库尔勒香梨和新梨七号光合特性的研究

本试验以新梨七号和库尔勒香梨为试材，研究了2个梨品种的光合特性，分析比较了两品种光合作用的共性和特性，结果表明：新梨七号和库尔勒香梨晴天Pn日变化为典型的中午降低型双峰曲线，表现出明显的“午休”现象，阴天条件下新梨七号和库尔勒香梨为单峰曲线。新梨七号“午休”现象较库尔勒香梨明显，且在阴天弱光条件下光合能力强于库尔勒香梨。新梨7号光饱和点和光补偿点分别约为1392和42μmol／（m^2·s），表观量子效率为0．0482mol／mol。新梨七号和库尔勒香梨在可利用光强范围、光合效率、光合能力上存在显著差异。新梨七号叶片在中午高光强下或经强光处理后发生光抑制现象，表观量子效率（AQY）和净光合速率（pn）显著降低。强光胁迫对新梨七号的影响明显大于库尔勒香梨。     

库尔勒香梨高效省力化建园与修剪技术

库尔勒香梨享誉国内外,是新疆巴州的特色果品,近年来,由于劳动力成本增高、冻害频发等问题导致香梨经济效益下降。兵团第二师农业科学研究所2014年从河北农业大学引进"梨高效省力化"栽培技术,结合库尔勒香梨"特殊"的生长习性,通过2年的探索,总结出了一套库尔勒香梨高效省力化栽培修剪技术,为巴州地区库尔勒香梨栽培模式创新提供参考。     

5个梨品种在库尔勒的果实性状分析

为评价不同梨品种的果实性状,在库尔勒产区进行了5个梨品种的果实性状调查.结果表明,5个梨品种果实性状存在显著差异,感官特征库尔勒香梨表现出色,砀山梨果实最大且单果重最重,早酥梨硬度最大,XH-07梨的pH最高.     

巴州库尔勒香梨冻害的发生原因及预防措施

库尔勒香梨(以下简称香梨)是新疆"名、特、优"果产品之一,是出口创汇的主要果产品。截止到目前,新疆南疆巴州地区已经建成近5万hm2的香梨商品梨基地。但是近些年来,由于梨园投入低,管     

库尔勒香梨生产现状与研究进展

库尔勒香梨为中国新疆特产,有不少学者认为它是瀚海梨和鸭梨的自然杂交种。近年来已相继选育出新梨1号、2号、6号和7号等优良品种。经过多年试验,确定了乔砧密植的栽培方式。采用气调贮藏、涂被保鲜剂等有效地延长了香梨贮藏期,香梨果酒、香梨白兰地等也已研制成功。但在果实生长发育规律和成熟机理方面、果实品质提高方面、果品加工过程中的褐变问题、香气损失问题等都有待于今后进一步研究。     

第四讲：库尔勒香梨病虫害防治

库尔勒香梨病虫害防治应认真贯彻以农业防治为主,化学防治为辅,生物防治补充的综合防治方针.目前库尔勒香梨上发生的主要虫害有螨类、蝽尺蠖、苹果蠹蛾、香梨优斑螟、介壳虫、梨茎蜂、蚜虫、盲春蟓等害虫;主要病害有腐烂病、黄化病、茎基腐烂病.     

玉露香梨在大同地区的引种表现及栽培技术研究

玉露香梨是山西省农科院果树研究所以库尔勒香梨为母本、河北雪花梨为父本杂交选育成的优质中熟新品种,既遗传了库尔勒香梨的肉质鲜嫩、口味香甜、无渣肉细等优良基因,又秉承了雪花梨个头大、果型正、可食率高等优良品质,获得了国内外一片赞誉,被评为“中华梨王”,2008年成为北京奥运会指定的供应水果,2014年被原农业部确定为果树发展主导品种。     

库尔勒香梨研究进展

库尔勒香梨(P.bretschneideri Rehd.)是新疆的特色水果之一。本文从库尔勒香梨品种起源与归类、新品种培育、栽培、冻害等方面综述了库尔勒香梨的研究进展,并对库尔勒香梨产业未来的发展进行了展望。     

库尔勒香梨品种选育研究进展

库尔勒香梨是新疆的特色水果之一。本文介绍了以库尔勒香梨为亲本的品种（系）的特征特性,并提出了库尔勒香梨品种选育的目标及途径。     

性诱剂在梨小食心虫和苹果蠹蛾测报中的应用

本文通过用性诱剂对库尔勒香梨园中的梨小食心虫和苹果蠹蛾成虫发生动态进行测报研究。结果表明，用性诱剂测报梨小食心虫成虫和苹果蠹蛾成虫的发生高峰期灵敏度高，测报准确，能够为梨小食心虫和苹果蠹蛾最佳防治时期的确定提供依据。     

低糖苦瓜蜜饯的研制

为适应人们对低糖蜜饯食品的需要,对低糖苦瓜蜜饯的加工进行了研究,并通过正交试验确定了苦瓜蜜制液的最佳配方。通过对低糖苦瓜蜜饯进行抽真空包装,有利于解决该制品长期不易储存的问题。本制品酸甜可口,苦味适中,有良好的开发前景。     

不同品种梨新梢木质部细胞的解剖学比较分析

研究‘水晶梨’、‘丰水梨’的细胞解剖学结构,试图为梨树的生理生态特性及其进化提供理论依据。以‘水晶梨’、‘丰水梨’与对照品种‘酥梨’的新梢木质部细胞为试材,对3个梨品种的导管分子、管胞分子以及纤维分子等细胞解剖学特征进行了比较分析。结果表明：‘水晶梨’较‘丰水梨’和‘酥梨’导管细胞上的纹孔大且致密,畸形导管明显比‘丰水梨’和‘酥梨’少。‘丰水梨’导管分子的最大直径较‘水晶梨’和‘酥梨’大,差异达到极显著水平;端尾长度较‘水晶梨’和‘酥梨’短,差异达到极显著水平;纤维分子长度较‘水晶梨’和‘酥梨’无显著差异;纤维分子直径较‘水晶梨’和‘酥梨’小,差异达到极显著水平。与‘酥梨’相比,‘水晶梨’导管的横向运输能力强,‘丰水梨’导管的纵向运输能力强,这些特征有利于提高它们的生态适应性。     

Development of an SSR marker set for efficient selection for resistance to black spot disease in pear breeding

Black spot disease, which is caused by Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler Japanese pear pathotype, is one of the most harmful diseases in Japanese pear cultivation. Because of the potential harm of fungicides to consumers and the environment, resistant cultivars are desired. In this study, to enable efficient marker-assisted selection in pear breeding, we conducted comprehensive inoculation tests and genotyping with 207 pear cultivars. We identified a marker set (Mdo.chr11.27 and Mdo.chr11.34) suitable for selection for black spot resistance. In most susceptible cultivars, Mdo.chr11.27 amplified a 220-bp band and Mdo.chr11.34 amplified a 259-bp band. The genotype of Mdo.chr11.34 corresponds perfectly to the estimated genotype of Japanese pears susceptible to black spot disease. Using linkage analysis, we identified the positions of the gene for susceptibility to black spot disease in Chinese pear. Mdo.chr11.27 and Mdo.chr11.34 were tightly linked to susceptibility in Chinese pear, and the susceptibility gene was mapped at the top of linkage group 11, similar to that in Japanese pear. This marker set and the accumulation of phenotypic data will enable efficient marker-assisted breeding for black spot resistance in pear breeding.     

梨树大棚栽培棚内外温湿度环境变化规律和物候期研究

为梨大棚栽培技术的制定提供参考依据,对梨树大棚栽培棚内外空气温度、空气相对湿度、土壤温度以及梨树物候期的变化特点进行比较。结果显示：（1）随季节的变化,气温和地温均呈逐渐上升趋势, 6月之前棚内气温、相对湿度和地温均高于露地,且昼夜温差大于露地,6月起棚内外温度差异不显著。（2）棚内栽培‘翠冠’和‘黄冠’梨萌芽早,但落叶晚,整个营养生长期分别为242天和231天,分别比露地长27天和37天。（3）大棚栽培的‘翠冠’和‘黄冠’梨开花期比露地皆提早18天,且花期比露地长2天。（4）棚内栽培条件下,‘翠冠’和‘黄冠’梨采收期分别提早13天和14天,而果实发育期比露地分别长5天和4天。研究结果表明,大棚条件下温湿度高,开花期提早,果实成熟期提前,南京地区可进行梨保护地栽培。     

不同品种日韩梨采后生理及贮藏性的比较

以丰水梨、园黄梨、黄金梨为试材,用PE打孔袋在0℃条件下贮藏,对3个梨品种采后生理指标与贮藏性能进行比较性研究。研究结果表明,贮藏过程中丰水梨果心、果肉不易褐变,但果肉易软化;园黄梨果心、果肉易发生褐变;黄金梨果肉不易褐变但果心易褐变。黄金梨耐贮性最好,丰水梨次之,园黄梨最差。     

Acidity and sweetness in apple and pear

Summary Sweetness and acidity in apple and pear inherit independently and can be organoleptically evaluated separately, but less accurately in pear than in apple. For breeding purposes an analysis of fruits for acidity and sweetness with pH indicator paper and a hand refractometer is to be prefered to the organoleptic method.In apple, the acidity-decreasing with time-of the unripe fruit was already strongly indicative of that of the eating-ripe fruit; sugar-increasing with time-not before the fruit was picking ripe. Sugar content in apple and pear, and the pH in pear, appeared to be normally distributed; the pH in apple showed a segregation into an acid and a low-acid group, which occurred in both the unripe and ripe stage. The segregation ratio between these groups was found to be highly variable. On the whole, the mean acidity and sugar content of apple and pear progenies is significantly determined by that of the parents. Most of the observations made did not support the theory that low acidity in apple is determined by one recessive gene. The relationship between the pH of leaf juice and fruit juice in apple may offer a possibility for pre-selection.     

库尔勒地区梨木虱发生动态及黄板诱杀效果研究

为明确库尔勒市及其周边果园梨木虱的发生规律、为害情况及黄色粘虫板的诱杀效果,于2021年梨木虱成虫活动期,利用黄色粘虫板按五点取样法定期调查成虫诱捕数量,分析其当年发生动态;并于梨木虱活动期之后采用五点取样法分别调查对照区果园与悬挂黄板处理区果园的梨木虱为害率,对比分析黄色粘虫板对梨木虱为害的防控效果。经调查,在库尔勒地区,梨木虱主要在嫩梢期、花期前后、及果实成熟期前为害,全年有两次虫口发生高峰,分别在3月底和4月底。至8月初库尔勒地区梨木虱数量开始大幅减少,其为害几乎贯穿梨树的整个生长期。黄板诱杀试验结果表明,梨木虱成虫出枝活动期是防虫控害的关键时期,处理区梨木虱较对照区为害率减少43.76%。这说明悬挂黄色粘虫板对梨木虱为害有实质性的防控效果。     

转Lchi1烟草T_2代对梨腐烂病菌的抗性研究

获得转化梨几丁质酶基因Lchi1的烟草,检测组成型表达Lchi1基因烟草是否能提高对梨腐烂病菌(Valsa ceratosperma)的抗性,从而初步确定Lchi1基因的功能,为进一步开展梨抗腐烂病分子育种工作提供参考。构建梨几丁质酶基因Lchi1的植物表达载体,通过农杆菌介导的叶盘法转化烟草,进而对转化的烟草T2代进行PCR及RT-PCR检测。利用离体叶片接种法,更直观地验证转基因烟草对梨腐烂病菌的抗性。Lchi1基因已经整合到烟草基因组中,并在烟草T2代中有效表达,在接种腐烂病菌后转基因烟草较未转基因烟草的抗腐烂病菌能力明显增强。梨几丁质酶基因Lchi1与腐烂病抗性相关联,可作为今后梨的抗腐烂病分子育种研究重要的基因来源。     

Development of cultivar-specific DNA markers based on retrotransposon-based insertional polymorphism in Japanese pear

We developed retrotransposon-based insertional polymorphism (RBIP) markers based on the long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences of copia-like retrotransposon Ppcrt4 and flanking genome sequences, which were derived from 454 sequencing data from Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) ‘Hosui’. Out of 40 sequences including both LTR and flanking genome regions, we developed 22 RBIP markers and used them for DNA profiling of 80 pear cultivars: 64 Japanese, 10 Chinese (Pyrus ussuriensis) and 6 European (Pyrus communis). Three RBIP markers were enough to differentiate ‘Hosui’ from the other Japanese pear cultivars. The 22 RBIP markers could also distinguish 61 of the 64 Japanese pear cultivars. European pears showed almost no amplification of the 22 RBIP markers, which might suggest that retrotransposons had transposed during Asian pear evolution or reflect the genetic relationship between Asian and European pears. Sixteen of the RBIP markers could be positioned on a genetic linkage map of ‘Hosui’. The RBIP loci were distributed in 10 linkage groups, and some loci were very closely located within the same linkage group. The information obtained will be applicable to developing cultivar-specific RBIP marker sets in plants.     

超高压鲜榨梨汁褐变因素与控制研究

分析超高压鲜榨梨汁褐变的影响因素,探索褐变控制技术,以翠冠梨汁为对象,研究了成熟度、澄清、去心、柠檬酸、抗坏血酸处理对梨汁褐变的影响,测定了色泽、总酚、多酚氧化酶、糖度、酸度、pH值等指标。结果表明,八九成熟的翠冠梨榨汁不易褐变;300~600 MPa超高压处理会加速梨汁货架期褐变;PPO活性和总酚含量是影响鲜榨梨汁褐变的主要因素,而pH值是影响PPO活性的一个重要因素;澄清处理、去心处理可以降低PPO活性和总酚含量,一定程度上抑制梨汁褐变;柠檬酸会降低pH值,更接近PPO最适反应pH值,提高PPO活性,加速梨汁褐变;抗坏血酸可有效抑制PPO活性,防止梨汁褐变。因此,抗坏血酸是一种有效控制超高压梨汁褐变的方法。