDVI between the earlier (1998–2002) stage and the next five years (2003–2007) of the GGP indicates that the areas with increases of 10% and 20% in NDVI account for 72.5% and 36.4% of the total area, respectively. Interannual variation of annual runoff and sediment discharge shows a declining trend, especially since the 1980s, when the decrease became very obvious. Compared with the 1950–1969 period, the average runoff during the 1980–2007 period was reduced by 34.8×108 m3 and the sediment discharge by 6.4×108 t, accounting for 49.4% and 64.9% of that in the 1950–1969 period, respectively. There is a positive correlation between the annual maximum NDVI and annual runoff and sediment discharge. This correlation was reversed since the implementation of the GGP in 1999 and vegetation cover in the He-long area has increased, associated with the decrease in runoff and sediment discharge. Less precipitation has been an important fac-tor driving the decrease in runoff and sediment discharge during 1999–2007. However, restoration and improvement of the vegetation cover may also have played a significant role in accelerating the decrease in annual runoff and sediment discharge by enhancing evapotranspiration and alleviating soil erosion.     

Agroforestry for soil and water conservation in the western Himalayan Valley Region of India 1. Runoff, soil and nutrient losses

Erosion losses were investigated in a field experiment, from 90 × 15 m erosion plots at 4% slope in the western Himalayan valley region of India. The plots were planted with Leucaena leucocephala and Eucalyptus hybrid, either as block plantation or in alley farming with maize (Zea mays), Chrysopogon fulvus grass or turmeric (Curcuma longa). The treatments also included contour planting of sole maize, sole Chrysopogon fulvus grass and a clean weeded cultivated fallow. During the nine year study period, the average annual monsoon rainfall was about 1000 mm and it caused 347 mm runoff and 39 Mg ha^-1 soil loss per year from fallow plots. The runoff and soil loss were reduced by 27% and 45% by contour cultivation of maize. Contour tree-rows or leucaena hedges reduced the runoff and soil loss by 40% and 48%, respectively, over the maize plot, reducing soil loss to about 12.5 Mg ha^-1. This reduction in erosion was primarily due to the barrier effect of tree or hedgerows and micro-terraces formed through sediment deposition along the contour barriers. Such vegetative measures, that are productive while being protective, offer viable alternative for erosion control in areas with gentile slopes of the valley region. High density block plantations of eucalyptus and leucaena almost completely controlled erosional losses and can be recommended for steeper slopes that are vulnerable to heavy erosion. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

刺槐林地产流特征及其土壤水分动态谐波分析

刺槐林是中国北方丘陵半干旱区典型的生态防护林树种之一。通过自然降雨径流场定位观测试验,本文对辽宁西部地区(1850-12225E,4024-4234N)刺槐生态防护林及其采伐迹地的产流、产沙特征和土壤水分动态变化规律进行了定量研究。采伐迹地与刺槐林地相比二者之间的产流量和产沙量存在显著差异,采伐迹地的产流量和产沙量比刺槐林地分别增加40%-177%和180%-400%。典型降雨产流水文过程线显示,刺槐林地径流峰值比采伐迹地低1.0-2.5?0-3m3穝-1,且径流峰值出现的时间比采伐迹地滞后10-20min。谐波分析表明,刺槐林地与采伐迹地土壤含水量随年内降水量变化分干、湿两季,呈周期性变化,刺槐林地土壤年平均含水量比采伐迹地高2.3%。研究结果表明:刺槐生态防护林具有涵养水源、增加土壤水分、减少地表径流与土壤侵蚀的重要作用。图2表4参12。     

松华坝水源区迤者小流域径流和泥沙变化特征

通过实地观测、实验分析及数据处理,对松花坝水源区迤者小流域的径流和泥沙进行了初步研究,通过探究径流和泥沙变化特征来揭示该区水土流失的原因,以采用合理的方法治理该区水体流失。结果表明：松花坝水源区迤者小流域5～10月的降雨量最大,降雨是产生径流和泥沙的主要因素,但不是唯一因素,降雨、径流、泥沙之间存在着正相关的关系,如8月4日降雨深度达到39．4mm,径流总量达到88．12m^3,产沙量达到150．68kg。又如9月19日降雨深度只有0．2mm,径流总量只有0．22m^3,产沙量也只有0．01kg。降雨具有周期性和随机性,而径流和泥沙的日变化规律和降雨历时、采样时间及土地利用类型有很大的关系。我们只能分析径流和泥沙的大致变化趋势,而无具体的变化规律。     

李子口径流小区不同植被条件下降雨对土壤侵蚀的影响研究

采用径流小区实验的方法,在李子口小流域设立了6个不同植被类型的径流小区,研究径流小区不同植被条件下降雨对土壤侵蚀的影响,结果如下:(1)不同植被条件下,降雨对土壤侵蚀的影响可表现为撂荒地小区>农耕地小区>林地小区,降雨对林地的土壤侵蚀弱,林地对当地水土的保持能力强,最适合作为当地水土保持的植物措施。(2)总体上,6个径流小区的降雨量、降雨侵蚀力与地表径流量、径流深、土壤流失量之间的相关性均表现为显著正相关的关系,表明降雨对当地土壤侵蚀作用强,需重点防护。研究揭示了研究区降雨与土壤侵蚀的相关性,比较了不同植被条件下降雨对土壤侵蚀的影响,为水土保持的相关研究提供参考与借鉴。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同植被减蚀、减流效应研究

对半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区不同植被类型径流、侵蚀效应进行长期观测.研究结果表明:不同植被产流和侵蚀次数效应为:坡耕地＞牧草地＞乔木林地＞天然草地＞灌木林地;不同植被类型之间径流量和侵蚀量差异较大,其大小次序为:坡耕地＞牧草地＞乔木林地＞天然草地＞灌木林地;灌木林地的减流率和减沙率均在较高的水平,具有良好的水土保持效应;天然草地由于其独特的功能,水土保持效应较好;乔木林地和人工草地除了乔木林地减蚀效应较好外,减流效应较差;坡耕地的累积径流量及侵蚀量最大,而累积减沙率和减流率最低,水土保持效应最差.     

大红山铁矿林草植被水土保持效益的研究

以裸地为对照,分别对土壤物理性状及土壤的渗透性,土壤中含水量的动态变化,地表径流及土壤流失量等进行了定点定量观测。研究结果表明,林地与草地能有效改善土壤物理性状、增强土壤渗透性和降低土壤水分含量;能通过提高土壤抗蚀性、改善土壤养分含量来充分发挥水土保持效益。研究结果还表明,林地和草地减少侵蚀效益较好,裸地的土壤流失最严重。与裸地相比,林地和草地对地表径流的控制率达到63%～89%,对土壤流失的控制率达到69%～94%。     

The role of shelter in Australia for protecting soils,plants and livestock

The purpose of this review is to examine the current knowledge of the role of trees in providing shelter for pastures, crops, and livestock, for controlling erosion of soils and improving productivity and sustainability of agricultural production in Australia — and the extent to which this knowledge has been applied.Land degradation — tree loss and associated soil salinity, water and wind erosion, soil acidification, soil structural decline and nutrient degradation — is evidence that our primary production systems are not sustainable. We have sought increased production without proper consideration of the ecological context of that system. About half of Victoria's crop and pasture lands are affected or at risk, and in Western Australia about 25% of the cleared agricultural land is wind-eroded and 60% is potentially susceptible, salinity affects 0.43 m ha and half of the divertible surface water is affected by salinity. Similar problems occur in other States. At least 43 m ha or 13% of our rangelands are seriously degraded by wind erosion caused by overgrazing, often coinciding with drought or a run of drier years.Minimum tillage and stubble management for erosion control in cropping has been a major extension and research activity in Australian agriculture. Severe weather, combined with imperfect adoption of appropriate grazing and crop management systems, shows the weakness of complete reliance on these methods of erosion control. An effective system must accommodate the impact of extreme events, which are the most damaging. However, the complementary use of windbreaks to reduce soil erosion is rare, and their establishment has not been promoted, despite the wide-spread adoption of this technology by other countries.In the cropping and higher rainfall grazing areas, the systematic planting of 10% of the land in a net of shelterbelts/timberbelts/clusters could achieve a 50% windspeed reduction; this would substantially improve livestock and pasture production in the short and long-term. Wind erosion could be dramatically reduced and crop production probably increased by the use of windbreaks. Wheat and oat yield at Rutherglen (Victoria), and lupin yield at Esperance (Western Australia), were increased in the sheltered zone by 22% and 47%, and 30%, respectively.In semi-arid and dry temperate areas, planting of 5% of the land to shelter could reduce windspeed by 30–50% and soil loss by up to 80%. This planting would also contribute substantially to achieving other objectives of sustainable agriculture. Agroforestry — particularly timberbelts applications — will be important in the long-term strategy for achieving revegetation. If some of the trees yield a marketable product then the adoption of the system will be more readily achieved.In the arid (pastoral) areas there is an urgent need to promote the ethic that preservation and improvement of the perennial grass and shrub vegetation is critical for the protection of the soil and maintenance of land capability. Control of animal grazing remains the sole means of preventing erosion in much of this zone. While satellite imagery allows us to assess the condition of leasehold lands, we have failed to achieve stocking policies that will halt the degradation of our rangelands.